Classification of Hypertrophic Gastrocnemius Muscle and Its Treatment with Botulinum Toxin A.

BACKGROUND: Treatments including selective neurectomy, muscle resections and botulinum toxin A (BTX) injections have been used to improve the stocky appearance of calves. BTX injection has the advantages of high efficiency and is almost noninvasive. However, criterion standards of injection are still missing. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish a method to classify the hypertrophic calf for a personalized treatment and set up an injection protocol based on the findings. METHODS: Three-dimensional CT reconstruction was used to measure the thickness and cross-sectional area of the triceps surae. B-mode ultrasound and palpation were used to evaluate the muscle thickness and determine the dosage. Patients were followed 3 and 6 months after the treatment. RESULTS: A total of 112 legs were classified into three degrees of thickness (< 15 mm, 15-25 mm and > 25 mm). Twenty-seven subjects were treated with an individualized BTX (100-300 U). Maximal circumference decreased 0.33 ± 0.00 cm after 3 month (p < 0.05) and 0.67 ± 0.11 cm after 6 months (p < 0.01). The angulated calf contour was improved. No severe side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Localizing and dosage are the key points when applying BTX. Dosage should be decided by muscle thickness instead of circumference. BTX treatment improves the prominent contour of the calf rather than reducing the volume. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Relation between adenoid size and otitis media with effusion.

AIMS: This study compares the efficacy of adenoidectomy on otitis media with effusion (OME) in patients with different size of adenoids and the connection between differently sized adenoids and middle ear effusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Children with a history of at least 3 months' OME underwent adenoidectomy and myringotomy without the insertion of a tympanostomy tube. Treatment assignment was stratified by adenoids' size causing choanal obstruction (grade I-III) and according to Eustachian tube ostium obstruction (grade A-C). The subjects were followed for 12 months. RESULTS: Adenoidectomy was significantly more effective in children with adenoids in contact with torus tubarius (grade B, C) compared to those with small adenoids without contact (P<0.001). The volume of the adenoids was irrelevant (P=0.146). The size of adenoids did not affect the viscosity of the middle ear secretion. The distribution of mucous and serous secretion was not dependent on the size of adenoids; the efficacy of adenoidectomy was 82% in mucous as well as serous secretion. CONCLUSION: The relation between adenoids and torus tubarius is more important than the volume of the adenoids. The viscosity of middle ear fluids (serous or mucous) did not influence the rate of treatment efficacy.

Nova classificação para hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios vaginais e correlação com as técnicas cirúrgicas indicadas / New classification of hypertrophy of the labia minora and correlation with indicated surgical techniques

Introdução: Primeira colocada entre as mais procuradas cirurgias plásticas genitais, a ninfoplastia ou labioplastia visa a correção da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios vaginais e prepúcio, retirando seu excesso, sem interferir na sua função de proteção da vagina e auxílio na lubrificação genital. Diversos tipos de classificações foram propostos para facilitar a compreensão do grau de hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios vaginais e ajudar na escolha da técnica da labioplastia. Após analisar várias classificações, o autor propõe uma nova classificação, no intuito de facilitar a compreensão da hipertrofia das ninfas, capuz do clitóris e prepúcio e ajudar na escolha da técnica apropriada para labioplastia. Métodos: Foi feita uma busca na literatura médica PubMed/Medline com os termos hipertrofia lábios vaginais, labioplastia, labiaplasty, labioplasty, lábia minora hipertrophy, labial protrusion. Foram analisadas todas as classificações descritas nos trabalhos encontrados. Resultados: Uma nova classificação foi proposta. A hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios vaginais foi classificada em 4 graus: Grau 0 (≤ 1 cm), Grau 1 (> 1 cm e ≤ 3 cm), Grau 2 (> 3 cm e ≤ 5 cm) e Grau 3 (> 5 cm). Conclusões: A nova classificação, além de facilitar a compreensão do tamanho e extensão da hipertrofia das ninfas, também auxilia na escolha da técnica a ser escolhida para a labioplastia.

