Comparing head muscles among Drusinae clades (Insecta: Trichoptera) reveals high congruence despite strong contrasts in head shape.

The subfamily Drusinae (Limnephilidae, Trichoptera) comprises a range of species exhibiting differently shaped head capsules in their larval stages. These correspond to evolutionary lineages pursuing different larval feeding ecologies, each of which uses a different hydraulic niche: scraping grazers and omnivorous shredders sharing rounded head capsules and filtering carnivores with indented and corrugated head capsules. In this study, we assess whether changes in head capsule morphology are reflected by changes in internal anatomy of Drusinae heads. To this end, internal and external head morphology was visualized using µCT methods and histological sections in three Drusinae species-Drusus franzi, D. discolor and D. bosnicus-representing the three evolutionary lineages. Our results indicate that Drusinae head musculature is highly conserved across the evolutionary lineages with only minute changes between taxa. Conversely, the tentorium is reduced in D. discolor, the species with the most aberrant head capsule investigated here. Integrating previous research on Drusinae head anatomy, we propose a fundamental Drusinae blueprint comprising 29 cephalic muscles and discuss significance of larval head capsule corrugation in Trichoptera.

Morphological description and DNA-based association of the last instar larva of Erotesis schachti Malicky 1982 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula.

In this paper we describe the main morphological characteristics that distinguish the full-grown larva of Erotesis schachti, an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula. The conspecificity of the larva and adult was confirmed by DNA analysis. Morphological features that easily discriminate it from the similar species Erotesis baltica are given.

On the value of Burmese amber for understanding insect evolution: Insights from †Heterobathmilla - an exceptional stem group genus of Strepsiptera (Insecta).

Burmese amber and amber from other periods and regions became a rich source of new extinct insect species and yielded important insights in insect evolution in the dimension of time. Amber fossils have contributed to the understanding of the phylogeny, biology, and biogeography of insects and other groups, and have also gained great importance for dating molecular trees. Another major potential is the documentation of faunal, floral and climatic shifts. Evolutionary transitions can be well-documented in amber fossils and can reveal anatomical transformations and the age of appearance of structural features. Here, using a new stem group species of Strepsiptera from Burmite, we evaluate this potential of amber insect fossils to assess the current phylogeny of Strepsiptera, with the main emphasis on the early splitting events in the stem group. Amber fossils have greatly contributed to the understanding of the evolution of Strepsiptera in the late Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. †Heterobathmilla kakopoios Pohl and Beutel gen. et sp. n. described here is placed in the stem group of the order, in a clade with †Kinzelbachilla (†Kinzelbachillidae) and †Phthanoxenos (†Phthanoxenidae). †Phthanoxenidae has priority over †Kinzelbachillidae, and the latter is synonymised. The superb details available from this new fossil allowed us to explore unique features of the antennae, mouthparts, and male copulatory apparatus, and to provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the order. The younger †Protoxenos from Eocene Baltic amber was confirmed as sister to all remaining extinct and extant groups of Strepsiptera, whereas the position of the Cretaceous †Cretostylops in the stem group remains ambivalent. While the value of Burmite and amber from other periods has a recognized impact on our knowledge of the evolution in various lineages, this new fossil does not fundamentally change our picture of the phylogeny and evolution of early Strepsiptera. However, it offers new insights into the morphological diversity in the early evolution of the group.

The Rhyacophila fasciata Group in Europe: Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859 and formerly synonymized species (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae), with new description of Rhyacophila fasciata and Rhyacophila septentrionis McLachlan 1865 (stat. prom.).

The presence and distribution of Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859 in Europe were revised, based on bibliographic study, collection specimens, and new material collected in different countries. The status of formerly synonymized species, Rhyacophila ferruginea (Scopoli 1763) and Rhyacophila septentrionis McLachlan 1865 was also assessed. The type of R. ferruginea is missing, the taxon is still unidentified, and thus we propose Rhyacophila ferruginea as a nomen dubium. Morphological features and genetic evidence revealed that R. septentrionis differs from R. fasciata, so we propose to change its status to status resurrectus. We therefore include new descriptions of the different stages (larva, pupa, male, and female) of R. fasciata and of R. septentrionis, together with a molecular analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and ecological notes. The species R. coppai Oláh 2020 NEW SYNONYM and R. soreda Coppa Oláh 2020 NEW SYNONYM are synonyms of R. sociata Navás 1916; the species R. kopasa Oláh Coppa 2020 NEW SYNONYM and R. rova Oláh Coppa 2020 NEW SYNONYM are synonyms of R. denticulata McLachlan 1879; the species R. matrensis Oláh Szczesny 2020 is probably a synonym of R. fasciata, so more study of this species is needed in order to confirm or deny that it is a valid species.

Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae: Chrysopini).

Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, is identified as a new senior subjective synonym of the large, subcosmopolitan, green lacewing genus currently known under the name Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995. Apertochrysa is rediagnosed and the taxonomic consequences of the new synonymy are reviewed. New combinations are created in Apertochrysa for 165 species formerly placed in Pseudomallada and for two species formerly placed in Mallada; three species are transferred from Pseudomallada back to previously-established combinations in Apertochrysa; and 13 additional species are retained in Apertochrysa from previous placements. This brings the total number of Apertochrysa species to 183.

Males of the genus Sericostoma Latreille 1825 in Turkey (Trichoptera, Sericostomatidae).

The males of the genus Sericostoma Latreille 1825 in Turkey were studied and the following new species are described and illustrated: Sericostoma dimcay sp. n., S. alakir sp. n., S. taskent sp. n., S. pinargozu sp. n., and S. yuvarlakcay sp. n. Sericostoma mesopotamicum McLachlan 1898 is accepted as a valid species, and a detailed description of the male of this species is given and illustrated. Sericostoma flavicorne Schneider 1845, S. grusiense Martynov 1913, and S. ida SIPAHILER 2000 are also described and figured. The known species of the genus Sericostoma in Turkey have reached nine with the addition of these new species.

Identification and morphology of two polycentropodid caddisfly larvae from the Cevennes and the French and Italian Alps: Plectrocnemia cevennensis Coppa 2011 and Plectrocnemia praestans McLachlan 1884.

The collection of adults, mature male pupae, and the absence of confusing species at the sampling sites located in the Cevennes and French Alps enabled descriptions of the hitherto unknown larvae of Plectrocnemia cevennensis Coppa 2011 and P. praestans McLachlan 1884 (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae). We present information on the morphology of the larvae and illustrate the most important diagnostic features. In the context of the larval key to European Plectrocnemia species by Waringer Graf (2020), P. cevennensis keys together with P. scruposa McLachlan 1880, whereas P. praestans keys with P. conspersa (Curtis 1834). These two species pairs are morphologically very close; P. cevennensis and P. scruposa can be separated by the numbers of secondary setae on the last abdominal sternum, but the separation of P. praestans and P. conspersa is not always possible.

Taxonomy of the Panorpa guttata group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with descriptions of fourteen new species from China.

Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the largest genus in the scorpionfly family Panorpidae. It is considered a paraphyletic taxon and needs further revisions. In this paper, we present a taxonomic study of the Panorpa guttata group, including 23 closely related species, with fourteen species new to science: Panorpa caoweii Wang, sp. n., Panorpa dali Wang, sp. n., Panorpa duanyu Wang Gong, sp. n., Panorpa hani Wang, sp. n., Panorpa hirundo Wang, sp. n., Panorpa huangguiqiangi Wang, sp. n., Panorpa jiangrixini Wang, sp. n., Panorpa jinfoshana Wang, sp. n., Panorpa latiloba Wang, sp. n., Panorpa nanzhao Wang, sp. n., Panorpa stella Wang, sp. n., Panorpa substricta Wang, sp. n., Panorpa xiaofeng Wang Gong, sp. n., and Panorpa xuzhu Wang Gong, sp. n. We also provide a distributional map, keys to species, and discussions regarding the taxonomic implications and biological information of the P. guttata group.

The larva of Sericostoma galeatum Rambur 1842 (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae), based on French material.

The present paper describes the previously unknown larva of Sericostoma galeatum based on French material. Information on the morphology of the larva is given, and the most important morphological characters are illustrated. Sericostoma galeatum is very close to the S. personatum / S. flavicorne species pair and cannot be separated yet from those confusing congeners. With respect to the distribution, S. galeatum is confined to the French, Italian, and Swiss western Alps and the Apennines. In addition, ecological information is provided.

Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily.

Adult external morphology of the extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae) is compared emphasizing the morphology of the subfamily Symphrasinae as a key group to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the superfamily. Plega dactylota Rehn, 1939 is thoroughly characterized in order to exemplify the morphology of the Symphrasinae. Additionally, following a review of the literature and examination of comparative material of Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and all Mantispidae subfamilies, a new interpretation of the components of the raptorial apparatus (i.e., head, prothorax, grasping forelegs, as well as integumentary specializations) is presented. Also, wing venation for these groups is reinterpreted, and new homology hypotheses for wing venation are proposed based on tracheation and comparative analyses. Given the high morphological divergence on the genital sclerites within the Mantispoidea, plus the confusing previous usage of neutral terminology and terms referring to appendages across taxonomic and morphological studies, we attempt to standardize, simplify, and situate terminology in an evolutionary context under the "gonocoxite concept" (multi-coxopod hypothesis). The remarkable morphological similarity of the genital sclerites of Symphrasinae and Rhachiberothidae (sensu U. Aspöck Mansell 1994) with the Nallachinae (Dilaridae) was taken as a starting point to understand the morphology of other Mantispidae subfamilies. Based on these morphological comparisons, we provide a revised phylogenetic analysis of Mantispoidea. This new phylogenetic analysis supports a sister group relationship between the family Rhachiberothidae, comprising Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, and the family Mantispidae, including the subfamily Mantispinae and its sister taxa Drepanicinae and Calomantispinae, which may represent a single subfamily. Based on these analyses, raptorial condition probably evolved a single time in these insects and subsequently became diversified in the two sister clades of the raptorial Mantispoidea.

A new species of Joguina Navás, 1912 from India (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

A new species of the delicate lacewing, Joguina Navás, 1912 (Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae) is described and figured from south-western India. A key to species of Joguina is presented as well as revised diagnoses of both Joguina and its sister genus, Lainius Navás, 1913 stat. rev.

Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Ascalaphinae).

Taxonomic notes are presented on the former Ascalaphidae (owlflies), now subfamily Ascalaphinae of the family Myrmeleontidae from Pakistan. An updated checklist of new records is provided that accounts for all known 15 genera and 22 species from Pakistan, excluding the species of the tribe Palparini. Geographical distribution maps and an updated identification key to all known genera and species from Pakistan are also given. We synonymized two monotypic genera, Horischema Mészáros Ábrahám, 2003 and Perissoschema Mészáros Ábrahám, 2003 both as junior synonyms of Ogcogaster Westwood, 1847 based on very similar male genitalia and external morphological characters. Moreover, Perissoschema evae Mészáros Ábrahám, 2003 is treated as a junior synonym of Ogcogaster segmentator Westwood, 1847. We recorded three genera for the first time from Pakistan, i.e., Acheron Lefèbvre, 1842, Glyptobasis McLachlan, 1873, and Suphalomitus van der Weele, 1909. To more completely resolve the generic or specific status of those poorly known species from Pakistan, broader sampling throughout the country is needed.

The Neotropical green lacewing genus Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)-new synonymies and combinations, a new species, and an updated key to species.

Ceraeochrysa Adams, 1982, with ~60 species, is a diverse and relatively well studied New World genus of green lacewings. However, nomenclatural problems and misidentifications persist; undescribed species continue to be found; and species determinations remain difficult. Here, we address several problematic issues within the genus, and we justify the following taxonomic changes: Part 1 synonymizes Ceraeochrysa rafaeli Adams Penny syn. n. and Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) nigropictus Freitas Penny syn. n. with Ceraeochrysa discolor (Navás). Part 2 identifies Ceraeochrysa adynatos (Freitas Penny) comb. n. as the new name for Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) adynatos Freitas Penny. Part 3 renames Chrysopa sarta Banks as Ceraeochrysa sarta (Banks) comb. n, and identifies it as conspecific with Ceraeochrysa berlandi (Navás) syn. n. Part 4 names Chrysopa poujadei Navás as Ceraeochrysa poujadei (Navás) comb. n. and also identifies its new synonyms-Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) laevus (Navás) syn. n. and Ceraeochrysa forcipata Freitas Penny syn. n. Part 5 redescribes the enigmatic Ceraeochrysa silvanoi (Navás) and recognizes Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás) syn. n. as its junior synonym. Part 6 describes a new Ceraeochrysa species: Ceraeochrysa paraensis Sosa sp. n. from Brazil. Finally, to help facilitate species identifications, Part 7 incorporates all new species and all taxonomic changes made since the last revision of the genus (2009) into an updated key to the currently valid species of Ceraeochrysa. Lectotypes are designated for three species: C. discolor Navás, C. sarta Banks, and C. tucumana Navás.

