Status of the national immunization technical advisory groups in the Americas: recommendations for improvement / Estado actual de los grupos técnicos asesores nacionales sobre inmunización en la Región de las Américas: recomendaciones para su mejora / Situação dos Grupos Técnicos Assessores Nacionais sobre Imunização na Região das Américas: recomendações para melhorias

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To evaluate the structure and operation of national immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and to make recommendations for improvement. Methods. A convenience sample of six current and eight former NITAG members representing 12 countries in the region were invited in 2022 to answer a web-based questionnaire on NITAG structure, organization, and procedures. The questionnaire used indicators similar to those in the Joint Reporting Form on Immunization. Participants were also asked about the role their NITAGs played in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunization policies. Results. Brazil, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) reported not having an active NITAG. The nine active NITAGs are structured and organized according to World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization recommendations, with variations between countries. Most NITAGs include representatives of the five recommended medical specialties with the participation of additional members possible. Only Bolivia (Plurinational State of) and Mexico have no explicit policy for managing members’ potential conflicts of interest. All NITAGs have an exclusively technical advisory role and generally meet once a quarter. Usually, NITAGs are asked by health ministries to analyze issues and make recommendations. All NITAGs, except for Peru’s, actively participated in supporting decision-making for immunization policy on COVID-19. Conclusions. NITAGs have successfully supported vaccine policy-making through evidence-based recommendations. However, improvement in their structure, operation, and transparency is needed to help them keep up with the rapidly evolving field of immunization. Research on the impact of NITAGs is important to support the development of recommendations for improvement.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Evaluar la estructura y el funcionamiento de los grupos técnicos asesores nacionales sobre inmunización (NITAG, por su sigla en inglés) en América Latina y el Caribe y formular recomendaciones para su mejora. Métodos. En el 2022, se seleccionó una muestra por conveniencia, formada por seis miembros actuales y ocho antiguos miembros de NITAG que representaban a 12 países de la Región, y se les invitó a responder un cuestionario en línea sobre la estructura, la organización y los procedimientos de los NITAG. El cuestionario utilizaba indicadores similares a los del formulario de notificación conjunta de datos sobre inmunización. También se preguntó a los participantes sobre el papel que desempeñaron sus NITAG en las políticas de inmunización contra la COVID-19. Resultados. Brasil, República Dominicana y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de) informaron que no tenían un NITAG activo. Los nueve NITAG activos están estructurados y organizados según las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, con diferencias entre los países. La mayoría de los NITAG cuentan con representantes de las cinco especialidades médicas recomendadas, con la posibilidad de participación de miembros adicionales. Solo Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) y México carecen de una política explícita para gestionar los posibles conflictos de intereses de los miembros. Todos los NITAG tienen una función exclusivamente de asesoramiento técnico y suelen reunirse en forma trimestral. Por lo general, los ministerios de salud les solicitan el análisis de problemas y la formulación de recomendaciones. Salvo en el caso de Perú, todos los NITAG participaron activamente en la facilitación de la toma de decisiones sobre políticas de inmunización contra la COVID-19. Conclusiones. Los NITAG han brindado apoyo con éxito a la formulación de políticas de vacunación mediante recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Sin embargo, es necesario mejorar su estructura, funcionamiento y transparencia para que puedan mantenerse al día en el campo de la inmunización en constante evolución. La investigación sobre el impacto de los NITAG es importante para respaldar la formulación de recomendaciones para su mejora.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar a estrutura e o funcionamento dos Grupos Técnicos Assessores Nacionais sobre Imunização (NITAGs, na sigla em inglês) na América Latina e no Caribe e fazer recomendações para melhorá-los. Métodos. Em 2022, uma amostra de conveniência de seis membros atuais e oito ex-membros de NITAGs, representando 12 países da Região, foi convidada a responder a um questionário on-line sobre a estrutura, a organização e os procedimentos dos NITAGs. O questionário usou indicadores semelhantes aos do formulário de notificação conjunta sobre imunização. Também se perguntou aos participantes sobre o papel que seus NITAGs haviam desempenhado nas políticas de imunização contra a doença pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). Resultados. O Brasil, a República Dominicana e a Venezuela (República Bolivariana da) informaram não ter um NITAG ativo. Os nove NITAGs ativos são estruturados e organizados de acordo com as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, com variações entre os países. A maioria dos NITAGs inclui representantes das cinco especialidades médicas recomendadas, sendo possível a participação de outros membros. Somente a Bolívia (Estado Plurinacional da) e o México não têm uma política explícita para gerenciar possíveis conflitos de interesse dos membros. Todos os NITAGs têm uma função exclusiva de assessoria técnica e geralmente se reúnem trimestralmente. Normalmente, os ministérios da Saúde solicitam aos NITAGs que analisem problemas e façam recomendações. Todos os NITAGs, exceto o do Peru, participaram ativamente no apoio ao processo decisório da política de imunização contra a COVID-19. Conclusões. Os NITAGs conseguiram apoiar a formulação de políticas de vacinação por meio de recomendações baseadas em evidências. Entretanto, é necessário melhorar a estrutura, o funcionamento e a transparência dos NITAGs para ajudá-los a se manter em dia com o campo da imunização, que está evoluindo rapidamente. A pesquisa sobre o impacto dos NITAGs é importante para apoiar a elaboração de recomendações de melhoria.

B Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice as Tools to Study Memory B Cells.

B cell receptor (BCR) transgenic mice allow the control of the initial target (antigen) specificity of naïve B cells and to investigate their properties following activation. Here, I describe how BCR transgenic B cells can be used in combination with adoptive cell transfer and immunization models to study memory B cell formation and reactivation.

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme strain on health systems including the health workforce, essential health services and vaccination coverage. We examined disruptions to immunisation and maternal and child health (MCH) services, concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic as well as factors associated with self-reported trauma or burnout among healthcare providers (HCPs). METHODS: In March-April 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among HCPs in two provinces of Indonesia. HCPs involved in COVID-19 or routine immunisation and MCH services were randomly selected from district/city health office registration lists. We descriptively analysed service disruptions experienced by HCPs as well as trauma, burnout and concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with trauma or burnout. RESULTS: We recruited 604 HCPs. Mobilisation of staff from routine health services to COVID-19 response duties was a key reason for service disruptions (87.9%). Strategies such as community outreach and task shifting were implemented to overcome disruptions. Trauma or burnout during the pandemic was reported by 64.1% HCPs, with 23.5% reporting worse mental or emotional health.Factors associated with trauma or burnout included delivery of COVID-19 immunisation (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.94); and delivery of both COVID-19 immunisation and routine immunisation compared with no involvement in vaccination programmes (aOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.52); poor treatment in the workplace (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.38) and lower confidence to respond to patient queries on COVID-19 immunisation (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.22). CONCLUSION: HCPs experienced service disruptions, trauma and burnout and implemented strategies to minimise disruptions to service delivery and improve patient experiences. Our study highlights the need to ensure that workforce resilience and strategies to protect and support HCPs are considered for pandemic planning, preparedness and management.

Cyclic Peptide Conjugate Vaccines and Physically Mixed Cyclic Peptide Vaccines for Subcutaneous Immunization.

Immune stimulants (adjuvants) enhance immune system recognition to provide an effective and individualized immune response when delivered with an antigen. Synthetic cyclic deca-peptides, co-administered with a toll-like receptor targeting lipopeptide, have shown self-adjuvant properties, dramatically boosting the immune response in a murine model as a subunit peptide-based vaccine containing group A Streptococcus peptide antigens.Here, we designed a novel peptide and lipid adjuvant system for the delivery of group A Streptococcus peptide antigen and a T helper peptide epitope. Following linear peptide synthesis on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin, the linear peptide was cleaved and head-to-tail cyclized in solution. The selective arrangement of amino acids in the deca-peptide allowed for selective conjugation of lipids and/or peptide antigens following cyclisation. Using both solution-phase peptide chemistry and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction were covalently (and selectively) ligated lipid and/or peptide antigens onto the cyclic deca-peptide core. Subcutaneous administration of the vaccine design to mice resulted in the generation of a large number of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies.

