The association between serum phosphate and length of hospital stay and all-cause mortality in adult patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Data is limited on the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in general hospitalized patients, and its association with length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality remained unclear. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of admission phosphate abnormality and the association between serum phosphate level and length of hospital stay and all-cause mortality in adult patients. METHODS: This was a multi-center retrospective study based on real-world data. Participants were classified into five groups according to serum phosphate level (inorganic phosphorus, iP) within 48 h after admission: G1, iP < 0.64 mmol/L; G2, iP 0.64-0.8 mmol/L; G3, iP 0.8-1.16 mmol/L; G4, iP 1.16-1.45 mmol/L; and G5, iP ≥ 1.45 mmol/L, respectively. Both LOS and in-hospital mortality were considered as outcomes. Clinical information, including age, sex, primary diagnosis, co-morbidity, and phosphate-metabolism related parameters, were also abstracted from medical records. RESULTS: A total number of 23,479 adult patients (14,073 males and 9,406 females, aged 57.7 ± 16.8 y) were included in the study. The prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 4.74%. An "L-shaped" non-linear association was determined between serum phosphate level and LOS and the inflection point was 1.16 mmol/L in serum phosphate level. Compared with patients in G4, patients in G1, G2 or G3 were significantly associated with longer LOS after full adjustment of covariates. Each 0.1 mmol/L decrease in serum phosphate level to the left side of the inflection point led to 0.64 days increase in LOS [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 0.81; p for trend < 0.001]. But there was no association between serum phosphate and LOS where serum levels of phosphate ≥ 1.16 mmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that adjusted all-cause in-hospital mortality was 3.08-fold greater in patients in G1 than those in G4 (95% CI: 1.52, 6.25; p for trend = 0.001). Similarly, no significant association with either LOS or mortality were found in patients in G5, comparing with G4. CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphatemia, but not hyperphosphatemia, was associated with LOS and all-cause mortality in adult inpatients. It is meaningful to monitor serum levels of phosphate to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention.

Elevated morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic idiopathic hypophosphatemia: a nationwide cohort study.

Background: Chronic idiopathic hypophosphatemia (CIH) induced by X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare inherited or acquired disorder. However, due to its rarity, little is known about the epidemiology and natural course of CIH. Therefore, we aimed to identify the prevalence and long-term health outcomes of CIH patients. Methods: Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database, we evaluated the incidence of hypophosphatemia initially diagnosed from 2003 to 2018. After excluding secondary conditions that could change serum phosphorus levels, we identified 154 patients (76 men and 78 women) with non-secondary and non-renal hypophosphatemia. These hypophosphatemic patients were compared at a ratio of 1:10 with age-, sex-, and index-year-matched controls (n = 1,540). Results: In the distribution of age at diagnosis, a large peak was observed in patients aged 1-4 years and small peaks were observed in ages from 40-70 years. The age-standardized incidence rate showed non-statistically significant trend from 0.24 per 1,000,000 persons in 2003 to 0.30 in 2018. Hypophosphatemic patients had a higher risk of any complication (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-2.69) including cardiovascular outcomes, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, osteoporotic fractures, periodontitis, and depression. Hypophosphatemic patients also had higher risks of mortality and hospitalization than the controls (aHR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.83-5.81; and aHR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.97-3.16, respectively). Conclusion: This first nationwide study of CIH in South Korea found a bimodal age distribution and no sex differences among patients. Hypophosphatemic patients had higher risks of complications, mortality, and hospitalization compared to age- and sex-matched controls.