Introduction: Nymphoplasty or labioplasty is the most common genital plastic surgery. The objective of labioplasty is to correct hypertrophy of the labia minora and clitoral prepuce, removing excess tissue without affecting their function of protecting the vagina and aiding in genital lubrication. Several types of classifications have been proposed to facilitate the understanding of the degree of hypertrophy of the labia minora and assist in selecting the most suitable procedure in labioplasty. After analyzing several classifications, the author proposes a new classification to facilitate the understanding of hypertrophy of the labia minora, clitoral hood, and vaginal prepuce and help select the best labioplasty procedure. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/Medline using the following terms: hipertrofia lábios vaginais, labioplastia, labiaplasty, labioplasty, labia minora hypertrophy, and labial protrusion. All the classifications described in the identified studies were analyzed. Results: A new classification has been proposed. Hypertrophy of the labia minora was classified in four grades: grade 0 (≤ 1 cm), grade 1 (> 1 cm and ≤ 3 cm), grade 2 (> 3 cm and ≤ 5 cm), and grade 3 (> 5 cm). Conclusions: The new classification improves the understanding of the size and extent of hypertrophy of the labia minora and helps select the best procedure in labioplasty.

Classification of Hypertrophy of Labia Minora: Consideration of a Multiple Component Approach.

Labia minora hypertrophy of unknown and under-reported incidence in the general population is considered a variant of normal anatomy. Its origin is multi-factorial including genetic, hormonal, and infectious factors, and voluntary elongation of the labiae minorae in some cultures. Consults with patients bothered by this condition have been increasing with patients complaining of poor aesthetics and symptoms such as difficulty with vaginal secretions, vulvovaginitis, chronic irritation, and superficial dyspareunia, all of which can have a negative effect on these patients' sexuality and self esteem. Surgical management of labial hypertrophy is an option for women with these physical complaints or aesthetic issues. Labia minora hypertrophy can consist of multiple components, including the clitoral hood, lateral prepuce, frenulum, and the body of the labia minora. To date, there is not a consensus in the literature with respect to the classification and definition of varying grades of hypertrophy, aside from measurement of the length in centimeters. In order to offer patients the most appropriate surgical technique, an objective and understandable classification that can be used as part of the preoperative evaluation is necessary. Such a classification should have the aim of offering patients the best cosmetic and functional results with the fewest complications.

Classification and surgical correction of asymmetric calves in Asians.

BACKGROUND: In Asia, one of the most important factors in being physically attractive is to have aesthetically pleasing legs, which has made calf contouring surgery an issue nowadays. When one leg is abnormally changed because of various factors (e.g., iatrogenic causes, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, trauma, and tumor resection), the tissue atrophies. Such asymmetric calves can be corrected by various surgical methods. METHODS: Calf asymmetry is defined as a difference in the maximal circumference greater than 2.0 cm between both calves. From 2005 to 2012, the authors carried out calf contouring operations on 68 patients. For patients with mild or moderate asymmetry, selective neurectomy with or without liposuction was performed on the hypertrophic calf according to shape and severity. For patients with severe asymmetry, selective neurectomy with liposuction was performed for the hypertrophic calf, whereas the hypotrophic calf was treated with fat injection or silicone implantation. RESULTS: At a minimum of 3 months' follow-up, the mild group patients had a size difference less than 0.5 cm. The moderate and severe asymmetry groups showed size differences less than 1.2 and 2.3 cm, respectively. No functional problems or major complications were shown. Minor complications included five cases of wound dehiscence, three cases of hematoma, and six cases of hypertrophic scar at the incision site. CONCLUSION: Classifying patients into three groups according to the maximal circumferential difference between both legs and treating them separately using different surgical methods could significantly provide satisfying outcomes in both functional and aesthetic aspects. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Classification of masseter hypertrophy for tailored botulinum toxin type A treatment.