Polyclonal Peptide Antisera.

Polyclonal antibodies are relatively easy to produce and may supplement monoclonal antibodies for some applications or even have some advantages.The choice of species for production of (peptide) antisera is based on practical considerations, including availability of immunogen (vaccine) and animals. Two major factors govern the production of antisera: the nature of adaptive immune responses, which take place over days/weeks and ethical guidelines for animal welfare.Here, simple procedures for immunization of mice, rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens are presented.

Enhancing cross-protection against influenza by heterologous sequential immunization with mRNA LNP and protein nanoparticle vaccines.

Enhancing influenza vaccine cross-protection is imperative to alleviate the significant public health burden of influenza. Heterologous sequential immunization may synergize diverse vaccine formulations and routes to improve vaccine potency and breadth. Here we investigate the effects of immunization strategies on the generation of cross-protective immune responses in female Balb/c mice, utilizing mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and protein-based PHC nanoparticle vaccines targeting influenza hemagglutinin. Our findings emphasize the crucial role of priming vaccination in shaping Th bias and immunodominance hierarchies. mRNA LNP prime favors Th1-leaning responses, while PHC prime elicits Th2-skewing responses. We demonstrate that cellular and mucosal immune responses are pivotal correlates of cross-protection against influenza. Notably, intranasal PHC immunization outperforms its intramuscular counterpart in inducing mucosal immunity and conferring cross-protection. Sequential mRNA LNP prime and intranasal PHC boost demonstrate optimal cross-protection against antigenically drifted and shifted influenza strains. Our study offers valuable insights into tailoring immunization strategies to optimize influenza vaccine effectiveness.

Ionic Liquid-Based Immunization Patch for the Transdermal Delivery of Antigens.

Herein, we report a transdermal patch prepared using an ionic liquid-based solid in oil (IL-S/O) nanodispersion and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) to deliver the macromolecular antigenic protein, ovalbumin (OVA). The IL-S/O nanodispersion and a PSA were first mixed at an equal weight ratio, then coated onto a release liner, and covered with a support film. To evaluate the effect of the PSA, three types of PSAs, DURO-TAK 87-4098, DURO-TAK 87-4287, and DURO-TAK 87-235A, were used to obtain the corresponding IL-S/O patches SP-4098, SP-4287, and SP-235A, respectively. The prepared IL-S/O patches were characterized for surface morphology, viscoelasticity, and moisture content. In vitro skin penetration and in vivo immunization studies of the IL-S/O patches were performed using Yucatan micropig skin and the C57BL/6NJc1 mice model, respectively. The SP-4098 and SP-4287 delivered 5.49-fold and 5.47-fold higher amounts of drug compared with the aqueous formulation. Although both patches delivered a similar amount of drug, SP-4287 was not detached fully from the release liner after 30 days, indicating low stability. Mice immunized with the OVA-containing SP-4098 produced a 10-fold increase in anti-OVA IgG compared with those treated with an aqueous formulation. These findings suggested that the IL-S/O patch may be a good platform for the transdermal delivery of antigen molecules.

Interventions addressing routine childhood immunization and its behavioral and social drivers.