Hospital-acquired serum phosphate derangements and their associated in-hospital mortality.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to report the incidence of hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia along with their associated in-hospital mortality. METHODS: We included 15 869 adult patients hospitalised at a tertiary medical referral centre from January 2009 to December 2013, who had normal serum phosphate levels at admission and at least two serum phosphate measurements during their hospitalisation. The normal range of serum phosphate was defined as 2.5-4.2 mg/dL. In-hospital serum phosphate levels were categorised based on the occurrence of hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia. We analysed the association of hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia with in-hospital mortality using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty-three per cent (n=8464) of the patients developed new serum phosphate derangements during their hospitalisation. The incidence of hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia was 35% and 27%, respectively. Hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia were associated with odds ratio (OR) of 1.56 and 2.60 for in-hospital mortality, respectively (p value<0.001 for both). Compared with patients with persistently normal in-hospital phosphate levels, patients with hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia only (OR 1.64), hospital-acquired hyperphosphataemia only (OR 2.74) and both hospital-acquired hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia (ie, phosphate fluctuations; OR 4.00) were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality (all p values <0.001). CONCLUSION: Hospital-acquired serum phosphate derangements affect approximately half of the hospitalised patients and are associated with increased in-hospital mortality rate.

Association between phosphate disturbances and mortality among critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the association of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia on the first day of ICU admission with mortality in septic critically ill patients. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, all adult patients who were admitted to the medical-surgical ICUs between 2014 and 2017 with sepsis or septic shock were categorized as having hypophosphatemia, normophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia based on day 1 serum phosphate values. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes between the three groups. We used multivariate analysis to examine the association of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia with these outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 1422 patients enrolled in the study, 188 (13%) had hypophosphatemia, 865 (61%) normophosphatemia and 369 (26%) had hyperphosphatemia. The patients in the hyperphosphatemia group had significantly lower GCS, higher APACHE II scores, higher serum creatinine, increased use of vasopressors, and required more mechanical ventilation with lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio compared with the other two groups. In addition, the hyperphosphatemia group showed significantly higher ICU and hospital mortality in comparison with the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Hyperphosphatemia and not hypophosphatemia on the first ICU admission day was associated with an increase in the ICU and hospital mortality in septic critically ill patients.

Hyperphosphatemia rather than hypophosphatemia indicates a poor prognosis in patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is the leading cause of hospitalization and death in the intensive care unit. It is vital to identify high-risk patients with poor prognosis in the early stages of sepsis. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of serum phosphorus levels for sepsis. METHODS: The data of 4767 patients with sepsis were collected from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III database. The Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing technique and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to test the crude relationship between serum phosphorus levels and mortality or overall survival. The multivariable logistic regression was used to further analyze the relationship between serum phosphorus levels and in-hospital mortality. The subgroup analysis was performed according to renal failure, use of vasopressin and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. RESULTS: Only hyperphosphatemia significantly correlated with in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.85], while the correlation between hypophosphatemia and in-hospital mortality was not significant (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.70-1.19). The interactions between serum phosphorus and renal failure, use of vasopressin or the SOFA score were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperphosphatemia rather than hypophosphatemia indicates a poor prognosis in patients with sepsis.

Normal-range emergency department serum phosphorus levels and all-cause mortality.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia are frequently encountered in hospitalised patients and are associated with significant clinical consequences. However, the prognostic value of normal-range phosphorus levels on all-cause mortality and hospitalisations is not well established. Therefore, we examined the association between normal-range phosphorus levels, all-cause mortality and hospitalisations in patients presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary medical centre in Israel. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of patients presenting to the Chaim Sheba Medical Center emergency department between 2012 and 2018. The cohort was divided into quartiles based on emergency department phosphorus levels: 'very-low-normal' (p ≥ 2 mg/dL and p ≤ 2.49 mg/dL), 'low-normal' (p ≥ 2.5 mg/dL and p ≤ 2.99 mg/dL), 'high-normal' (p≥  3 mg/dL and p≤3.49 mg/dL) and 'very-high-normal' (p ≥  3.5 mg/dL and p ≤ 4 mg/dL). We analysed the association between emergency department phosphorus levels, hospitalisation rate and 30-day and 90-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Our final analysis included 223 854 patients with normal-range phosphorus levels. Patients with 'very-low-normal' phosphorus levels had the highest mortality rate. Compared with patients with 'high-normal' phosphorus levels, patients with 'very-low-normal' levels had increased 30-day all-cause mortality (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4, p<0.001), and increased 90-day all-cause mortality (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3, p<0.001). Lower serum phosphorus levels were also associated with a higher hospitalisation rate, both for the internal medicine and general surgery wards (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower phosphorus levels, within the normal range, are associated with higher 30-day and 90-day all-cause mortality and hospitalisation rate.

