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1.
BMC Microbiol ; 23(1): 141, 2023 05 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37208594

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is an emerging cause of early onset neonatal sepsis, but mechanisms of transmission are not well understood. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginal carriage of Hi in reproductive age women and to examine behavioral and demographic characteristics associated with its carriage. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of stored vaginal lavage specimens from a prospective cohort study of nonpregnant reproductive-age women. After extraction of bacterial genomic DNA, samples were tested for the presence of the gene encoding Haemophilus protein d (hpd) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using validated primers and probe. PCR for the V3-V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene (positive control) assessed sample quality. Samples with cycle threshold (CT) value < 35 were defined as positive. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of hpd. Behavioral and demographic characteristics associated with vaginal carriage of Hi were examined. RESULTS: 415 samples were available. 315 (75.9%) had sufficient bacterial DNA and were included. 14 (4.4%) were positive for hpd. There were no demographic or behavioral differences between the women with Hi vaginal carriage and those without. There was no difference in history of bacterial vaginosis, vaginal microbiome community state type, or presence of Group B Streptococcus in women with and without vaginal carriage of Hi. CONCLUSION: Hi was present in vaginal lavage specimens of 4.4% of this cohort. Hi presence was unrelated to clinical or demographic characteristics, though the relatively small number of positive samples may have limited power to detect such differences.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus , Vagina , Haemophilus influenzae/genética , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos de Coortes , Prevalência , Adulto , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Microbiota , Vagina/microbiologia , Sepse Neonatal/microbiologia , Sepse Neonatal/prevenção & controle , Masculino , DNA Bacteriano/genética
2.
Vaccine ; 39(2): 343-349, 2021 01 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33280853

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has caused a persistent decline in childhood vaccination coverage, including Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, in some countries. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of decreased Hib vaccination due to COVID-19 on invasive Hib disease burden in Japan. METHODS: Using a deterministic dynamic transmission model (susceptible-carriage-infection-recovery model), the incidence rates of invasive Hib disease in under 5 year olds in rapid vaccination recovery and persistent vaccination declined scenarios were compared for the next 10 years after 2020. The national Hib vaccination rate after the impact of COVID-19 reduced to 87% and 73% in 2020 from approximately 97% each in 2013-2019 for primary and booster doses. RESULTS: While the persistent decline scenarios revealed an increase in invasive Hib disease incidence to 0.50/100,000 children under 5 years old, the incidence of the rapid recovery scenario slightly increased with a consistent decline of incidence after 2021. The shorter the duration of the decline in vaccination rate was, the smaller the incremental disease burden observed in the model. Compared to the rapid recovery scenario, the permanent decline scenario showed a 296.87 cumulative incremental quality-adjusted life years (QALY) loss for the next 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The persistent decline of Hib vaccination rate due to COVID-19 causes an incremental disease burden irrespective of the possible decline of Hib transmission rate by COVID-19 mitigation measures. A rapid recovery of vaccination coverage rate can prevent this possible incremental disease burden.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Modelos Estatísticos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , COVID-19/virologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/efeitos dos fármacos , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Esquemas de Imunização , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Vacinas Conjugadas
3.
Curr Opin Pulm Med ; 26(3): 197-202, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32149751

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mass gathering events bring people from across all continents increasing the risk of spread of aerosol transmissible respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract infections for instance in pilgrims attending the world's largest recurring annual pilgrimage, the Hajj are common. We review recent literature on viral and bacterial infectious diseases with special focus on the Hajj. RECENT FINDINGS: The prevalence of bacterial and viral infections continue to increase, because of the acquisition of rhinovirus, coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, OC43), influenza A H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus during Hajj. Whilst MERS-CoV continues to circulate in the Middle East, no cases of MERS-CoV have yet been identified in pilgrims during Hajj. SUMMARY: Respiratory tract infections are a major cause of morbidity in pilgrims attending mass gathering events. The management of severe respiratory infections should consider investigation and empirical coverage for the most likely agents based on syndromic surveillance data from hosting country and /or other relevant exposure history during events. Pneumococcal and Pertussis vaccines should be recommended for Hajj pilgrims.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Islamismo , Sarampo/transmissão , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/transmissão , Infecções Respiratórias/transmissão , Viagem , Tuberculose/transmissão , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Coronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Oriente Médio/epidemiologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/transmissão , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/transmissão , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Coqueluche/transmissão
4.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 99(4): 1089-1095, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30182916

