The first elite sport training camp in France: Manitot (1912-1924).

On the eve of the First World War, a wealthy director of a company, Antoine-Lucien Boyer, has created at Manitot, a small village close to Paris on the riverside of the Seine opposite to Giverny, the first camp of coaching for athletes. Famous boxers like Billy Papke, Georges Carpentier, Eugène Criqui, and Bernard or runners like Jean Bouin have spent a while to prepare their competitions. Taking the opportunity of being at the countryside, these athletes did angling, rowing, and hunting in parallel to their specific sport preparation. Using different sources like newspapers (L'Auto, L'écho des sports), but also books and archives (public and privates), we aim at relating the history of this first sport camp of coaching and will try to understand the reasons of the landowner for launching this experience. Furthermore, we will review the methods of training and highlight a specifically French approach, based on an eclectic training method determined by health more than by performance.

Entre playgrounds, praças de jogos e jardins de recreio: o debate sobre a proveitosa ocupação do tempo / Between playgrounds, praças de jogos and jardins de recreio: the discussion about the useful occupation of time / Entre áreas de juego, plazas y jardines de recreo: el debate sobre la ocupación del tiempo provechosa

Este estudo investiga iniciativas relacionadas à construção de playgrounds, de praças de jogos e de jardins de recreio durante as décadas de 1920 e 1930, em experiências educacionais empreendidas no Rio de Janeiro, em Minas Gerais e no Rio Grande do Sul, por sujeitos ligados à Associação Cristã de Moços. A análise das fontes mobilizadas permite indicar que a consideração daqueles lugares como extensão da escola, o entendimento de que eles constituiriam momento privilegiado para dar expansão aos instintos infantis, a compreensão de que as atividades ali desenvolvidas poderiam incorporar códigos para a vida social dos alunos e a preocupação com a boa ocupação do tempo livre compuseram o arranjo argumentativo para a defesa da instalação de tais espaços educativos

This study looks into actions related to the construction of playgrounds, praças de jogos and jardins de recreio in the 1920s and 1930s, in educational experiences conducted in the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, facilitated by subjects linked to the Young Men's Christian Association. The analysis of the documents indicates that seeing those spaces as extensions of the school environment, understanding that they were privileged moments to expand children's instincts and understanding that the activities developed there could incorporate codes for student ́s social life and concern with good use of free time were part of the arguments to legitimate the construction of those educational spaces

Este estudio investiga iniciativas relacionadas con la construcción de áreas de juego, plazas y jardines de recreo, durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, en experiencias educativas emprendidas en Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais y Rio Grande do Sul, por personas vinculadas a la Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes. El análisis de las fuentes permite indicar que la consideración de esos lugares como extensión de la escuela, el entendimiento de que constituirían un momento privilegiado para darle expansión a los instintos infantiles, la comprensión de que las actividades allí desarrolladas podrían incorporar códigos para la vida social de los alumnos y la preocupación con la buena ocupación del tiempo libre compusieron el fondo argumentativo para la defensa de la instalación de tales espacios educativos

Maracanã stadium: place of carioca sport

This study addresses the relationship between fans and the location of sport, focusing on the soccer stadium located on the right margin of the Maracanã River, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The objective is to analyze the practices and behaviors adopted by fans in the Maracanã stadium and to discuss the relation they have with the architecture of the stadium throughout its history. The study contributes to the construction of representations of this place, which is the symbol of soccer in Rio de Janeiro. Methods: Based on the concept of oral history, the data was drawn from two in-depth interviews with elite interviewees and also documents from the Sports Superintendency of the State of Rio de Janeiro (SUDERJ) archives. Results: The analysis, being of both a descriptive and qualitative character, innovate in the discourse analysis of the collective subject and incorporates Yi-Fu Tuan's ideas of 'space' and 'place' in a relevant and necessary analysis of the changes undergone by the stadium. Conclusion: The study allows for the interpretation and preservation of perceptions and representations about experiences undergone by the majority of the fans, who contributed to the transformation of the old Derby Club into the place for Carioca soccer.(AU)

Coubertin y los concursos artísticos en los juegos olímpicos modernos / Coubertin and the artistic competitions in the modern olympic games