Introduction: Despite the advances in vaccination, there are still several challenges in reaching millions of children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this review, we present an extensive summary of the various strategies used for improving routine immunization in LMICs to aid program implementers in designing vaccination interventions. Methods: Experimental and quasi-experimental impact evaluations conducted in LMICs evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in improving routine immunization of children aged 0-5 years or the intermediate outcomes were included from 3ie's review of systematic reviews. Some additional impact evaluation studies published in recent years in select LMICs with large number of unvaccinated children were also included. Studies were coded to identify interventions and the barriers in the study context using the intervention framework developed in 3ie's Evidence Gap Map and the WHO's Behavioral and Social Drivers (BeSD) of vaccination framework, respectively. Qualitative analysis of the content was conducted to analyze the intervention strategies and the vaccination barriers that they addressed. Results and conclusion: One hundred and forty-two impact evaluations were included to summarize the interventions. To address attitudinal and knowledge related barriers to vaccination and to motivate caregivers, sensitization and educational programs, media campaigns, and monetary or non-monetary incentives to caregivers, that may or may not be conditional upon certain health behaviors, have been used across contexts. To improve knowledge of vaccination, its place, time, and schedule, automated voice messages and written or pictorial messages have been used as standalone or multicomponent strategies. Interventions used to improve service quality included training and education of health workers and providing monetary or non-monetary perks to them or sending reminders to them on different aspects of provision of vaccination services. Interventions like effective planning or outreach activities, follow-up of children, tracking of children that have missed vaccinations, pay-for-performance schemes and health system strengthening have also been used to improve service access and quality. Interventions aimed at mobilizing and collaborating with the community to impact social norms, attitudes, and empower communities to make health decisions have also been widely implemented.

Educational interventions for the prevention and management of adverse events following immunisation: a systematic review. / Intervenções educativas para prevenção e conduta dos eventos adversos pós-vacinação: uma revisão sistemática.

This study investigated educational interventions for the prevention and management of adverse events following immunisation. This a systematic review was conducted by examining observational studies, with no restriction as to language or year, registered in PROSPERO with the identifier CRD42022313144 and by searching the MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus databases. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of study bias; disagreements were resolved by a third researcher. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review and the studies reported significant post-intervention improvements in staff conduct in relation to immunisation. It was concluded that educational strategies that lead to continued professional development in relation to vaccination in primary care were effective in reducing and/or eradicating immunisation errors and adverse events following immunisation.

O estudo tem como objetivo investigar as intervenções educativas para a prevenção e conduta dos eventos adversos pós-vacinação. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada por meio da análise de estudos observacionais sem restrição de idioma e ano com registro no PROSPERO pelo identificador CRD42022313144 e busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, CINAHL e Scopus. Dois pesquisadores selecionaram os estudos, extraíram os dados e avaliaram o risco de viés, as discordâncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro pesquisador. Atenderam os critérios de inclusão da revisão sistemática um total de seis artigos e os estudos apresentaram melhoras significativas pós-intervenção na conduta dos profissionais em relação à imunização. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de estratégias educativas de educação permanente no âmbito vacinal da atenção primária é eficaz para reduzir e/ou erradicar os erros de imunização e eventos adversos pós-vacinação.

IL-10 inhibition during immunization improves vaccine-induced protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen. An effective anti-S. aureus vaccine remains elusive as the correlates of protection are ill-defined. Targeting specific T cell populations is an important strategy for improving anti-S. aureus vaccine efficacy. Potential bottlenecks that remain are S. aureus-induced immunosuppression and the impact this might have on vaccine-induced immunity. S. aureus induces IL-10, which impedes effector T cell responses, facilitating persistence during both colonization and infection. Thus, it was hypothesized that transient targeting of IL-10 might represent an innovative way to improve vaccine efficacy. In this study, IL-10 expression was elevated in the nares of persistent carriers of S. aureus, and this was associated with reduced systemic S. aureus-specific Th1 responses. This suggests that systemic responses are remodeled because of commensal exposure to S. aureus, which negatively implicates vaccine function. To provide proof of concept that targeting immunosuppressive responses during immunization may be a useful approach to improve vaccine efficacy, we immunized mice with T cell-activating vaccines in combination with IL-10-neutralizing antibodies. Blocking IL-10 during vaccination enhanced effector T cell responses and improved bacterial clearance during subsequent systemic and subcutaneous infection. Taken together, these results reveal a potentially novel strategy for improving anti-S. aureus vaccine efficacy.

