IκBζ facilitates protective immunity against Salmonella infection via Th1 differentiation and IgG production.

Inhibitor of kappa B (IκB)-ζ transcription is rapidly induced by stimulation with TLR ligands and IL-1. Despite high IκBζ expression in inflammation sites, the association of IκBζ with host defence via systemic immune responses against bacterial infection remains unclear. Oral immunisation with a recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) strain did not protect IκBζ-deficient mice against a lethal Salmonella challenge. IκBζ-deficient mice failed to produce Salmonella LPS-specific IgG, especially IgG2a, although inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration into the liver increased after oral RASV administration. Moreover, IκBζ-deficient mice exhibited enhanced splenic germinal centre reactions followed by increased total IgG production, despite IκBζ-deficient B cells having an intrinsic antibody class switching defect. IκBζ-deficient CD4+ T cells poorly differentiated into Th1 cells. IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells from IκBζ-deficient mice immunised with RASV significantly decreased after restimulation with heat-killed RASV in vitro, suggesting that IκBζ-deficient mice failed to mount protective immune responses against Salmonella infection because of insufficient Th1 and IgG production. Therefore, IκBζ is crucial in protecting against Salmonella infection by inducing Th1 differentiation followed by IgG production.

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice.

Coinfection of microorganisms is a common phenomenon in humans and animals. In order to further our understanding of the progress of coinfection and the possible interaction between different pathogens, we have built a coinfection mouse model with Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium, and used this model to investigate the systemic metabolic and immune responses using NMR-based metabonomics and immunological techniques. Our results show that Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) infection reduces the number of adult schistosomal worms and eggs, relieves symptoms of schistosomiasis and also abates the mortality of mice infected by Schistosoma japonicum. In addition, Salmonella typhimurium infection counteracts the metabolic disturbances associated with schistosomiasis, which was reflected by the reverted levels of metabolites in coinfected mice, compared with the Schistosoma japonicum infected mice. Furthermore, immune analyses also indicate that shift of the immune response to different pathogens is a result of indirect interactions between Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium within the host. Salmonella typhimurium infection can ameliorate Schistosoma japonicum-caused schistosomiasis in BALB/c mice, which is most likely due to inverse immune polarization. Our work provides an insight into coinfection between Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium, and may further contribute to the development of new tools for controlling Schistosoma japonicum-associated diseases.

Inflammation-associated alterations to the intestinal microbiota reduce colonization resistance against non-typhoidal Salmonella during concurrent malaria parasite infection.

Childhood malaria is a risk factor for disseminated infections with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in sub-Saharan Africa. While hemolytic anemia and an altered cytokine environment have been implicated in increased susceptibility to NTS, it is not known whether malaria affects resistance to intestinal colonization with NTS. To address this question, we utilized a murine model of co-infection. Infection of mice with Plasmodium yoelii elicited infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and T cells into the intestinal mucosa and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. These mucosal responses were also observed in germ-free mice, showing that they are independent of the resident microbiota. Remarkably, P. yoelii infection reduced colonization resistance of mice against S. enterica serotype Typhimurium. Further, 16S rRNA sequence analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed marked changes in the community structure. Shifts in the microbiota increased susceptibility to intestinal colonization by S. Typhimurium, as demonstrated by microbiota reconstitution of germ-free mice. These results show that P. yoelii infection, via alterations to the microbial community in the intestine, decreases resistance to intestinal colonization with NTS. Further they raise the possibility that decreased colonization resistance may synergize with effects of malaria on systemic immunity to increase susceptibility to disseminated NTS infections.

Estudio de la diarrea infecciosa en Castellón (EDICS): incidencia poblacional de casos esporádicos en 2004 y comparación con el año 2000 / Infectious diarrhea study in Castellón, Spain (EDICS): population incidence of sporadic cases in 2004 and comparison with the year 2000

