Repeated freezing to very low temperatures does not impact the amount ejected from EpiPen® and Jext® adrenaline autoinjectors.

It has previously been shown that EpiPen® autoinjectors are likely to activate normally following up to five excursions to -25°C but data about the post-freezing performance of other brands of adrenaline autoinjectors has not previously been published. Additionally, conditions experienced by polar medics may be substantially colder than this and the performance of adrenaline autoinjectors following more extreme freeze-thaw cycles remains uncharacterised. Investigators in Antarctica and the United Kingdom performed laboratory testing on two brands of adrenaline autoinjector, EpiPen® and Jext® (12 devices of each type). A single freeze-thaw cycle involved freezing the device to -80°C then allowing it to come to room temperature. Devices were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 15 freeze-thaw cycles. The mass of liquid ejected from each device, when activated, was then measured. No significant differences in the mass of the liquid ejected was found between the test groups. Multiple freeze-thaw cycles to -80°C are unlikely to significantly impact the amount of adrenaline solution expelled from EpiPen® and EpiPen® autoinjectors. This preliminary finding encourages further work investigating the safety and effectiveness of adrenaline autoinjectors after exposure to very low temperatures. This information would be valuable for future polar medics planning and delivering medical provision in extreme environments.

Evaluation of a video training program's impact on primary teachers' knowledge of allergies and skills in using an adrenaline autoinjector during the 2021-2022 school year.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a video training program (VTP) on primary school teachers' skills in using an adrenaline auto-injector (AAI), in correlation with knowledge regarding allergies, in cases of anaphylaxis. METHODS: A questionnaire on teachers' knowledge of allergies and on their level of confidence in using an AAI was distributed in primary schools in the French department of Manche (2173 teachers). A VTP followed this questionnaire. A second questionnaire was then distributed. Theoretical knowledge was assessed with a score out of 20. The confidence level was rated on a scale from 1 to 4. RESULTS: We collected 218 responses to the first questionnaire (10.0 % of the population included). The response rate to the second questionnaire was 4.7 % (103 participants), and from this group, 93 of the 103 participants viewed the video (90.3 %). Overall, 76 of the 218 (34.9 %) participants who completed the first questionnaire also completed the second questionnaire and watched the VTP. The number of participants who completed the whole survey was 76 (out of 2173, 3.5 %). The VTP significantly improved teachers' knowledge of the subject of allergies (the average score increased by 2.11 points, p < 0.001) as well as their confidence in recognizing the signs of a severe allergic reaction and in using an AAI: 85.4 % (n = 88) of self-confident teachers after the VTP versus 42.3 % (n = 92) before the VTP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The VTP improved teachers' level of knowledge and confidence in using an AAI in cases of anaphylaxis. A similar VTP could be circulated more widely in schools to offer easy access to training tools about allergies.

The confidence and competence of primary school staff to administer an adrenaline auto-injector.

School teachers are often inadequately prepared to use an adrenaline auto-injector (AAI), resulting in potentially dangerous treatment delays. The purpose of this study was to assess the observed competence, and self-reported confidence, of primary school teachers in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) to use an AAI. An evaluation of whether there was a link between confidence and competence was also assessed. Teachers from four primary schools in the RoI completed a questionnaire to assess their prior level of experience, training, and confidence levels with AAI administration. The four steps in administrating trainer AAI to a mannequin simulator were then assessed. A total of 61 teachers participated (out of a population of 80). The mean self-reported confidence was 1.82 out of 5 (SD = 0.96). There was no significant difference in confidence between trained and untrained participants (U = 240.5, NS). Participants who had received AAI administration training performed significantly more of the steps correctly (mean = 3.85, SD = 0.95) as compared to those who had received no training (mean = 2.97, SD = 1.10; U = 180.5, p = 0.008). There was no correlation between confidence in administrating AAI and the percentage of steps in the procedure performed correctly (rho = -0.17, NS).  Conclusion: Improvements in readiness to administer AAIs can be achieved through the application of more effective approaches to teaching clinical skills, changes to school policies and practices, and consideration of the design of AAIs in order to make their operation safer and simpler. It is important that teachers have the confidence and competence to safely administer an AAI. What is Known: • Poor ability in adrenaline auto-injector use seen across population groups-healthcare professionals, patients, carers, and school staff • Training in the use of adrenaline auto-injectors has positive impact on competency What is New: • Irish school teachers show poor levels of competency in adrenaline auto-injector use • No observed correlation between reported confidence and competency.