A Revised Description of the Larva of Leptocerina pauliani (Ross 1957 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), an Endemic Species of La Réunion Island.

Leptocerina is an endemic Afrotropical genus of Trichoptera, with 19 species documented but only five partially described at the larval stage. The first description of Leptocerina pauliani (Ross 1957) larva by Marlier Marlier (1982) included very few illustrations, making comparisons with other species challenging. I present a revised description of the L. pauliani larval stage, using specimens collected from the River Marsouins in La Réunion Island. I apply a focus stacking approach for emphasizing coloration patterns and providing a detailed description of larval characters. Criteria for distinguishing L. pauliani from the other species of Leptocerina already described or partially described for the larval stage are discussed.

Description of three new species of Psilotreta (Trichoptera: Odontoceridae) from Japan.

Three new species of the caddisfly genus Psilotreta (Trichoptera: Odontoceridae) from Japan are described: P. voluta sp. nov., P. moritai sp. nov., and P. flavida sp. nov. These three species are easily distinguishable by the male genitalia from previously known Japanese species, P. japonica (Banks 1906) and P. kisoensis Iwata 1928. The three new species are similar to P. vertebrata Yuan et al. 2008, P. cuboides Yuan et al. 2008, and P. excavata Yuan et al. 2008 from the Chinese mainland, and P. clyssan Malicky 2014 from Taiwan, in the shapes of the lateral processes and intermediate appendages of segment X of the male genitalia, but can be distinguished from these species and each other. All Japanese species of Psilotreta listed above belong to the P. chinensis Species Group.

Papers published in Zootaxa concerning Neuropterida.

In the first twenty years of the publication of Zootaxa, more than two hundred papers have appeared in this journal that address the Neuropterida, which collectively includes the [Neuroptera+Raphidioptera]+Megaloptera sections (initially "Minor orders" section). A dozen submitted manuscripts were rejected before the review process, and another dozen submissions were rejected following the peer review process. Additional content and general submission history of these contributions is summarized here. These various contributions highlight the growing body of research on the Neuropterida and the importance of Zootaxa as a key journal for publishing and disseminating this research.

The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera.

Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, n. gen., n.sp., is described from several islands in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles of the West Indies. For comparison, Abachrysa eureka Banks from southeastern United States is redescribed, and data on the three remaining New World belonopterygine genera, Vieira Navás, Nacarina Navás, and Belonopteryx Gerstaecker, are summarized. A key for identifying the New World belonopteryine genera is included. Although recognizably distinct, Pantaleonius shares several features with Vieira, which is considered basal within Belonopterygini. Both genera are quite different from Abachrysa Banks, which is known to be derived among the New World belonopterygines and also closely related to the Old World belonopterygine clade.

A new species, Agapetus kaengkrungensis (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from Kaeng Krung National Park, southern Thailand with the distribution map of the genus in Thailand.

The male of a new species of caddisfly, Agapetus kaengkrungensis n. sp. (Glossosomatidae) is described and illustrated from Kaeng Krung National Park, Surat Thani Province, southern Thailand. Agapetus kaengkrungensis n. sp. is distinguished from other species by the characters of segment IX and inferior appendages. The distributions of the Agapetus spp. of Thailand are mapped and discussed.

A new species of Setodes Rambur (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from northern Michigan, USA.

Setodes truncatus n. sp. is illustrated and described herein based on specimens collected from 2 adjacent watersheds of the Huron Mountains in northern Michigan (USA). Both known populations inhabit undisturbed sandy rivers. Males of S. truncatus appear most similar to those of S. incertus (Walker) but can be separated based on their short and truncate inferior appendages and by other differences in the genitalia. The larva and female both remain unknown. A revised key to males of the 10 North American species of Setodes is provided.