RESUMO

Military recruits are at high risk of respiratory infections. However, limited data exist on military populations in tropical settings, where the epidemiology of respiratory infections differs substantially from temperate settings. We enrolled recruits undertaking a 10-week military training at two Royal Thai Army barracks between May 2014 and July 2015. We used a multiplex respiratory panel to analyze nose and throat swabs collected at the start and end of the training period, and from participants experiencing respiratory symptoms during follow-up. Paired sera were tested for influenza seroconversion using a hemagglutinin inhibition assay. Overall rates of upper respiratory illness and influenza-like illness were 3.1 and 2.0 episodes per 100 person-weeks, respectively. A pathogen was detected in 96% of samples. The most commonly detected microbes were Haemophilus influenzae type B (62.7%) or non-type B (58.2%) and rhinovirus (22.4%). At baseline, bacterial colonization was high and included H. influenzae type B (82.3%), H. influenzae non-type B (31.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.5%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.5%). At the end of follow-up, colonization with H. influenzae non-type B had increased to 74.1%, and S. pneumoniae to 33.6%. In the serology subset, the rate of influenza infection was 3.4 per 100 person-months; 58% of influenza infections resulted in clinical disease. Our study provides key data on the epidemiology and transmission of respiratory pathogens in tropical settings. Our results emphasize the need for improved infection prevention and control in military environments, given the high burden of illness and potential for intense transmission of respiratory pathogens.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/genética , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Incidência , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Infecções por Klebsiella/transmissão , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Militares , Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Orthomyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Picornaviridae/transmissão , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/transmissão , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Respiratórias/transmissão , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Tailândia/epidemiologia
5.
Kobe J Med Sci ; 63(4): E105-E108, 2018 Apr 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29955021

RESUMO

We reported a term newborn case of early onset sepsis caused by nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae (NTHi) with massive bacterial invasion in the placenta. Based on the consistent results of maternal placental pathology and neonatal bacterial culture, we diagnosed this as vertical transmission of NTHi via vaginal delivery. In general, NTHi infections occur in preterm infants, and our term infant case is very unusual. In conclusion, clinicians should consider NTHi as a cause of neonatal sepsis, even in term infants.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Sepse Neonatal/etiologia , Placenta/patologia , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/patologia , Haemophilus influenzae , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez
6.
Vaccine ; 36(12): 1681-1688, 2018 03 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29459062

RESUMO

The preceding decade has witnessed the emergence of severe community-acquired acute infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia), with alarming incidence rates in North America, particularly among indigenous populations. The remarkable success of Hib conjugate vaccine over the past 20 years signify the development of an Hia vaccine candidate as a prevention measure to reduce the incidence of invasive Hia disease. However, quantifications of the long-term epidemiologic and economic impacts of vaccination are needed to inform decision on investment in Hia vaccine development and immunization programs. We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an Hia vaccine with a similar routine infant immunization schedules currently in practice for Hib in Canada. We developed and parameterized an agent-based simulation model using age-specific incidence rates reported for Nunavut, a Canadian territory with predominantly aboriginal populations. Our results, based on statistical analyses of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, show that an Hia conjugate vaccine is highly cost-effective. Sustaining an immunization program with vaccine coverages of 77% for primary series and 93% for booster dose over a 10-year period reduces the incidence of invasive disease by 63.8% on average from 9.97 to 3.61 cases, per 100,000 population. The overall costs of disease management in year 10 are reduced by 53.4% from CDN $1.863 million (95% CI: $1.229-$2.519 M) to CDN $0.868 million (95% CI: $0.627-$1.120 M). The findings suggest an important role for a conjugate vaccine in managing Hia disease as a growing public health threat.


Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Haemophilus influenzae/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/economia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae/classificação , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Método de Monte Carlo , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Vacinação/economia , Adulto Jovem
7.
J Obstet Gynaecol Res ; 43(6): 1080-1083, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28621044

RESUMO

Vulvovaginitis caused by upper respiratory flora is generally considered to be the most common gynecological problem in prepubertal girls. To date, however, no direct evidence has been obtained for the underlying mechanism of transmission. This report describes a case of non-capsulate Haemophilus influenzae vulvovaginitis in a 6-year-old girl with a history of foreign bodies (cotton wool) in her vagina. Moreover, this girl had recurrent rhinitis for approximately 3 years. On Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis the H. influenzae strain isolated from vaginal secretions and the H. influenzae strain isolated from nasal secretions were derived from the same clone. The patient was successfully treated with appropriate antibiotics. The present case might provide the first direct evidence of the nose-hand-vagina method of transmission.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Rinite/complicações , Vulvovaginite/microbiologia , Criança , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Humanos , Rinite/microbiologia
8.
Expert Rev Vaccines ; 16(7): 1-14, 2017 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28571504

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Protein D-containing vaccines may decrease acute otitis media (AOM) burden and nasopharyngeal carriage of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Protein D-containing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PHiD-CV (Synflorix, GSK Vaccines) elicits robust immune responses against protein D. However, the phase III Clinical Otitis Media and PneumoniA Study (COMPAS), assessing PHiD-CV efficacy against various pneumococcal diseases, was not powered to demonstrate efficacy against NTHi; only trends of protective efficacy against NTHi AOM in children were shown. Areas covered: This review aims to consider all evidence available to date from pre-clinical and clinical phase III studies together with further evidence emerging from post-marketing studies since PHiD-CV has been introduced into routine clinical practice worldwide, to better describe the clinical utility of protein D in preventing AOM due to NTHi and its impact on NTHi nasopharyngeal carriage. Expert commentary: Protein D is an effective carrier protein in conjugate vaccines and evidence gathered from pre-clinical, clinical and observational studies suggest that it also elicits immune response that can help to reduce the burden of AOM due to NTHi. There remains a need to develop improved vaccines for prevention of NTHi disease, which could be achieved by combining protein D with other antigens.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Transporte/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Haemophilus influenzae/imunologia , Imunoglobulina D/uso terapêutico , Lipoproteínas/uso terapêutico , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Otite Média/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Vacinação , Doença Aguda , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Transporte/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae/classificação , Haemophilus influenzae/patogenicidade , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Imunoglobulina D/efeitos adversos , Imunoglobulina D/imunologia , Lipoproteínas/efeitos adversos , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Otite Média/imunologia , Otite Média/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/uso terapêutico
9.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 23(1): 112-114, 2017 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27983486

RESUMO

During 5 months in 2014, three Amish children in Missouri, USA, were diagnosed with invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. Two were rural neighbors infected with a genetically similar rare strain, sequence type 45. One child had recently traveled, raising the possibility of maintenance of this strain among unvaccinated carriers in Amish communities.


Assuntos
Amish/psicologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/etnologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/patogenicidade , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/classificação , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/genética , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Missouri/epidemiologia , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Vacinação/psicologia
12.
Clin Vaccine Immunol ; 20(9): 1466-72, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23885030

RESUMO

Haemophilus parasuis causes Glässer's disease, a syndrome of polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis in swine. Previous studies with H. parasuis have revealed virulence disparity among isolates and inconsistent heterologous protection. In this study, virulence, direct transmission, and heterologous protection of 4 isolates of H. parasuis (SW114, 12939, MN-H, and 29755) were evaluated using a highly susceptible pig model. In an initial experiment, isolates 12939, MN-H, and 29755 caused Glässer's disease, while strain SW114 failed to cause any clinical signs of disease. One pig from each group challenged with MN-H or 29755 failed to develop clinical disease but was able to transmit H. parasuis to noninfected pigs, which subsequently developed Glässer's disease. Pigs colonized with SW114, 29755, or MN-H that were free of clinical disease were protected from a subsequent challenge with isolate 12939. In a following experiment, pigs vaccinated with strain SW114 given as either a bacterin intramuscularly or a live intranasal vaccine were protected from subsequent challenge with isolate 12939; however, some pigs given live SW114 developed arthritis. Overall these studies demonstrated that pigs infected with virulent isolates of H. parasuis can remain healthy and serve as reservoirs for transmission to naive pigs and that heterologous protection among H. parasuis isolates is possible. In addition, further attenuation of strain SW114 is necessary if it is to be used as a live vaccine.