Establishment and comparison of two methods to produce a rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia with hyperprolactinemia

Abstract This study aimed to establish and compare models of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH) with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) using two different methods. The models provide information on the relationship between mammary gland hyperplasia and associated hormones. Model A was constructed using intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate injection (EBI), followed by progesterone (P), and then metoclopramide dihydrochloride (MDI). Model B was designed by administering MDI, follow by EBI, and then P intramuscularly. Model B showed higher MGH progression compared with model A. Notably, increase in estradiol (E2) was negatively correlated with prolactin (PRL) secretion. However, PRL levels in model B were significantly higher compared with the levels in model A. Estrogen (ER), prolactin receptor (PRLR), and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA and protein expression levels in model B rats were positively correlated with changes in the corresponding hormone levels. However, E2, P, and PRL levels in model A showed no direct relationship with levels of the mRNAs of related hormones and protein expression levels. Our results suggest that model B is an appropriate model of MGH with HPRL that can be used to perform further studies about the interactions of the E2, P, and PRL hormones in this disorder.

Shotblocker Use in Emergency Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ShotBlocker on the intramuscular injection pain and satisfaction in emergency adult patients. This research was designed as a randomized controlled, double-blind, experimental study. The study was conducted with 74 patients who applied to the adult emergency department. Patients were randomized to ShotBlocker and control groups. Patient Assessment Form, Visual Analog Scale, and Visual Analog Patient Satisfaction Scale were used. The mean scores of postinjection pain and satisfaction level were analyzed between the groups; it was determined that while postinjection pain mean score of the experimental group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.0001), satisfaction scores were statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p = 0.004). When the correlation between the intragroup Pain Scores (VAS) and the Satisfaction Scores (VAS) of the groups after injection was examined, a statistically significant and inverse correlation was found (p < 0.05). It was determined that ShotBlocker was effective in reducing intramuscular injection pain and increasing satisfaction levels.

Factors contributing to underuse of epinephrine autoinjectors in pediatric patients with food allergy.

BACKGROUND: Epinephrine autoinjectors (EAs) are the standard of care for severe food allergic reactions, although they are frequently underused or misused. OBJECTIVE: To understand the factors associated with underuse of EA by caregivers of pediatric patients with food allergy. METHODS: A survey was administered to 200 caregivers of pediatric patients with food allergies to assess most severe lifetime allergic reaction, EA education, and use and factors associated with incorrect use or underutilization. RESULTS: A total of 164 surveys were completed; of which 118 (72%) of lifetime most severe reactions warranted EA use, but the EA was used in only 45 (38.1%). Reasons caregivers indicated for not administering the EA included the following: reactions did not seem severe enough; it was the patient's first allergic reaction; use of other medication; and fear of using EA. CONCLUSION: Multiple factors contribute to underuse of EA in the treatment of severe allergic reactions. Results from this study highlight the need for continuous EA education in caregivers of and pediatric patients with food allergies, using a multipronged approach targeting clear symptom recognition and alleviation of fear of EA use.

Preclinical studies of non-stick thin film metallic glass-coated syringe needles.

Our objective in this study was to determine the biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of thin film metallic glass (TFMG) and its potential use in hypodermic needles for intramuscular or intravenous injection. Mouse and rabbit models were employed under approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (n = 5/group, two groups in total for both animal models). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was collected from the whole blood of rabbits (ear vein) without anti-coagulant for use in in vitro coagulation tests. Histological analysis and optical microscopy were used to assess the endothelial structure of the inner lining of veins after being punctured with needles and detained for 3 days. Histological analysis of ear vein sections revealed that the extent of endothelial damage after puncturing with a TFMG-coated needle was 33% less than that produced by bare needles. Our results confirm that the deposition of a thin TFMG layer (e.g., Zr53Cu33Al9Ta5) on the surface of hypodermic needle can have remarkably clinical benefits, including anti-adhesion, reduced invasion, and minimal endothelial damage. Our results also confirm the good biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of the TFMG coatings.

Self-injectable epinephrine: doctors' attitude and patients' adherence in real-life.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Epinephrine is the only life-saving treatment of anaphylaxis. Prescription and administration rates of self-injectable epinephrine are generally low. It is unclear whether this is because of availability, low prescription rates, fear of using epinephrine, or a combination of these issues. RECENT FINDINGS: This review focuses on what self-injectable epinephrine devices (SIED), such as auto-injectors and prefilled syringes, are preferred by patients and healthcare professionals (HCP). Our findings suggest that a device's ease to use, proper and frequent training on its operability, and availability have an impact on preferences and adherence to treatment with SIEDs. After prescribing a patient with a SIED, clinicians should emphasize its use in anaphylaxis, educate patients/caregivers to identify anaphylaxis and on how to use the SIED, and encourage constant practicing with training devices. SUMMARY: Epinephrine is the sole recommended anaphylaxis treatment and SIEDs are of critical usefulness in the community setting. Further studying of these devices is needed to optimize education for HCPs and patients and their accessibility to SIEDs.