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la importancia que tenía para Coubertin la inclusión de concursos artísticos en el programa oficial de los Juegos Olímpicos modernos. Se estudiará cómo, cuándo y por qué surgió la idea en Coubertin de unir de manera armoniosa las artes y las letras a los Juegos Olímpicos, como ya ocurriera en la antigua Olimpia. En los Juegos Olímpicos de Estocolmo de 1912, se celebraron por primera vez competiciones deportivas y concursos artísticos, cumpliéndose el anhelo de Coubertin. Sin embargo, después de siete citas olímpicas en las que se habían celebrado concursos artísticos, el COI decidió suprimirlos en 1949, sustituyéndolos por «Olimpíadas Culturales», «exhibiciones» o «exposiciones». La metodología de este estudio es histórica y se fundamenta en fuentes primarias y secundarias. Como conclusión, para Coubertin fueron tan importantes los concursos artísticos en los Juegos Olímpicos modernos que tuvieron el mismo rango que las competiciones deportivas (AU)

The aim of this essay is to analyse the importance that Coubertin gave to including the artistic competitions in the official programme of the modern Olympic Games. It will be studied how, when and why Coubertin's idea of harmoniously joining arts and letters to the Olympic Games appeared, as it had already happened in ancient Olympia. In the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912, sport and artistic competitions were celebrated for the first time, fulfilling thus Coubertin's longing. However, after seven Olympic events where artistic competitions had been held, the IOC decided to eliminate them in 1949 and to replace them for «Cultural Olympics», «exhibitions» or «expositions». The methodology of this study is historical and based on primary and secondary sources. In conclusion, to Coubertin the artistic competitions in the modern Olympic Games were so important as to have the same status as the sport competitions (AU)

Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada: a quantitative analysis of historical data.

Based on a case study of the Toronto Zoo (Canada), multivariate regression analysis, involving both climatic and social variables, was employed to assess the relationship between daily weather and visitation. Zoo visitation was most sensitive to weather variability during the shoulder season, followed by the off-season and, then, the peak season. Temperature was the most influential weather variable in relation to zoo visitation, followed by precipitation and, then, wind speed. The intensity and direction of the social and climatic variables varied between seasons. Temperatures exceeding 26 °C during the shoulder season and 28 °C during the peak season suggested a behavioural threshold associated with zoo visitation, with conditions becoming too warm for certain segments of the zoo visitor market, causing visitor numbers to decline. Even light amounts of precipitation caused average visitor numbers to decline by nearly 50 %. Increasing wind speeds also demonstrated a negative influence on zoo visitation.

Estádio do Maracanã 1950-2010 na memória de torcedores / Brazil's Maracana stadium 1950-2010: memories by regular fans / Estadio Maracaná de Brasil 1950-2010: memorias de los asistentes regulares

O Estádio do Maracanã, na relação com seus torcedores, é tema deste estudo. Nosso objetivo é identificar as memórias de torcedores sobre o Maracanã e analisar os significados dessas memórias. A análise privilegia aspectos que contribuíram para a construção desse estádio-símbolo. O referencial teórico é da abordagem psicossocial da memória, formulada por Sá (2005, 2007). Pautamo-nos pela análise do conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com torcedores assíduos do Maracanã, de Flamengo, Vasco, Fluminense e Botafogo. Os resultados apontam para singularidades construídas na relação entre os torcedores do Maracanã, que transitam pela arquitetura do estádio, pelas emoções vivenciadas a cada dia de jogo e pelo sentimento de pertencimento

Estadio Maracaná, en relación con sus asiduos asistentes, es el objeto de este estudio. Nuestro objetivo es el de identificar los recuerdos de los fans sobre el estadio de Maracaná y analizar el significado de estas memorias. El análisis hace hincapié en los aspectos que contribuyeron a la construcción de este estadio simbólico. El enfoque teórico es la memoria psicosocial, formulada por Sá (2005, 2007). Nos referimos al análisis de contenido (BARDIN, 2011). Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con los aficionados al fútbol de Flamengo, Vasco, Fluminense y Botafogo, que son habituales en el estadio. Los resultados muestran singularidades puntuales construidas en las relaciones entre Maracanã y asistentes regulares del estadio, que transitan a lo largo de la arquitectura del estadio, las emociones que experimentan todos los días de juegos y el sentimiento de pertenencia, establecida en el transcurso del tiempo

Maracanã Stadium, in relation to its regular fans, is the subject of this study. Our goal is to identify the memories of fans about Maracana Stadium and analyze the meaning behind these memories. The analysis emphasizes aspects that contributed to the construction of this symbolic stadium. The theoretical approach is the psychosocial memory formulated by Sá (2005, 2007) .We also follow content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with soccer fans of Flamengo, Vasco, Fluminense and Botafogo who are regular at the Stadium. Results point to singularities constructed in the relationships between Maracanã Stadium's regular attendees, transiting throughout the architecture of the stadium, the emotions experienced every game day and the feeling of belonging, established in the course of time