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin type A has been increasingly used to improve the lower face contour in masseter hypertrophy. Different dosages and injection techniques are suggested in the literature, but the ideal approach remains unclear. This study aimed to establish an objective masseter classification method for a personalized botulinum toxin type A injection protocol. METHODS: A combination of clinical palpation, B-mode ultrasound examination, and anatomical dissection studies was applied to classify the masseter regarding bulging type on clenching and muscle thickness in a normal population and in patients desiring reduction of masseter hypertrophy. Based on these findings, a tailored botulinum toxin type A injection protocol was set up and evaluated in a prospective clinical study regarding masseter thickness, facial measurements, patient satisfaction, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 504 masseters were classified into five bulging types (minimal, mono, double, triple, and excessive) and three degrees of thickness (<10 mm, 10 to 14 mm, and >14 mm). Two hundred twenty cases were treated using individualized botulinum toxin type A injection dosages (20 to 40 units) and sites (one to three per muscle); the treatment was applied in 220 cases, according to the respective classification. Masseter thickness decreased significantly, from 12.9±2.9 mm to 8.7±1.7 mm, 3 months after injection (p<0.01). The initial ratio of the widest width of the lower face to the intercanthal distance (3.3±0.18) was also significantly reduced (3.0±0.2; p<0.01). The overall patient satisfaction rate was 95.9 percent. No serious complications occurred.. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the scientific basis for individualized botulinum toxin type A injection for masseter hypertrophy. This protocol allowed for reduction of injection dosage and complication rates, and showed beneficial clinical effects in terms of significantly reduced masseter volume and improved lower face contour. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

[Classification of nasal tip hypertrophy and treatment methods].

OBJECTIVE: To classify the nasal tip hypertrophy according to the anatomic characters, so as to select the proper treatment methods. METHODS: From Jan. 2010 to Mar. 2012, 92 cases (aged 21-46 years,average 29 years old) with nasal tip hypertrophy were classified as soft tissue hypertrophy, the alar cartilage hypertrophy, separation of alar cartilage, secondary tip hypertrophy after operation, and compound hypertrophy. Treatment methods were selected according to the hypertrophy type, including soft tissue thinning hy medicine or operation, alar cartilage trimming and remodeling, autogenous ear and nasal septal cartilage grafts for elongation or remodeling of nasal tip or columella. RESULTS: The follow-up period was 3 months to one year. The nasal tip hypertrophy was corrected obviously with a natural and harmonious appearance. The results were evaluated hy patients as perfect in 59 cases, good in 26 cases and medium in 7 cases. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory results can he achieved for the nasal tip hypertrophy with appropriate methods according to the anatomic classification.

Exendin-4 effects on islet volume and number in mouse pancreas

The aim of this study was to evaluate Exendin-4 (EX-4) effects on islet volume and number in the mouse pancreas. Thirty-two healthy adult male NMRI mice were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. EX-4 was injected intraperitoneally (i. p.) at doses of 0.25 (E1 group), 0.5 (E2 group), and 1 µg/kg (E3 group), twice a day for 7 consecutive days. One day after the final injection, the mice were sacrificed, and the pancreas from each animal dissected out, weighed, and fixed in 10% formalin for measurement of pancreas and islet volume, and determination of islet number by stereological assessments. There was a significant increase in the weight of pancreases in the E3 group. Islet and pancreas volumes in E1 and E2 groups were unchanged compared to the control group. The E3 group showed a significant increase in islet and pancreas volume (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the total number of islets in all three experimental groups. The results revealed that EX-4 increased pancreas and islet volume in non-diabetic mice. The increased total islet mass is probably caused by islet hypertrophy without the formation of additional islets.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Exendin-4 (EX-4) sobre o volume e número de ilhotas no pâncreas. Trinta e dois camundongos NMRI machos saudáveis e adultos foram divididos ao acaso em grupos controle e grupos experimentais. EX-4 foi injetado intraperitonealmente (i. p.) nas doses de 0,25 (grupo E1), 0,5 (grupo E2) e 1 (grupo E3), duas vezes por dia durante 7 dias consecutivos. Um dia após a injeção final, os camundongos foram sacrificados e o pâncreas de cada animal foi dissecado, pesado e fixado em solução de formaldeído 10% para avaliação do volume do pâncreas e ilhotas e do número de ilhotas por métodos estereológicos. Observou-se aumento significativo no peso de pâncreas no grupo E3. O volume do pâncreas assim como das ilhotas não apresentou alterações nos grupos E1 e E2, quando comparados ao grupo controle No grupo E3 houve aumento significativo no volume do pâncreas e das ilhotas (P<0,05). Não se observaram alterações significativas no número de ilhotas nos três grupos experimentais. Os resultados revelaram que o EX-4 provoca aumento no volume do pâncreas, bem como no volume das ilhotas em camundongos não-diabéticos. O aumento no volume total de ilhotas deve-se, provavelmente, a hipertrofia das ilhotas sem a formação de ilhotas adicionais.