Utilización rápida y segura de los autoinyectores de adrenalina. ¡Tenemos un problema / Rapid and safe use of adrenaline auto-injectors: We have a problem

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Autoinjector device for rapid administration of drugs and antidotes in emergency situations and in mass casualty management.

There are several situations such as medical emergencies and incidents involving mass casualties where drugs and antidotes have to be administered immediately along with other first aid at the site of the event. Self-administration by the affected person or by a companion is required as a life-saving measure. Autoinjector devices (AIDs) are useful for the rapid administration of drugs and antidotes and they can also be used by those who have not been medically trained. This makes them very convenient for emergency and mass casualty management. An AID has a drug cartridge with an embedded needle for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, which is usually painless. The drugs are delivered slowly by the AID across a large area in the muscle, which increases the absorption and the drug effects are equal to that of intravenous administration. A variety of AIDs are available, such as atropine and pralidoxime for nerve agent poisoning, epinephrine for anaphylactic shock and allergy, diazepam for seizures, sumatriptan for migraine, amikacin for antibacterial treatment, buprenorphine for pain relief and monoclonal antibodies for a variety of diseases. This review describes the published peer-reviewed literature identified by online searches of journal databases.

Adrenaline Auto-injector injuries to digits; a systematic review and recommendations for emergency management.

AIMS: Accidental injury to digits with Adrenaline Auto-injectors (AAIs) is becoming increasingly common. Digital AAI injury causes painful ischaemia that can lead to necrosis and patient anxiety. There is a lack of understanding amongst surgeons regarding how to manage these injuries. We aimed to determine an optimal treatment algorithm for their management. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the search engines MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, BNI, AMED, Google Scholar. Search items included ("epinephrine OR adrenaline") AND ("Digit" OR "Finger" OR "Thumb") AND ("Injury" OR "Accidental"). RESULTS: A total of 49 articles were identified describing 111 cases. In 58 cases; 52% of cases were managed with phentolamine, 24% were managed with nitroglycerine and 7% were treated with warm soaks. The remaining 17% of cases were managed with a variety of alternative treatments. Mean recovery time following treatment with phentolamine infiltration was 33 min, whilst symptoms persisted for several hours in some cases with observation/warm soaks and nitroglycerine. Phentolamine was more effective when injected into the AAI puncture site (mean resolution time: 17 min) in comparison to injection as a digital block (74 min). CONCLUSION: Phentolamine is the most effective method of reversing symptoms and treating ischaemic digits when compared to alternative therapies. Symptoms resolved much quicker when phentolamine was infiltrated into the site of injury compared to being infiltrated as a digital block. We propose a treatment algorithm for management of these injuries. Hand surgeons should be aware of AAI injuries and be able to advise on their management.

Anterolateral thigh measurements by ultrasound in neonates and young infants to ensure safe intramuscular injections during vaccination in low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Use of same length needle for intramuscularly administered vaccines had been reported to cause under-and over-penetration among infants due to their different body weights and underlying variations in the fat and muscle thickness. Normative data regarding thigh compartment thickness are, however, lacking among neonates and infants aged ≤12 weeks particularly in low- and middle-incoming countries with high burden of low birth weight/growth restricted infants. METHODS: Present study investigated skin to muscle and skin to bone (STBD) distances of anterolateral thigh of babies (n = 300) aged ≤12 weeks (1-80 days) with different weight groups (<3 kg, 3-4 kg and >4 kg) by ultrasonography during their intramuscular vaccinations. RESULTS: Overall, mean [standard deviation (SD)] STBD was 17.04 (2.66) mm with range of 10.60-23.30 mm. Stratifying by current body weight, mean (SD) STBD in infants weighing less than 3 kg was 14.39 (1.23) mm. For infants weighing between 3-4 kg and >4 kg, the mean (SD) STBD were 16.69 (1.43) mm and 17.04 (2.66) mm, respectively. Estimated safety (no risk of over-penetration) of 16 mm was observed in 57.33% (172) infants whereas 25 mm needle had 100% over-penetration risk in the study cohort. Current body weight of infants was a significant predictor of safe injection [area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.97]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study offers objective normative measurements of anterolateral thigh for safe intramuscular vaccination in young infants especially for low birth weight and growth restricted infants in low- and middle-income countries.