Assuntos
Proteção Cruzada , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Haemophilus parasuis/imunologia , Haemophilus parasuis/patogenicidade , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/imunologia , Haemophilus parasuis/isolamento & purificação , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão
13.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi ; 86(2): 103-8, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22606876

RESUMO

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) remains the leading cause of invasive bacterial infection in Japanese children. More than 110 countries that have included Hib conjugate vaccines in their routine vaccination programs have seen dramatical decrease in the incidence of Hib infections. In Japan, the vaccine has been introduced for voluntary immunization since December 2008 and has been provided free of charge only since January 2011. This review reports the prevalence of Hib and its clones among healthy children and pediatric patients diagnosed with invasive or non-invasive Hib infections in Sado Island, Japan. Of 25 Hib isolates collected in this surveillance, 4 genotypic patterns (ST54-gBLPACR-III, ST54-gBLNAR-I/II, ST190-gBLNAS, and ST95-gBLPACR-I/II) were detected. These STs were double or triple-locus variants of each other. Under the same antimicrobial selective pressure, high prevalence of gBLPACR strain (76.0%) was confirmed in Hib isolates, while gBLPACR prevalence in nontypeable H. influenzae was very low (5.2%). These data suggested that each ST strain may be brought into Sado Island by different routes. We note that surveillance of healthy subjects to identify Hib carriers is important to understand their role in transmission of Hib.


Assuntos
Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Criança , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/isolamento & purificação , Humanos
14.
J Clin Microbiol ; 48(3): 960-2, 2010 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19940045

RESUMO

Determinants of bacterial colonization in children have been described. In the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study, we determined whether the colonization statuses of mothers and children are correlated. Such a correlation was observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. Direct transmission, genetic susceptibility and/or unidentified environmental factors may play a role here.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Portador Sadio/transmissão , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Adulto , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mães
16.
J Infect Dis ; 197(9): 1275-81, 2008 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18422439

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A resurgence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease occurred in the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2003 and was partially attributed to lower immunogenicity of combination vaccines. The reservoir for Hib that led to transmission in this period is unknown. METHODS: We estimated the point prevalence of Hib carriage in school-aged children and adults, using oropharyngeal swabbing and selective media. We characterized the Hib isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and measured Hib antibody concentrations in adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Point prevalence for Hib carriage in 855 children aged 6-16 years was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5%-5.9%). Five clonal groups of Hib were identified by MLST, 86% from the lineage of sequence type 6. No Hib was isolated in 385 adults (upper limit of 95% CI, 0.95%). The geometric mean concentration of serum antibody to polyribosylribitol phosphate was 0.47 microg/mL (95% CI, 0.37-0.59 mirog/mL) in adults. CONCLUSIONS: Hib carriage is common in school-aged children, who are a significant reservoir for ongoing transmission of Hib to susceptible individuals in the United Kingdom. Surveillance of transmission and immunity across all ages of the population is essential to monitor the evolution of Hib epidemiology.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Reservatórios de Doenças , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Faringe/microbiologia , Adulto , Portador Sadio/imunologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Criança , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/patogenicidade , Humanos , Prevalência , Reino Unido
17.
J Clin Microbiol ; 46(1): 225-34, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18003797

RESUMO

Day care centers (DCCs) are unique settings where young children are at increased risk for colonization by pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Although point prevalence studies in DCCs are frequent, only a few longitudinal studies on the dynamics of colonization have been published. We conducted a 1-year longitudinal study with 11 sampling periods on nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci and H. influenzae among 47 children who attended a single DCC. All isolates were antibiotyped and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pneumococci were also serotyped. Of the 414 samples obtained, 61.4% contained pneumococci, and 87% contained H. influenzae. Only 8.3% of the samples were negative for both species. Twenty-one pneumococcal clones and 47 H. influenzae clones were identified. Introduction of clones occurred during all year. Ninety-eight percent and 96% of all pneumococcal and H. influenzae isolates, respectively, belonged to clones shared by more than one child. Children were sequentially colonized with up to six pneumococcal clones (mean, 3.6) and five serotypes and nine H. influenzae clones (mean, 7.1). Clones with increased capacity for transmission and/or prolonged colonization were identified in both species. These two fitness properties appeared to be independent. In conclusion, among DCC attendees, a high rate of acquisition and turnover of strains was observed, and all children were overwhelmingly colonized by clones shared with others. DCCs are units where permanent introduction of new clones occurs, and attendees, as a whole, provide a pool of hosts where the fittest clones find privileged opportunities to persist and expand.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/transmissão , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/transmissão , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Haemophilus influenzae/classificação , Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Faringe/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Portugal/epidemiologia , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação
18.
Med Dosw Mikrobiol ; 59(2): 103-12, 2007.
Artigo em Polonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17929408