Evaluación de la displasia en las enfermedades digestivas / Evaluation of dysplasia in gastrointestinal diseases

La displasia, o neoplasia intraepitelial, es una proliferación celular neoplásica de carácter no invasivo, que puede preceder o acompañar a una neoplasia invasiva. Su diagnóstico se basa fundamentalmente en criterios histológicos, que incluyen alteraciones citológicas y estructurales, ya que frecuentemente no da lugar a lesiones reconocibles macroscópicamente. En todas las clasificaciones actuales la displasia se divide en dos categorías, bajo y alto grado, con el propósito de intentar evaluar el riesgo y orientar la actitud terapéutica. La clasificación de consenso de Viena pretende aunar criterios y disminuir la variabilidad interobservador en el diagnóstico. En el aparato digestivo, la evaluación de la displasia epitelial tiene especial relevancia en cuatro circunstancias: esófago de Barrett, gastritis crónica, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y adenomas colorrectales. Los criterios de diagnóstico y gradación de la displasia son iguales en todas ellas, pero la orientación terapéutica puede variar en función del órgano y el contexto clinicopatológico

Dysplasia, or intraepithelial neoplasia, consists of noninva-sive neoplastic cellular proliferation that may precede or accompany invasive neoplasia. Diagnosis is mainly based on histological criteria, which include cytological and structural alterations, since macroscopically identifiable lesions often do not occur. In all current classifications, dysplasia is divided in two categories, low­ and high-grade, with the aim of attempting to evaluate risk and guide the therapeutic approach. The classification of the Vienna consensus aims to unity criteria and decrease interobserver variability in diagnosis. In the digestive tract, evaluation of epithelial dysplasia is especially important in four entities: Barrett's eso phagus, chronic gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal adenomas. The criteria for diagnosis and dysplasia staging are the same in all these entities, but the therapeutic approach may vary according to the affected organ and the clinico-pathological context

Hipertrofia miocárdica: bases moleculares, modulación e implicancias clínicas / Myocardial hypertrophy: molecular bases, clinical modulation and implications

El corazón es una bomba contráctil regulada por estímulos mecánicos y neurohumorales encargado de mantener un flujo sanguíneo acorde con las demandas metabólicas de nuestro organismo. Los cardiomiocitos y sus sarcómeros son las unidades básicas responsables del proceso de contracción miocárdica. Dado que los cardiomiocitos no proliferan después del nacimiento, estas células experimentan hipertrofia, aumentando la cantidad de sarcómeros, con objeto de aumentar el trabajo cardíaco en situaciones de estrés. En este trabajo se hace una revisión crítica de las señales y mecanismos de transducción responsables del desarrollo de la hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica y patológica. Además se abordan las implicancias clínicas y bases genéticas asociadas a la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica. El conocimiento de estas vías transduccionales permite comprender las bases biológicas de esta patología y proyectar futuras intervenciones terapéuticas.

Laser labioplasty of labia minora.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate laser labioplasty for the correction of hypertrophy and asymmetry of labia minora. METHODS: Between October 2003 and November 2004, 55 labioplasties were performed at the Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. On the 60th postoperative day a questionnaire was presented to the patients, who were aged between 10 and 55 years, to assess their acceptance of and satisfaction with the intervention. RESULTS: The primary indications for surgery were moderate hypertrophy with aesthetic and/or functional or impairment, or labial asymmetry (37 cases [67%]). Four patients (7%) experienced minimal suture dehiscence during the early postoperative period. Of the 55 patients, 50 (91%) were very satisfied, 5 (9%) were satisfied, and none were dissatisfied. CONCLUSIONS: Patients expressed a high degree of satisfaction with laser labioplasty, which can be combined with other surgical gynecologic interventions without increased complications.

