Kindergarten Vaccination Status in California After Changes to Medical Exemption Policy.

This study evaluates changes in medical exemptions and geographic distribution of kindergarteners in California not up to date on vaccination after changes to state legislation.

School choice increases racial segregation even when parents do not care about race.

This research examines how school choice impacts school segregation. Specifically, this work demonstrates that even if parents do not take the racial demographics of schools into account, preference differences between Black and White parents for other school attributes can still result in segregation. These preference differences stem from motivational differences in pursuit of social status. Given that the de facto US racial hierarchy assigns Black people to a lower social status, Black parents are more motivated to seek schools that signal that they can improve their children's status. Simulations of parental school decisions at scale show that preference differences under an unmitigated school-choice policy lead to more segregated schools, impacting more than half a million US children for every 3-percentage-point increase in school-choice availability. In contrast, if Black and White parents have similar preferences, unmitigated school choice would reduce racial segregation. This research may inform public policy concerning school choice and school segregation.

The importance of environments and surfaces hygienization in pandemic times (Covid-19): a microbiological analysis in places for physical activity practice

The objective of this study was to analyse microbiological organisms in different locations and regions for physical activity in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil. Samples were collected on various objects used, such as: mattresses, drinking fountains, gloves, cell phones and others. The samples were collected in João Pessoa-PB, following the Standard Operating Procedure-SOP/ Microbiology of a specialized laboratory. The collection took place in the five macro-regions: North, South, East, West and Center. Foreach region samples were collected in one public place (square), a private one (gym) and one school (public or private), totaling fifteen collected sites and 450 samples. The following microorganisms were studied in all analyzed surfaces: Bacillus sp, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter sppand Coag. Neg. Staphylococcus.All regions had a high contamination level by some microorganism. The highest rates were found in the western, central and northern regions -96, 94 and 93% respectively. The Coag. Neg.Staphylococcus presented the highest and lowest incidence rates in the South and East regions, with 43.33 and 6.67%, respectively, as well as Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter spp, which presented high levels. It is concluded that there is a microorganisms' contamination in the most varied places and regions where physical activity practices are developed, with a predominance of Coag. Neg.Staphylococcusand Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter spp. These results lead to a warning about the hygiene importance in places for physical activity practice, especially in pandemic times (COVID-19), since almost all the evaluated surfaces were contaminated.

Compliance with the school smoking ban: A cross-sectional study from Italy.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, 37% of Italian adolescents reported to have smoked in the past month. The study aimed to evaluate smoking beha-viour on the school premises and to study the influence of the school environment on student smoking. METHODS: Around 900 junior high-school students, aged 11-13 years old completed an online survey in November 2016 and May 2017. Descriptive statistics, univariate analyses and binary logistic regression were performed to analyse data. RESULTS: Between 40 - 50% of students indicated that students and staff smoke on the school premises. Students who witnessed students (OR: 3.48 (2.20 - 5.50)) and school employees (OR: 3.17 (1.97 - 5.10)) smoking were more likely to be a smoker. CONCLUSION: Although laws making it illegal to smoke on the school ground are in place, in Italy, its enforcement is sloppy. To tackle adolescent smoking effectively, policymakers are advised to enforce smoking restrictions and to verify these are respected.

Early childhood development: impact of national human development, family poverty, parenting practices and access to early childhood education.

BACKGROUND: This study was to describe and quantify the relationships among family poverty, parents' caregiving practices, access to education and the development of children living in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC). METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected in UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Early childhood development was assessed in four domains: language-cognitive, physical, socio-emotional and approaches to learning. Countries were classified into three groups on the basis of the Human Development Index (HDI). RESULTS: Overall, data from 97 731 children aged 36 to 59 months from 35 LAMIC were included in the after analyses. The mean child development scale score was 4.93 out of a maximum score of 10 (95%CI 4.90 to 4.97) in low-HDI countries and 7.08 (95%CI 7.05 to 7.12) in high-HDI countries. Family poverty was associated with lower child development scores in all countries. The total indirect effect of family poverty on child development score via attending early childhood education, care for the child at home and use of harsh punishments at home was -0.13 SD (77.8% of the total effect) in low-HDI countries, -0.09 SD (23.8% of the total effect) in medium-HDI countries and -0.02 SD (6.9% of the total effect) in high-HDI countries. CONCLUSIONS: Children in the most disadvantaged position in their societies and children living in low-HDI countries are at the greatest risk of failing to reach their developmental potential. Optimizing care for child development at home is essential to reduce the adverse effects of poverty on children's early development and subsequent life.

Denuncias sobre lo oculto y demandas de espacios escolares de jóvenes en contextos de pobreza en Argentina / Complaints about the occult and demands of school spaces of young people in contexts of poverty in Argentina / Reclamações sobre o oculto e demandas de espaços escolares de jovens em contextos de pobreza na Argentina

El principal objetivo es describir la escolaridad de jóvenes en contextos de pobreza urbana de Argentina según las demandas que expresan en los espacios escolares cotidianos. Nos referiremos a las maneras que tienen los y las jóvenes, según sus miradas y formas de pensar su escuela, de mostrar y denunciar lo invisible, y de dar significado a esos espacios mediante la ironía y la risa. Ello se realizará tomando como recurso metodológico cinco imágenes realizadas en una escuela secundaria ‒en un taller audiovisual en 2014, como una acción de investigación y extensión1‒. La interpretación se realizó en el marco de la sociología de la educación y los estudios de gubernamentalidad. Los resultados tienen que ver con que los y las jóvenes tienen una mirada esperanzada y confiada en la posibilidad de la educación porque quieren mejorar su escolaridad y encontrar sentidos ante los problemas que presentan sus barrios y sus escuelas.