Hypophosphatemia Is More Common and Is Prognostic of Poorer Outcomes in Severe Alcoholic Pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine if hypophosphatemia is more common in patients with severe alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis (AAP). METHODS: This is a retrospective, single institution, cohort study that analyzed 147 patients admitted to the hospital for AAP. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine if hypophosphatemia would be related to clinical outcomes of disease severity. RESULTS: Hypophosphatemia was more common in patients with severe AAP at admission; in addition, all patients with severe AAP (100%) eventually developed hypophosphatemia during admission, relative to those with mild (43%) and moderately severe (54%) AAP. The magnitude of the lowest phosphate measurement obtained during admission was lower in patients with severe AAP (mean, 1.5 mg/dL, standard deviation [SD], 0.5 mg/dL) relative to those with mild (mean, 2.6 mg/dL; SD, 0.9 mg/dL) and moderately severe (mean, 2.3 mg/dL; SD, 0.9 mg/dL) AAP (P < 0.001). Finally, patients who developed hypophosphatemia during admission were more likely to require intensive care unit admission (P < 0.001), vasopressors (P = 0.01), or intubation (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphatemia is more common and of greater magnitude in patients admitted to the hospital with severe AAP. In addition, patients with severe AAP who develop hypophosphatemia during admission are more likely to have poorer clinical outcomes.

Are We Aware that Hyperphosphatemia Affects Mortality and Morbidity as much as Hypophosphatemia in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients?

OBJECTIVE: Hypophosphatemia was previously shown to affect the duration of admission, mechanical ventilator requirements, mortality and morbidity during pediatric intensive care. Different from previous studies, our study was planned with the aim of showing whether hyperphosphatemia affects morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care patients as much as hypophosphatemia. METHOD: Patients' ages, genders, reason for admission, underlying diseases, phosphorus levels examined on admission and on the 1-4th and 5-10th-days, duration on mechanical ventilation, duration of admission, final status and PRISM and PELOD scores calculated in the first 24 hours of admission were recorded. RESULTS: Mortality was distinctly higher for those who were hypophosphatemic and hyperphosphatemic compared to those who were normophosphatemic. The highest mortality was identified in those who were hyperphosphatemic on the 5-10th-days. PELOD scores were only significantly different according to admission phosphorus levels (p:0.04). CONCLUSION: In our study, we identified that hyperphosphatemia is a serious problem as hypophosphatemia for patients who admitted to the PICU. Patients identified to be hyperphosphatemic on admission had a significantly higher PELOD score. The significant difference of hyperphosphatemia in terms of PELOD score is one of the important points shown in our study. It should not be forgotten that like hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia may cause serious problems in pediatric intensive care patients.

Impact of hypophosphatemia on outcome of patients in intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatemia generally occurs in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), but its impact is often ignored. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypophosphatemia can be a risk factor for ICU 28-day mortality. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted by collecting data from 1073 patients admitted to general ICU and then presented to the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China) from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2017. The patients were divided into a normal control group (serum phosphate levels 0.80-1.60 mmol/L) and a hypophosphatemia group (serum phosphate levels < 0.80 mmol/L), based on the concentration of phosphorus at the time of ICU admission. The association between phosphate levels and ICU 28-day mortality was evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to predict the ICU 28-day mortality. RESULTS: The cohort included 946 patients with a median phosphate concentration of 0.77 mmol/L (interquartile range 0.55-1.03 mmol/L). Patients with hypophosphatemia had a higher ICU 28-day mortality than the normal control group (33.3% vs 24.0%, P < 0.05). Patients with hypophosphatemia had a longer ICU and hospital stays, and prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation (all P < 0.05). Hypophosphatemia was an independent risk factor for ICU 28-day mortality (adjusted OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, P = 0.01) in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphatemia at admission is an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in general ICU patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The medical study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Six Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Approval number: 2017ZSLYEC-110). No consent was given as the data were analyzed anonymously.