Fundamento y objetivo: Las infecciones intestinales son procesos muy frecuentes y la mayor parte de ellas son casos esporádicos. Se pretende estimar su incidencia poblacional en un área de Castellón durante el año 2004 y compararla con la del año 2000. Material y método: A partir de los coprocultivos habituales se calcularon las tasas por edades para los microorganismos más frecuentes, prestando especial atención a los niños menores de 5 años de edad. Se presentan los resultados de 2004 y su comparación con el año 2000. Resultados: Campylobacter presentó las tasas globales más altas (1,01 ƒ 103), seguido de Salmonella (0,75), sin diferencias significativas con el año 2000. Rotavirus, con una tasa de 0,65, disminuyó respecto a 2000 y adenovirus presentó un año atípico. En menores de 3 años las tasas fueron, respectivamente, de 26,54, 10,23 y 11,75. La distribución por edades en menores de 5 años fue muy diferente en cada microorganismo, con forma de U invertida para Campylobacter y perfil decreciente continuo desde el máximo en menores de 6 meses de edad para rotavirus. En hospitalizados destacan las elevadas tasas de Rotavirus, ya desde los menores de 6 meses de edad, y los escasos ingresos por campilobacteriosis. Conclusiones: Los rasgos epidemiológicos que reflejan las distribuciones por edad desde los menores de 6 meses hasta los niños de 5 años son peculiares para cada germen, como lo son las proporciones de hospitalización. Las tasas de Campylobacter y Salmonella fueron estables, pero rotavirus experimentó una disminución de incidencia

Background and objective: Infectious intestinal diseases are highly prevalent, and among them sporadic cases are the most common processes. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of sporadic cases diagnosed in a healthcare district of Castellón (Spain) in the year 2004, and to compare them with those of the year 2000. Material and method: Based on routine coprocultures and individual demographic data of each patient, we calculated the population rates by age for the more frequent microorganisms, especially detailed for children up to 5 years of age. We report the results of the year 2004, and compare these with the previous study of the year 2000. Results: Campylobacter showed the highest rate (1.01 ƒ 103), followed by Salmonella (0.75), each without significant differences regarding the year 2000. The rate of rotavirus cases (0.65) was smaller than in 2000; and for adenovirus 2004 was an atypical seasonal year. In children younger than 3 years, rates were 26.54; 10.23 and 11.75. As in the previous study, the age-distribution in children < 5 years was very particular. An U inverted shape was seen for Campylobacer, and the rates for rotavirus decreased after the peak observed in the youngest group (< 6 months). Among hospitalized patients rotavirus was the most common and Campylobacter the less common. Conclusions: The epidemiological traits of the rates by age until the age of five are characteristic for each microorganism, as are the proportions of hospitalization. Rates of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the year 2004 were similar to the year 2000, but a decrease in the rotavirus rates was observed

Aspecto clínico de las salmonellosis / Clinical aspects of salmonellosis

En el año de 1936, en los meses de noviembre y diciembre, y en el mes de enero de 1937, en el Hospital Infantil Municipal de La Habana, se presento una interesante epidemia de Salmonelosis que fue objeto de comunicación, desde entonces ha existido la ocasión de continuar las investigaciones sobre este importante asunto por pensar que no solo pudiera manifestarse clínicamente con ese tipo de intensa septicemia, a manifestaciones meningo- encefalíticas terminadas todas fatalmente; sino que dada la difusión de los gérmenes comprendidos en el género Salmonella ligniere, pudieran presentar un papel patogénico importante en gran número de afecciones del tractus digestivo del niño, tanto en el lactante como en la primera infancia, comportándose en este aspecto en forma similar al género Shigella, cuya patogenicidad había sido considerada intensamente por el grupo de investigadores(AU)

Aneurisma micotico da aorta abdominal provocado por salmonela: descricao de caso e revisao de literatura / Mycotic aneurysm of abdominal aorta caused by Salmonella: case report and review of literature

Paciente do sexo feminino, de 59 anos de idade, internada com o diagnostico de aneurisma micotico de aorta abdominal pulsatil e doloroso. O tempo de duracao dos sintomas foi de quatro meses, com periodos de acalmia; piora dos sintomas nos ultimos 15 dias. A hemocultura foi negativa, a tomografia computadorizada demonstrou hematoma peri-aortico e solucao de continuidade da parede da aorta, a aortografia revelou falso aneurisma infra-renal. O tratamento foi cirurgico: o aneurisma ressecado e a aorta substituida por protese de Dacron aorto-bifemoral. O diagnostico foi confirmado atraves de cultura de fragmento da parede da aorta, na qual cresceu Salmonella tipo B. A paciente evoluiu com infeccao da restauracao arterial, que se manifestou apos tres meses, quando foi retirada a protese e feita nova restauracao, desta vez, enxerto axilo-bifemoral, tambem com protese de Dacron. A doente evoluiu bem por um periodo de tres meses de seguimento.