Single-cell analysis reveals lasting immunological consequences of influenza infection and respiratory immunization in the pig lung.

The pig is a natural host for influenza viruses and integrally involved in virus evolution through interspecies transmissions between humans and swine. Swine have many physiological, anatomical, and immunological similarities to humans, and are an excellent model for human influenza. Here, we employed single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and flow cytometry to characterize the major leukocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), twenty-one days after H1N1pdm09 infection or respiratory immunization with an adenoviral vector vaccine expressing hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein with or without IL-1ß. Mapping scRNA-seq clusters from BAL onto those previously described in peripheral blood facilitated annotation and highlighted differences between tissue resident and circulating immune cells. ScRNA-seq data and functional assays revealed lasting impacts of immune challenge on BAL populations. First, mucosal administration of IL-1ß reduced the number of functionally active Treg cells. Second, influenza infection upregulated IFI6 in BAL cells and decreased their susceptibility to virus replication in vitro. Our data provide a reference map of porcine BAL cells and reveal lasting immunological consequences of influenza infection and respiratory immunization in a highly relevant large animal model for respiratory virus infection.

As vacinas contra a covid-19 em plataformas de vídeos curtos no Brasil: o caso do Kwai / Covid-19 vaccines on short video platforms in Brazil: the case of Kwai / Las vacunas contra la covid-19 en plataformas de videos cortos en Brasil: el caso del Kwai

Neste artigo, analisamos as temáticas, os posicionamentos, as formas expressivas, os atores legitimados e os recursos visuais e sonoros empregados na produção de 482 vídeos sobre vacinas, publicados de 2020 a 2022 na plataforma de vídeos curtos Kwai. A partir de análise temática e de análise de conteúdo, identificamos que os vídeos apresentaram, em sua maioria, posicionamento favorável ou neutro em relação às vacinas e que ressaltaram as experiências pessoais com a vacinação. Não obstante, utilizaram sobretudo um tom hu-morístico no tratamento do assunto, com potencial desinformativo quanto aos efeitos colaterais das vacinas. Concluímos assim que, por um lado, o Kwai tem sido utilizado para expressão de experiências positivas com a vacinação, que podem estimular a adesão aos imunizantes, mas, por outro, tem sido também espaço para a circulação de percepções negativas e temores que podem suscitar dúvidas quanto à segurança das vacinas.

In this article, we analyze the themes, positions, expressive forms, legitimized actors, and both visual and sound resources used in the production of 482 videos about vaccines, published from 2020 to 2022 on the short video platform Kwai. Based on thematic analysis and content analysis, we identified that the videos predominantly presented a favorable or neutral stance toward vaccines and that they highlighted personal experiences with immunization. However, they mainly used a humorous tone when dealing with the subject, thereby potentially disseminating misinformation regarding the adverse effects of vaccines. We thus conclude that, on the one hand, Kwai has been used to express positive experiences with vaccination, which can stimulate adherence to vaccinations, but, on the other hand, it has also been a space for the circulation of negative perceptions and fears that can raise doubts regarding the safety of vaccines.

En este artículo, analizamos los temas, posiciones, formas expresivas, actores legitimados y recursos visuales y sonoros utilizados en la producción de 482 videos sobre vacunas publicados de 2020 a 2022 en la plataforma de videos cortos Kwai. A partir del análisis temático y de contenido, identificamos que los videos presentaban, en su mayoría, una posición favorable o neutral con relación a las vacunas y que destacaban experiencias per-sonales con la vacunación. Sin embargo, al abordar el tema, utilizaron, principalmente, un tono humorístico, con potencial desinformativo sobre los efectos secundarios de las vacunas. De ese modo, concluimos que, por un lado, el Kwai tiene sido utilizado para expresar experiencias positivas con la vacunación que pueden estimular la adhesión a las vacunas, pero, por otro lado, también tiene sido un espacio para la circulación de percepciones negativas y miedos que pueden plantear dudas sobre la seguridad de las vacunas.