Hypophosphatemia before endoscopic gastrostomy predicts higher mortality during the first week and first month post-gastrostomy: a risk marker of refeeding syndrome in gastrostomy-fed patients / La hipofosfatemia antes de la gastrostomía endoscópica predice una mortalidad superior durante la primera semana y el primer mes después de la gastrostomía: un marcador de riesgo del síndrome de realimentación

Introduction: starvation is usual in patients referred for endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). A high risk of refeeding syndrome (RS) may contribute to poor prognosis. Objectives: this study aims to: a) evaluate serum phosphorus and magnesium when patients underwent PEG; b) determine the mortality rate during the first week and first month of enteral nutrition; and c) assess if hypophosphatemia or hypomagnesemia are associated with early mortality. Material and methods: retrospective study with patients followed in the Artificial Nutrition Clinic and died under PEG feeding. General nutritional assessment included NRS 2002, anthropometry and serum proteins. Serum phosphorus and magnesium were measured immediately before gastrostomy. Survival was recorded and compared to electrolyte and nutritional status. Results: one hundred and ninety-seven patients (137 men/60 women) aged 26-100 years. Most underwent PEG due to neurologic disorders (60.9%) and were malnourished according to body mass index (BMI) and serum proteins. Low phosphorus and magnesium were found in 6.6% and 4.6%, respectively. Hypophosphatemia was associated with malnutrition (p < 0.05). Mean survival was 13.7 ± 15.4 months. Mortality was 4.6% in the first week and 13.2% in the first month post-gastrostomy. Overall survival was shorter in malnourished patients but malnutrition did not directly influence early mortality (p > 0.05). Hypophosphatemia was associated with mortality during the first week (p = 0.02) and the first month of PEG feeding (p = 0.02). Conclusions: hypophosphatemia was uncommon but predicted early mortality after PEG. Although RS may be less frequent than expected, hypophosphatemia may be used as a RS marker and RS is the probable cause of increase early mortality in hypophosphatemic PEG-fed patients

Introducción: la inanición es habitual en pacientes referenciados para gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG). Un riesgo alto de síndrome de realimentación (SR) puede contribuir a un mal pronóstico. Objetivos: este estudio pretende: a) estudiar el fósforo y el magnesio séricos cuando los pacientes son sometidos a PEG; b) determinar la tasa de mortalidad durante la primera semana y el primer mes de nutrición entérica; y c) evaluar si la hipofosfatemia y la hipomagnesemia se asocian con una mortalidad temprana. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo con pacientes seguidos en la consulta de nutrición artificial y que fallecieron utilizando alimentación por PEG. La evaluación nutricional genérica ha incluido el NRS 2002, la antropometría y la determinación de las proteínas séricas. El fósforo y el magnesio séricos se han determinado inmediatamente antes de la gastrostomía. La sobrevida fue registrada y comparada con el perfil iónico y el estado nutricional de los pacientes. Resultados: el estudio se realizó en 197 pacientes (137 hombres/60 mujeres) de 26-100 años. La mayoría se sometieron a PEG por trastornos neurológicos (60,9%) y estaban desnutridos de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las proteínas séricas. El fósforo y el magnesio séricos estaban bajos, con un 6,6% y un 4,6%, respectivamente. La hipofosfatemia se asoció con la desnutrición (p < 0,05). La sobrevida media fue de 13,7 ± 15,4 meses. Se ha registrado una mortalidad del 4,6% en la primera semana y del 13,2% en el primer mes después de la gastrostomía. La sobrevida general fue más corta en los pacientes desnutridos, pero la desnutrición no ha afectado directamente a la mortalidad temprana (p > 0,05). La hipofosfatemia se asoció con la mortalidad durante la primera semana (p = 0,02) y el primer mes de alimentación con PEG (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: la hipofosfatemia fue infrecuente, pero predijo una mortalidad temprana después del PEG. Aunque el SR es aparentemente menos frecuente de lo esperado, la hipofosfatemia puede ser utilizada como un marcador del SR y el SR es probablemente la causa de una mortalidad temprana en pacientes hipofosfatémicos alimentados con PE

