Degradation of lindane by Escherichia coli.

Lindane was degraded by Escherichia coli isolated from rat feces. About 10% of the added lindane was metabolized by the bacterium in Trypticase soy broth containing the pesticide. A single metabolite, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-1-cyclohexene, was detected and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

[On the role of pentachlorocyclohexene in the metabolism and action of hexachlorocyclohexane. I. Synthesis of beta-pentachlorocyclohexene and its identification as the monodehydrochlorination product of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (author's transl)]. / Uber die Rolle von Pentachlorcyclohexen bei Stoffwechsel und Wirkung von Hexachlorcyclohexan. I. Synthese von beta-Pentachlorcyclohexen und seine Identifizierung als Monodehydrochlorierungsprodukt von alpha-Hexachlorcyclohexan

It is the aim of a series of investigations to test whether or not beta-pentachloro-1-cyclohexene is an intermediate in the biodegradation of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. This paper describes attempts to synthesize this intermediate by chemical methods. 1) Pentachlorocyclohexene was synthesized by partial additive chlorination of chlorobenzene. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that at least five different isomers of pentachlorocyclohexene had been formed. 2) Treatment of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane with alkaline buffer (pH 8) produced trichlorobenzenes and, in small yield (4%), a pentachlorocyclohexene. This was isolated and identified as the beta-isomer by melting point (71.8 - 72.6 degrees C, uncorr.), IR- and mass spectrum. Dehydrochlorination of beta-pentachlorocyclohexene produced the trichlorobenzene isomers in a pattern which is characteristic of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. The position of the chlorine substituents in the beta-pentachlorocyclohexene molecule as judged from NMR studies is e-aeee. This confirms that it is the monodehydrochlorination product of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. The configurations of gamma- and delta-pentachlorocyclohexene, determined for comparison, are e-eeaa and e-eeee, respectively. The kinetics of dehydrochlorination of both alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane and beta-pentachlorocyclohexene in alkaline acetone/water (3 + 2) was studied by means of conductometry. Both reactions are of second order: kappa alpha-HCH 0.0495 [1 times mol- minus 1 times s- minus 1[; kappa beta-PCH 0.905 [1 times mol- minus 1 times s- minus 1] (3.6 degrees C). 3) Dehydrochlorination of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in pyridine/xylene (3 + 4) was also studied. An earlier report claiming that gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (and not the beta isomer) is produced in this medium was confirmed, if the reaction was performed at high temperature (120 - 140 degrees C). Moreover, the ratio of trichlorobenzene isomers formed from alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane shifted to a pattern characteristic of the gamma (or gamma) isomer. However, at temperatures of 90 degrees C or less, beta-pentachlorocyclohexene was the main product. The results strongly suggest that in pyridine/xylene, the same isomer is primarily produced from alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane and is isomerized to the gamma, delta and at least two other isomers of pentachlorocyclohexene before further dehydrochlorination ensues. A simple method for the synthesis of beta-pentachlorocyclohexene is presented.