Tolerability of IM penicillin G benzathine diluted or not with local anesthetics, or different gauge needles for syphilis treatment: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Penicillin G Benzathine (PGB) is the cornerstone of syphilis treatment. However, its intramuscular (IM) administration is associated with pain at the site of injection. The dilution of PGB with local anesthetics is recommended in some guidelines, but the evidence that supports it, particularly in adults and in HIV infection, is scarce. Preliminary clinical experience also suggests that the IM administration of PGB through increased needle gauges might improve its tolerability. The aim of the study to identify less painful ways of administering IM PGB in the treatment of syphilis in adults. METHODS: Multicenter, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in patients diagnosed with primary syphilis that required a single IM injection of PGB 2400,00 IU. Patients were randomized to receive PGB diluted with 0.5 mL mepivacaine 1% (MV) or PGB alone, and both groups either with a long 19G or short 21G IM needle. The primary objective was the effect on local pain immediately after the administration through a visual scale questionnaire on pain (0 to 10). RESULTS: One hundred eight patients were included, 27 in each group. Ninety-four (94.4%) were male, and 41.7% were also HIV-infected. Mean age 36.6 years (SD 11). Significant differences in immediate pain intensity were observed when comparing the long 19G group with anesthesia (mean pain intensity, [MPI] 2.92 [CI 95% 1.08-4.07]) vs long 19G without anesthesia (MPI 5.56 [CI 95% 4.39-6.73), p < 0.001; and also between short 21G group with anesthesia (MPI 3.36 [CI 95% 2.22-4.50]) vs short 21G without anesthesia (MPI 5.06 [CI 95% 3.93-6.19]), p = 0.015). No significant differences in immediate pain were observed between 19G and 21G in the presence or absence of anesthesia (p = 1.0 in both cases). No differences were found between study arms after 6 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The IM administration of 1% mepivacaine-diluted PGB induces significantly less immediate local pain as compared to PGB alone. The needle gauge did not have any effect on the pain. Based on these results, we suggest anesthetic-diluted IM PGB as the standard treatment for primary syphilis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT 2014-003969-24 (Date of registration 18/09/2014).

Comparison of the efficacy of ShotBlocker and cold spray in reducing intramuscular injection-related pain in adults. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of ShotBlocker and cold spray in reducing intramuscular (IM) injection-related pain in adults. Methos: A prospective, randomized, controlled study carried out between January 2018 and March 2018 at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Adult patients receiving IM injection of diclofenac sodium (75 mg/3 ml) were included. The patients were randomized into 3 groups: ShotBlocker, cold spray, and control. Each group comprised 40 patients. Patients were instructed to rate the intensity of IM injection-related pain using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Visual analog scale scores of the patients were statistically analyzed. Results: Visual analog scale scores were lower in the ShotBlocker (11 mm) and cold spray (10 mm) groups than in the control group (31 mm) (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in VAS scores between the ShotBlocker and cold spray groups. The operators' responses revealed that ShotBlocker was more difficult to administer than cold spray. Conclusion: ShotBlocker is an effective non-pharmacological method that reduces IM injection-related pain and is similar in efficacy, to cold spray.

Cost-Effectiveness of Stock Epinephrine Autoinjectors on Commercial Aircraft.

BACKGROUND: In-flight food-allergic reactions are rare events, but given increasing reports, grass-root advocates have lobbied to replace aircraft emergency kit epinephrine ampules with autoinjectors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of stock epinephrine on commercial aircraft. METHODS: We conducted a Markov model with microsimulation of food-allergic individuals over an 80-year time horizon to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of supplementing airline medical kits with epinephrine autoinjectors (eg, providing autoinjector twin-packs in addition to the epinephrine ampule in the medical kit), versus not doing so, using a per-plane annual value-based cost ceiling of $338 (the value-based ceiling for school stock epinephrine). We assumed that autoinjector availability reduced fatality risk by 10%. RESULTS: Equipping all commercial aircraft with autoinjectors cost $2,470,422/year ($0.08/passenger-at-risk), from a societal perspective and when distributed over all at-risk travelers. Over the model horizon, the supplemental autoinjector strategy cost $32,329.29 (standard deviation [SD], $4024.32) versus $32,326.70 (SD $4024.29), produced 26.8917 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (SD, 2.9720) versus 26.8915 (SD, 2.9725), with a lower fatality rate (0.00012; SD, 0.01095 vs 0.00015; SD, 0.1225) versus the ampule-only strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of supplemental airline epinephrine autoinjectors was $10,766/QALY in the base-case analysis. The supplemental model remained cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000/QALY if it produced a minimum 1.4% annual food allergy fatality risk reduction, and dominated if it lowered diversion risk or event-related medical care costs-per-event by 10%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Under base-case scenarios, an airline supplemental stock epinephrine model is cost-effective, with a high value-based cost-ceiling and low annual cost per passenger-at-risk of $0.08.