Hypophosphatemia before endoscopic gastrostomy predicts higher mortality during the first week and first month post-gastrostomy: a risk marker of refeeding syndrome in gastrostomy-fed patients.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: starvation is usual in patients referred for endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). A high risk of refeeding syndrome (RS) may contribute to poor prognosis. Objectives: this study aims to: a) evaluate serum phosphorus and magnesium when patients underwent PEG; b) determine the mortality rate during the first week and first month of enteral nutrition; and c) assess if hypophosphatemia or hypomagnesemia are associated with early mortality. Material and methods: retrospective study with patients followed in the Artificial Nutrition Clinic and died under PEG feeding. General nutritional assessment included NRS 2002, anthropometry and serum proteins. Serum phosphorus and magnesium were measured immediately before gastrostomy. Survival was recorded and compared to electrolyte and nutritional status. Results: one hundred and ninety-seven patients (137 men/60 women) aged 26-100 years. Most underwent PEG due to neurologic disorders (60.9%) and were malnourished according to body mass index (BMI) and serum proteins. Low phosphorus and magnesium were found in 6.6% and 4.6%, respectively. Hypophosphatemia was associated with malnutrition (p < 0.05). Mean survival was 13.7 ± 15.4 months. Mortality was 4.6% in the first week and 13.2% in the first month post-gastrostomy. Overall survival was shorter in malnourished patients but malnutrition did not directly influence early mortality (p > 0.05). Hypophosphatemia was associated with mortality during the first week (p = 0.02) and the first month of PEG feeding (p = 0.02). Conclusions: hypophosphatemia was uncommon but predicted early mortality after PEG. Although RS may be less frequent than expected, hypophosphatemia may be used as a RS marker and RS is the probable cause of increase early mortality in hypophosphatemic PEG-fed patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la inanición es habitual en pacientes referenciados para gastrostomía endoscópica (PEG). Un riesgo alto de síndrome de realimentación (SR) puede contribuir a un mal pronóstico. Objetivos: este estudio pretende: a) estudiar el fósforo y el magnesio séricos cuando los pacientes son sometidos a PEG; b) determinar la tasa de mortalidad durante la primera semana y el primer mes de nutrición entérica; y c) evaluar si la hipofosfatemia y la hipomagnesemia se asocian con una mortalidad temprana. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo con pacientes seguidos en la consulta de nutrición artificial y que fallecieron utilizando alimentación por PEG. La evaluación nutricional genérica ha incluido el NRS 2002, la antropometría y la determinación de las proteínas séricas. El fósforo y el magnesio séricos se han determinado inmediatamente antes de la gastrostomía. La sobrevida fue registrada y comparada con el perfil iónico y el estado nutricional de los pacientes. Resultados: el estudio se realizó en 197 pacientes (137 hombres/60 mujeres) de 26-100 años. La mayoría se sometieron a PEG por trastornos neurológicos (60,9%) y estaban desnutridos de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las proteínas séricas. El fósforo y el magnesio séricos estaban bajos, con un 6,6% y un 4,6%, respectivamente. La hipofosfatemia se asoció con la desnutrición (p < 0,05). La sobrevida media fue de 13,7 ± 15,4 meses. Se ha registrado una mortalidad del 4,6% en la primera semana y del 13,2% en el primer mes después de la gastrostomía. La sobrevida general fue más corta en los pacientes desnutridos, pero la desnutrición no ha afectado directamente a la mortalidad temprana (p > 0,05). La hipofosfatemia se asoció con la mortalidad durante la primera semana (p = 0,02) y el primer mes de alimentación con PEG (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: la hipofosfatemia fue infrecuente, pero predijo una mortalidad temprana después del PEG. Aunque el SR es aparentemente menos frecuente de lo esperado, la hipofosfatemia puede ser utilizada como un marcador del SR y el SR es probablemente la causa de una mortalidad temprana en pacientes hipofosfatémicos alimentados con PEG.