Análise histopatológica de produtos de adenotonsilectomia de janeiro de 2001 a maio de 2003 / Histological analysis of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy specimens - January 2001 to May 2003

As tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas são agregados encapsulados incompletos de nódulos linfóides em contato direto com o epitélio de revestimento do trato aerodigestivo. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo retrospectivo baseado na revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a adenotonsilectomias no Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília durante o período de janeiro de 2001 a maio de 2003. OBJETIVO: Relatar o perfil dos pacientes e as principais alteracões histopatológicas em 250 pacientes com hipertrofia de tonsilas palatinas e faríngea, infeccões de repeticão ou ambos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Análise histopatológica de 250 pacientes submetidos a adenotonsilectomia ou tonsilectomia entre adultos e criancas. RESULTADOS: Dos 250 pacientes, 117 (46,8 por cento) são do sexo feminino e 133 (53,2 por cento) masculino. A idade média foi de 7,3 anos e variou de 2 a 34 anos. A principal indicacão cirúrgica foi a concomitância de infeccões de repeticão e hipertrofia de tonsilas palatinas e faríngea, sendo que em 160 (64 por cento) foram classificadas em 3+/4+. Em 205 (82 por cento) pacientes foi encontrada hiperplasia linfóide ou linfóide folicular. 45 (18 por cento) também apresentaram inflamacão aguda supurativa focal. Dentre estes, 2 pacientes tiveram cistos de inclusão epidermóide, outros 2 com colônias de Actinomyces sp e 1 paciente com lesão compatível com Doenca da Arranhadura de Gato. DISCUSSAO: Os dados apresentados neste trabalho nos mostram uma possível relacão das tonsilites de repeticão com as hipertrofias tonsilas palatinas e faríngea. CONCLUSAO: O exame anatomopatológico de rotina das tonsilectomias apresenta uma relacão custo/benefício negativa, no entanto, por problemas de ordem legal, ético, fica o médico sujeito à solicitacão desse exame.

Histological analysis of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy specimens--January 2001 to May 2003.

UNLABELLED: Palatine and nasopharyngeal tonsils are nonencapsulated nodular masses of lymphoid tissue of the respiratory and digestive tract epithelium. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study based on the revision of medical records of patients who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy at Hospital das Clínicas, Medical School, Marília in the period between January 2001 and May 2003. AIM: Analysis of patients' profile and main pathological changes in 250 patients with palatine and nasopharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, recurrent infections or both. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Histological review of 250 patients who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy among adults and children. RESULTS: Out of 250 subjects, 117 (46.8%) were female and 133 (53.2%) were male patients. Mean age was 7.3 years, ranging from 2 to 34 years. Main surgical indication was concomitant presence of recurrent infections and hypertrophy of nasopharyngeal and palatine tonsils. Among these patients, 160 (64%) were classified as grades III to IV hypertrophy. Lymphatic or follicular lymphatic hyperplasia was observed in 205 patients (82%); focal inflammation was verified in 45 (18%) subjects. Among those, 2 patients presented squamous cell cysts, 2 had Actinomyces sp colonies and 1 cat scratch disease. DISCUSSION: The results presented in this study suggested a possible correlation between recurrent tonsillitis and palatine tonsil hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: Routine histological study of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy specimens has a low cost-benefit rate, although, due to legal and ethical issues, physicians may request this type of examination.

La protección cardíaca es la estrategia prioritaria de prevención cardiovascular en hipertensión arterial / Cardiac protection as preferred strategy for preventing cardiovascular disease in hypertension

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Fisiología integrada de la hipertrofia cardíaca / Integrative physiology of cardiac hypertrophy

En la presente revisión se analizan las diferentes alternativas que tiene el miocito cuando es sometido a una sobrecarga de presión o volumen. Dicha sobrecarga lleva en un estadio inicial al aumento del "estrés" parietal que representa un estímulo mayor para el miocito. Dicho aumento de la carga es lo que en definitiva aumenta el tamaño del miocito llevándolo a la hipertrofia. Diferentes caminos se activan para lograr dicho mecanismo compensador. Por un lado se estimulan los fibroblastos que sintetizan y liberan cantidades crecientes de colágenos (tipo I y II), factores de crecimiento y angiotensina II, los que en forma autocrina y paracrina van a interactuar con el miocito. Estos mecanismos tienen como objetivo final la síntesis de nuevas proteínas. La interacción entre la matriz extracelular y el miocito se lleva a cabo a través de las integrinas, que son proteínas de membrana actuando como mecanorreceptores y mecanotransductores (AU)

Cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscles underlying bronchial asthma. A 3-D morphometric study.