#VACINAPARATODOS: sentidos atribuídos por brasileiros à primeira dose da imunização contra a covid-19 no Instagram / #VACINAPARATODOS: meanings attributed by Brazilians to the first dose of immunization against covid-19 on Instagram / #VACINAPARATODOS: significados atribuidos por brasileños a la primera dosis de inmunización contra covid-19 en InstagramAutor

Este artigo se baseia em uma pesquisa que teve como objetivoapreender os sentidos atribuídos por brasileiros à primeira dose da imunização contra a covid-19. Trata-se de uma análise netnográfica. Os dados foram coletados em 2021 por meio da hashtag VACINAPARATODOS no Instagram. Os métodos utilizados para análise de dados foram: análise de similitude, com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ e da análise do Discourse of the collective subject (discurso do sujeito coletivo), de Lefevre. Os resultados apontaram como ideias centrais: a emoção positiva e o sentimento de gratidão; a emoção negativa e o sentimento atribuído às vidas perdidas e ao negacionismo; o significado da primeira dose e o sentimento de esperança; a imunização e o exercício da cidadania: ato de consciência, responsabilidade e respeito. Os sentidos atrelados à oportunidade de acesso à vacina mostraram a dualidade de sentimentos que vão desde sensações positivas de reconhecimento e valorização até sentimentos negativos, de revolta e indignação, diante da hesitação vacinal e dos discursos antivacina.

This article bases on a research that aimed to understand the meanings attributed by Brazilians to the first dose of immunization against covid-19. A netnographic analysis was carried out. The data was collected in 2021 using the hashtag VACINAPARATODOS on Instagram. The methods used analyse the data were: similarity analysis, with the aid of the IRAMUTEQ software and of the analysis of Discourse of the collective subject, developed by Lefevre. The results pointed out the following central ideas: positive emotion and a feeling of gratitude; the negative emotion and a feeling attributed to lost lives and to denialism; the meaning of the first dose and the feeling of hope; the immunization and the exercise of citizenship: an act of conscience, responsibility and respect. The meanings linked to the opportunity to access the vaccine showed a duality of feelings ranging from positive feelings of recognition and appreciation to negative feelings of revolt and indignation, in the face of vaccine hesitancy and of the anti-vaccine discourses.

Este artículo se basa en una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender los significados atribuidos por los brasileños a la primera dosis de inmunización contra la covid-19. Se realizó un análisis netnográfico. Los datos fueron recogidos en 2021 a través del hashtag VACINAPARATODOS en Instagram. Los métodos utilizados para el análisis de los datos fueron: análisis de similitud, con ayuda del softwareIRAMUTEQ y del análisis del Discourse of collective subject (Discurso del sujeto colectivo), de Lefevre. Los resultados evidenciaron como ideas centrales: la emoción positiva y el sentimiento de gratitud; la emoción negativa y el sentimiento atribuido a las vidas perdidas y al negacionismo; el significado de la primera dosis y el sentimiento de esperanza; la inmunización y el ejercicio de la ciudadanía: un acto de conciencia, responsabilidad y respeto. Los significados vinculados a la oportunidad de acceder a la vacuna mostraron la dualidad de sentimientos que van desde sentimientos positivos de reconocimiento y aprecio hasta sentimientos negativos de revuelta y indignación, frente a las dudas sobre las vacunas y los discursos antivacunas.