Treatment Outcome of Combined Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Hemoperfusion in Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Prospective Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion among paraquat-poisoned patients would improve survival. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled interventional study over 4 years. SETTING: Single, tertiary, academic medical center. PATIENTS: We recruited patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital within 48 hours after paraquat ingestion. Exclusions were under 14 years old, ingestion of paraquat with other toxicants, pregnant, a history of chronic pulmonary disease, psychosis, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes with impaired liver or renal function. INTERVENTIONS: All patients were assigned to receive continuous venovenous hemofiltration with hemoperfusion therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration group) and to receive conventional therapy (conventional group). The study outcomes were death from any cause within 90 days after paraquat ingestion and the frequencies of hypoxia, acute kidney injury, or adverse events. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 110 enrolled patients, 59 were assigned to continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 51 to conventional group. The two groups had similar baseline demographics and clinical features. At 90 days after paraquat ingestion, 19 of 59 patients (32.2%) in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 29 of 51 patients (56.9%) in the conventional group had died (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.76; p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for baseline characteristics, combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion was independently associated with reduced risk of death compared with conventional therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19-0.64; p = 0.001). Patients in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group, as compared to the conventional group, had a reduced occurrence rate of hypoxia (40.7% vs 72.5%; p = 0.001) and of acute kidney injury (59.3% vs 78.4%; p = 0.03). Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with paraquat poisoning, treatment with combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion significantly improved 90-day survival rates.

Hypophosphatemia after nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and contributing factors of hypophosphatemia and the association with poor long-term outcome after nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study of patients with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage (i.e., aneurysmal or perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage, or spontaneous intracerebral or intraventricular hemorrhage) treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) at our university hospital. Plasma phosphate concentrations were measured serially in 2-day sections during the 6 day study period. The ICU mortality was recorded, 3-month and 1-year outcomes were assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled. The frequency of hypophosphatemia (Pi ≤ 0.65 mmol/l) was 70%. Chronic hypertension, acute hydrocephalus, and diffuse brain edema were more common in patients with hypophosphatemia compared with normophosphatemics (44% vs. 21%, P = 0.021; 59% vs. 33%, P = 0.021; and 43% vs. 13%, P = 0.004, respectively). Hypophosphatemic patients had higher maximum SOFA scores [10 (7-11) vs. 7.5 (5.75-10), P = 0.024]. Initial phosphate concentration correlated inversely with APACHE II score on admission (ρ = -0.304, P = 0.002) and SOFA score on the first ICU day (ρ = -0.269, P = 0.008). There was no difference in outcome between hypophosphatemic and normophosphatemic patients. In all five patients with severe hypophosphatemia (Pi < 0.32 mmol/l) the functional outcome was good. CONCLUSION: Hypophosphatemia was common in this patient population. The outcome was similar between hypophosphatemic and normophosphatemic patients. Chronic hypertension, acute hydrocephalus, diffuse brain edema and higher SOFA scores were more common in patients with hypophosphatemia.

Analysis of Hypo- and Hyperphosphatemia in an Intensive Care Unit Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Blood phosphate levels are vulnerable to fluctuations and changes in phosphate levels are often neglected. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether deviations in phosphate levels correlate to higher 180-day overall mortality or morbidity. METHODS: Four thousand six hundred fifty-six patients with 19,467 phosphate values treated at the adult intensive care unit at Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden during 2006-2014 were retrospectively divided into a control group and 3 study groups: hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia, and a mixed group showing both hypo/hyperphosphatemia. Sex, age, disease severity represented by maximal organ system Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, renal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lowest ionized calcium value, and diagnoses classes were included in a Cox hazard model to adjust for confounding factors, with time to death in the first 180 days from the intensive care unit (ICU) admission as outcome. RESULTS: When compared to normophosphatemic controls, the hyperphosphatemic study group was associated with higher risk of death with a hazard ratio of 1.2 (98.3% confidence interval 1.0-1.5, P = .0089). Mortality in the hypophosphatemic or mixed study group did not differ from controls. The mixed group showed markedly longer ventilator times and ICU stays compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphate alterations in ICU patients are common and associated with worse morbidity and mortality. Many underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms may play a role. A rapidly changing phosphate level or isolated hypo or hyperphosphatemia should be urgently corrected.