In order to study whether hyperplasia or hypertrophy of cells is responsible for the thickening of airway muscles, 3-D morphometry of airway muscle cells was performed on resin-embedded semithin serial sections of autopsied lungs from 10 asthmatics and five control subjects. There were five Type I and five Type II asthmatic lungs, as defined in an earlier study, thickened muscles being found only in the central bronchi in Type I and distributed over the whole airway tree in Type II. The analysis was based on "unbiased" 3-D morphometry to obtain the numerical density NV of muscle cells using a "disector," a spatial probe introduced by Sterio in 1984, which we modified into a stack of serial sections. The mean number NL of cells per unit airway length and the mean volume Vc of a single muscle cell were also determined. In Type I asthmatics, the number of cells increased in the larger bronchi unaccompanied by cellular hypertrophy at any level of the airway tree. In contrast, in Type II asthmatics, hypertrophy was shown to prevail over the whole airway, but it was most remarkable in the bronchioles, whereas hyperplasia was mild and localized only in the bronchi. The two types of asthmatic lungs may therefore result from different pathogeneses.

[The diagnosis of focal liver lesions by the texture analysis of dynamic computed tomograms]. / Diagnostik fokaler Leberläsionen durch Texturanalyse von dynamischen Computertomogrammen.

Characterisation of focal liver lesions on computed tomography (CT) depends on correct interpretation of morphology and dynamic changes during bolus injection of contrast medium. The aim of this study was to develop a texture analysis concept for computer based interpretation of dynamic CT images. 148 focal liver lesions were investigated by serial CT. The study comprised 61 haemangiomas, 25 other benign lesions (FNH/adenomas) and 62 malignant lesions (primary or secondary). FNH, adenomas and malignant lesions were histologically proven. Diameter was 8-145 mm (mean 31 mm). Regions of interest were interactively defined. After extraction of characteristic textural features, a pattern classifier was trained. All CT series were evaluated using the "leaving-one-out" method. 134 of the 148 lesions were correctly classified (positive predictive value 0.9). Sensitivity for the presence of malignancy was 0.93 (80/86), specificity was 0.9 (56/62). False classification of a lesion was found to depend strongly on the quality of the examination (bolus intensity, positional change of the lesion due to respiratory movements).

[Reductive mammoplasty: health or beauty?]. / Mamoplastía de reducción: salud o belleza?

There is the wrong idea among health providers in Puerto Rico that reduction mammoplasty (RM) is a purely cosmetic procedure. The authors believe that mammary hypertrophy (MH) is a health problem and that reduction mammoplasty is the indicated treatment. A research program is devised using in its methodology a questionnaire which administered to 54 postoperative female patients. The study shows that 98% had significant improvement of symptoms and 98% recommend the operation to their friends. Our research confirms the hypothesis that MH affects health and RM is adequate treatment. We also concluded that an excess of 250 gms. is enough to cause symptoms of MH.

Mamoplastia de reducción: salud o belleza? / Mammoplasty of reduction: health of beauty?

Existe la impresión errónea en el campo de la salud en Puerto Rico que la mamoplastía de reucción es una operación puramente cosmética. Creen los autores que la hipertrofia mamaria afecta la salud física y mental de la mujer puertorriqueña y que la mamoplastía de reucción es el tratamiento indicado. Se hace un estudo de investigación. Como parte de la metodología, se prepara un isntrumento tipo cuestionario que se le administra a 54 mujeres postoperadas. Sale a relucir en el estudio que el 98% tuvo mejoría de síntomas, y el 90% le recomiendan la operación a otras. Prueba este estudio la hipótesis de que la hipertrofia mamaria afecta la salud física y mental y que la mamoplastía de reducción es la solución de este problema. Reflejó, además el estudo que un exceso de 250 gms. es suficiente para dar síntomas de hipertrofia mamaria