RESUMO

Close contacts between children attending day-care centres, orphanages or similar institutions favours mutual transmission of infections with nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strains. NTHi are transmitted via air-droplets or via direct contact with respiratory system exudates from nonsymptomatic carriers. The study aimed at monitoring of potentially invasive nontypeable H. influenzae strains of hmwA+ profile among children in day-care centres and orphanages. Monitoring of prevalence of strains of hmwA profile in a single day-care centres within 8 months confirmed high level of NTHi strains transmission including NTHi strains potentially invasive. It has been shown, that potentially invasive NTHi strains appear with different frequency in day-care centres and orphanages. It also points out that dissemination NTHi is easy in such an environment.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Creches/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Orfanatos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adesinas Bacterianas/genética , Adesinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Haemophilus influenzae/classificação , Humanos , Masculino , Polônia/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência
19.
Intern Med ; 46(17): 1395-402, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17827838

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective study was to investigate the status of acute respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in tsunami disaster evacuation camps. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) of 324 internally displaced persons (IDP) in 3 different tsunami disaster evacuation camps of Sri Lanka were collected between March 18th and 20th, 2005, and analyzed for MIC, beta-lactamase production, serotypes, PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Many IDP had respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of cough and/or sputum was 84%, 70.5% and 64.7% in the three camps. Twenty-one H. influenzae from 20 IDP and 25 S. pneumoniae from 22 IDP were isolated from the NP. All H. influenzae isolates were nontypeable, and 5 were beta-lactamase producing. Seventeen pneumococci were susceptible, 5 showed intermediate resistance and 3 were fully resistant to penicillin G. Molecular analysis showed the 21 H. influenzae strains had 13 PFGE patterns and 25 pneumococci had 16 PFGE patterns. All 4 different PFGE patterns of H. influenzae strains were detected in a few IDP in camps 1 and 3, and 5 different PFGE patterns of serotype 3, 22A, 9A, 10A and 11A pneumococci were detected in a few IDP in camps 1 and 3. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate acute respiratory tract infections caused by various types of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae appear to have been prevalent, some of which were potentially transmitted from person to person in tsunami disaster evacuation camps.


Assuntos
Desastres/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/transmissão , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/transmissão , Sri Lanka/epidemiologia
20.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 60(4): 179-82, 2007 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17642526

RESUMO

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae carriers in a random sample of the preschool population in Kayseri, Turkey. The lack of H. influenzae type b (Hib) disease surveillance and epidemiological data on the throat carriage of Turkish children has caused a delay in the introduction of conjugated Hib vaccination into proposed national vaccination programs. Oropharyngeal cultures were collected and cultured on chocolate agar supplemented with 260 microg/ml bacitracin from 683 children between May and June, 2006. One hundred seven (15,6%) of the 683 children studied were found to be as H. influenzae carriers, and 29 (4,2%) isolates were serotype b. Beta-lactamase production was detected in four isolates (3.7%). According to multivariate analysis, the sex of the child and the number of people sharing the same room with the child significantly influenced the odds of carrying H. influenzae. Age, having older siblings, passive smoking, respiratory infection during the last 30 days, number of people in the household, attending kindergarten or a day-care center, and household income were not significant variables. Our results suggest that there is a strong relationship between exposure to large numbers of children and H. influenzae carriage.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Cápsulas Bacterianas , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/economia , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/uso terapêutico , Haemophilus influenzae/enzimologia , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/enzimologia , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Orofaringe/microbiologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/economia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/uso terapêutico , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Turquia/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo
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