Post-Transplant Hypophosphatemia and the Risk of Death-Censored Graft Failure and Mortality after Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypophosphatemia is common in the first year after kidney transplantation, but its clinical implications are unclear. We investigated the relationship between the severity of post-transplant hypophosphatemia and mortality or death-censored graft failure in a large cohort of renal transplant recipients with long-term follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We performed a longitudinal cohort study in 957 renal transplant recipients who were transplanted between 1993 and 2008 at a single center. We used a large real-life dataset containing 28,178 phosphate measurements (median of 27; first to third quartiles, 23-34) serial measurements per patient) and selected the lowest intraindividual phosphate level during the first year after transplantation. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and death-censored graft failure. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) intraindividual lowest phosphate level was 1.58 (1.30-1.95) mg/dl, and it was reached at 33 (21-51) days post-transplant. eGFR was the main correlate of the lowest serum phosphate level (model R2 =0.32). During 9 (5-12) years of follow-up, 181 (19%) patients developed graft failure, and 295 (35%) patients died, of which 94 (32%) deaths were due to cardiovascular disease. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, more severe hypophosphatemia was associated with a lower risk of death-censored graft failure (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.88 per 1 mg/dl lower serum phosphate) and cardiovascular mortality (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.62) but not noncardiovascular mortality (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 1.96) or all-cause mortality (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.61). CONCLUSIONS: Post-transplant hypophosphatemia develops early after transplantation. These data connect post-transplant hypophosphatemia with favorable long-term graft and patient outcomes.

Hypophosphatemia: nutritional status, body composition, and mortality in hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between serum phosphate levels, clinical parameters, body composition, and mortality. METHODS: Multicenter longitudinal observational study of a cohort of 3552 patients in hemodialysis (HD) from 34 Nephrocare dialysis units in Portugal with 24 months of follow-up. Patients were divided into three groups depending on their serum phosphorus (<3.5; 3.5-5.5; >5.5 mg/dL). Statistical tests were performed with SPSS, version 20.0. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: On the one hand, hypophosphatemia was significantly associated with better dialysis adequacy, higher age and overhydration. On the other hand, it was associated with lower albumin, protein intake, creatinine, hemoglobin, calcium, potassium, magnesium, body mass index (BMI), body cell mass index, fat tissue index and lean tissue index. These patients had lower survival rates compared with those with normo- and hyperphosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia was a predictor of death when adjusted for age, diabetes, HD vintage, gender, and Kt/V. Comparing the mortality predictors in hypo- and hyperphosphatemia, we found that low albumin, BMI, and high overhydration increased the mortality risk in the hypophosphatemic group, whereas in hyperphosphatemic patients data were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Currently, a high prevalence of hypophosphatemia exists in Portuguese HD patients. This condition is associated with worst nutritional and body composition parameters. In the context of additional indices of malnutrition (low albumin, low BMI or severe overhydration), hypophosphatemic patients presented higher mortality risk.