Foire aux questions sur les sciences comportementales et la vaccination

Alors que les programmes nationaux de vaccination cherchent à augmenter l'utilisation des vaccins COVID-19 et de ceux qui font partie du calendrier de vaccination systématique, ils doivent prendre en compte le rôle des moteurs comportementaux et sociaux de la vaccination (BeSD), qui nous aident à comprendre les croyances et les expériences qui influencent l'utilisation des vaccins. Ce document comprend des réponses aux questions soumises à l'OPS sur les facteurs comportementaux et sociaux de la vaccination, dans le but d'aider les programmes de vaccination à comprendre ces facteurs ; qu'est-ce que le cadre BeSD et quels sont ses quatre domaines : la pensée et les sentiments, les processus sociaux, la motivation et les questions pratiques ; comment les données sociales et comportementales peuvent être collectées, analysées et utilisées pour mettre en œuvre et évaluer des interventions visant à accroître l'adhésion ; quels sont les outils disponibles pour ce faire ; les considérations particulières nécessaires lorsque l'on envisage le rôle des agents de santé dans la promotion de la vaccination ; la relation entre le BeSD et la communication sur les risques et l'engagement communautaire (RCCE) pour la vaccination ; et la définition et la relation entre les termes sociaux et comportementaux clés tels que la confiance dans le vaccin et l'hésitation face au vaccin. En outre, le document présente le nouveau spectre des intentions à l'égard de la vaccination et répond aux questions sur la manière de traiter les anti-vaxxers et les réfractaires à la vaccination ; sur la manière de gérer la désinformation liée à la vaccination et de s'engager dans l'écoute sociale ; et sur la manière d'utiliser le cadre BeSD pour modifier la perception du risque.

Perguntas frequentes sobre ciências comportamentais e vacinação

Como os programas nacionais de imunização buscam aumentar a adesão às vacinas contra a COVID-19 e àquelas que fazem parte do calendário de imunização de rotina, eles devem considerar o papel dos fatores comportamentais e sociais da vacinação (BeSD), que nos ajudam a entender as crenças e experiências que influenciam a adesão à vacina. Este documento inclui respostas a perguntas enviadas à OPAS sobre os motivadores comportamentais e sociais da vacinação com o objetivo de ajudar os programas de imunização a entender esses fatores; o que é a estrutura de BeSD e quais são seus quatro domínios: pensamento e sentimento, processos sociais, motivação e questões práticas; como os dados sociais e comportamentais podem ser coletados, analisados e usados para implementar e avaliar intervenções para aumentar a adesão; quais ferramentas estão disponíveis para isso; as considerações especiais necessárias ao considerar o papel dos profissionais de saúde na promoção da vacinação; a relação entre BeSD e a comunicação de risco e o envolvimento da comunidade (RCCE) para a vacinação; e a definição e a relação entre os principais termos sociais e comportamentais, como confiança e hesitação na vacina. Além disso, o documento apresenta o novo espectro de intenções em relação à vacinação e responde a perguntas sobre como lidar com antivaxxers e recusadores de vacinas; como gerenciar a desinformação relacionada à vacinação e como se envolver na escuta social; e como usar a estrutura do BeSD para mudar a percepção de risco.

Compreensão dos fatores comportamentais e sociais associados à adesão às vacinas: Documento de posição da OMS – Maio de 2022

De acordo com o mandato da OMS de fornecer orientação aos Estados Membros sobre questões de política de saúde, a organização emite regularmente documentos de posicionamento sobre vacinação, especialmente quando estão relacionados a programas de imunização em larga escala. Esses documentos de posicionamento resumem informações básicas essenciais e concluem apresentando a posição atual da OMS. Este é o primeiro documento de posicionamento a ser publicado pela OMS sobre os impulsionadores comportamentais e sociais (BeSD) da adoção de vacinas. Ele resume o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas e indicadores para avaliar os fatores comportamentais e sociais da adesão à vacinação infantil e à COVID-19, permitindo que os tomadores de decisão sobre a política de imunização, os gerentes de programas e os parceiros abordem a subvacinação por meio de uma melhor compreensão das causas subjacentes. Este documento também relata os principais resultados de uma revisão de escopo que examinou as revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises existentes sobre intervenções para melhorar a adesão à vacinação - um primeiro passo para entender quais intervenções funcionam para aumentar a adesão à vacinação, para quem e em quais contextos. Por fim, este documento faz recomendações para o uso das novas ferramentas e dos dados resultantes para priorizar as intervenções locais e conclui com orientações para pesquisas futuras.