Association of Serum Phosphorus Concentration with Mortality and Graft Failure among Kidney Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperphosphatemia in kidney transplant recipients has been shown to predict poorer graft and patient survival. However, studies examining hypophosphatemia are scarce. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: To evaluate the association of serum phosphorus level with patient and graft survival, we performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Between January of 1997 and August of 2012, 2786 kidney transplant recipients (41.7±11.4 years; 59.3% men; 73.5% living donors; 26.1% with diabetes; 3.8% with prior history of cardiovascular disease) were classified into seven groups according to serum phosphorus levels 1 year after transplantation, with intervals of 0.5 mg/dl (lowest group, <2.5 mg/dl; highest group, ≥5.0 mg/dl; reference group, 3.5-3.99 mg/dl). Survival analysis was performed by defining baseline time point as 1 year after transplantation. RESULTS: During median follow-up of 78.5 months, 60 patient deaths and 194 cases of graft loss occurred. In multivariate analysis, both lowest and highest serum phosphorus groups were associated with higher mortality, compared with the reference group (hazard ratio [HR], 4.82; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.36 to 17.02; P=0.01; and HR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.07 to 16.84; P=0.04, respectively). Higher death-censored graft loss was observed in the lowest and highest groups (HR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.42 to 7.79; P=0.01; and HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.32 to 6.49; P=0.01, respectively), despite eGFR exhibiting no difference between the lowest group and reference group (65.4±19.3 versus 61.9±16.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P=0.33). Moreover, serum phosphorus showed a U-shape association with patient mortality and graft failure in restricted cubic spline curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Serum phosphorus level 1 year after transplantation exhibits a U-shape association with death-censored graft failure and patient mortality in kidney transplant patients characterized by relatively high rate of living donor transplant and low incidence of diabetes and prior cardiovascular disease compared with Western countries.

Incidence and Clinical Outcome of Hypophosphatemia in Pediatric Burn Patients.

The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with serum phosphate concentrations in severely burned children and whether hypophosphatemia is associated with outcome. Seventy-eight children with a total body surface area of 24% (6.0-68.5) were retrospectively analyzed for serum phosphate concentrations during the first 10 days of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). The method of generalized estimating equations was used to evaluate the effect of the exposure variables for serum phosphate concentrations during the study period. Outcome variables were the probability of ICU discharge at 30 days and time on mechanical ventilation. Potential explanatory variables for clinical outcome were hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate <3.8 mg/dL for children <2 years and <3.5 mg/dL for older children), age, sex, percent total body surface area burn, inhalation injury, and severe sepsis and/or septic shock. Competing-risk analysis was applied to calculate the probability of ICU discharge at 30 days, and death was assumed as the competing event. The rate of hypophosphatemia was 79.5%. Serum phosphate concentrations were associated with C-reactive protein (coefficient: -0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.96 to -0.30; P = .001). Hypophosphatemia was independently associated with a 68% decrease in the probability of ICU discharge at 30 days (subhazard ratio: -0.32; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.53; P = .001) and an increase of 2.9 days in mechanical ventilation (coefficient: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.16, 4.66; P = .001). Serum phosphate concentrations in pediatric burn patients are associated with the magnitude of inflammatory response. Hypophosphatemia is associated with decreased probability of ICU discharge and increased time on mechanical ventilation.

Clinical outcome of critically ill patients with thrombocytopenia and hypophosphatemia in the early stage of sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia may both be independent risk factors for the development of multiple organ failure and correlate well with the severity of sepsis. In the present study we wanted to analyze the potential clinical role and prognostic significance of both early hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia on clinical outcomes of critically ill ICU patients with severe sepsis. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical data, including the outcome of critically ill ICU patients with severe sepsis who presented during a 5 year period with early hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia.This study was retrospective and single centre. All clinical and laboratory data was collected from the patients' ICU and hospital electronic records. All laboratory measurements were done on admission and during the ICU stay. RESULTS: The included patients were distributed into one of three study groups based on the presence of hypophosphatemia and/or thrombocytopenia during the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU: group 1 - early hypophosphatemia; group 2 - early hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia and group 3 - early thrombocytopenia. The ICU mortality rate was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 (25.9% and 22% vs. 9.3%, respectively, P = 0.034). An APACHE II > 27, a TISS > 25 following the first 24 hours of ICU stay , an age higher than 70, male gender and total parenteral nutrition were independent predictors of ICU and hospital mortality in this study population. CONCLUSION: It may be considered that hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia in the early stage of sepsis, even when severe and coexisting, reflect the degree of initial illness severity of sepsis. However, further investigations need to be done for a better understanding of the potential clinical role of these features in the septic critically ill population.