The main objective to this article is to describe the schooling of young people in contexts of urban poverty in Argentina related to the demands that this young people express in the everyday spaces into school. We refer to the ways that young people, from the ways of thinking about their school, to show and denounce the hidden and invisible, they give meaning to these spaces through irony and laugh. Methodologically, we analyze five pictures made by young people in the context of an audiovisual workshop during 2014. This workshop takes part to the research and transfer process made at school. We interpret the pictures from the framework of the sociology of education and studies of governmentality. The results shows that young people have a hopeful and trust in education as a way to improve their lives, communities and schools.

O principal objetivo é descrever a educação dos jovens em contextos de pobreza urbana na Argentina em levando a demandas expressas nos espaços cotidianos na escola. Referimo‒nos às maneiras que os jovens, a partir de sua aparência e modos de pensar a sua escola, para exibição e relatório o oculto e invisível, e dão significado a esses espaços por meio da ironia e riso. Isto será feito como um recurso metodológico, tendo cinco retratos feitos por jovens em uma escola secundária ‒o âmbito da realização de uma oficina de audiovisual durante 2014 e como parte da pesquisa e transferência2‒ e interpretação do âmbito da sociologia da educação e estudos de governamentalidade. Os resultados mostram acordo proposto com que os jovens tenham um esperançoso e olhar confiante a mesma chance de educação, porque eles querem melhorar a sua educação e encontrar maneiras de afirmar‒se os problemas apresentados seus bairros e escolas.

How does the spread of primary and secondary schooling influence the fertility transition? Evidence from rural Nepal.

From 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a substantial fertility decline, with the total fertility rate dropping from 4.6 to 3.1 births per woman. This study examines the associations between progress towards universal primary and secondary schooling and fertility decline in rural Nepal. Several hypotheses regarding mechanisms through which education affects current fertility behaviour are tested, including: the school environment during women's childhood; current availability of schools; knowledge of educational costs; and women's own educational attainment. Data for the analysis come from the 2003-04 Nepal Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative random sample of households, which includes detailed data on fertility, household expenditure, educational attainment, demographic characteristics and the use of social services. Census and administrative data are also used to construct district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during the women's childhood. Discrete dependent variable modelling techniques are used to estimate the effects of the following variables on the probability of women giving birth in a given year: district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during women's childhood; having had a child previously in school; women's own educational level; current school availability; and other covariates. Separate models are estimated for the overall sample of rural women of reproductive age, and for parity-specific sub-samples. The results suggest that district-level gross enrolment ratios for secondary schools and, in some instances, having had a previous child enrolled in school are significant determinants of fertility in rural areas. These results are highly independent of women's own educational levels. Overall, the results suggest that, in the rural Nepal context, mass schooling influences the fertility transition through both community- and household-level pathways.

Environmental characteristics and prevalence of birth defects among children in post-war Iraq: implications for policies on rebuilding the Iraqi education system.

This article explores the relationship between the prevalence of 'birth defects' and environmental characteristics, and considers implications for targeting resources to establish the educational inclusion of children affected. A household survey in four governorates across Iraq in 2010, conducted under the auspices of CARA, achieved interviews with 6032 households and collected data on more than 10,000 children and young people. Analyses suggested an association between reported presence of potential sources of contamination in local environments from human and domestic waste, and to some extent from naturally occurring contaminants and the detritus of warfare, with higher numbers of resident children having 'birth defects'. Children living in Basra were found to be most significantly impacted. This finding adds to a growing literature on associations between potential sources of environmental contaminants and impact on the health of children living in affected localities,

Relación entre el diseño del mobiliario escolar y las dimensiones antropométricas de los estudiantes de nivel primario del Colegio 022 República de Guatemala en el distrito de Cercado de Lima durante el periodo Agosto 2012 - Diciembre 2012 / Relationship between the design of school furniture and anthropometric dimensions of the students of primary level at the College 022 Republic of Guatemala in the Cercado de Lima district during the period August 2012 - December 2012

El presente trabajo de investigación, consiste en la descripción y determinación de la relación que existe entre el mobiliario escolar y las dimensiones antropométricas de los estudiantes del nivel primario de la Institución Educativa Estatal "022 República de Guatemala" en el distrito de Cercado de Lima. El problema planteado en nuestra investigación fue que los estudiantes de todo el nivel primario de dicha Institución Educativa utilizaban el mismo mobiliario escolar y no había criterio para la adquisición del mismo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre el mobiliario escolar y las dimensiones antropométricas de los estudiantes, para así crear un antecedente para un estudio más amplio y concientizar a las autoridades sobre la importancia de la adquisición de adecuados mobiliario escolares. La investigación se realizó en base a un estudio de tipo descriptivo observacional de corte transversal sin intervención en el cual se relacionan dos variables que son: mobiliario escolar y dimensiones antropométricas, mediante un análisis estadístico de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson. Finalmente se concluyó que el mobiliario escolar utilizado por los estudiantes del nivel primario de la Institución Educativa Estatal "022 República de Guatemala" no guarda relación con sus dimensiones antropométricas (p>=0,05), confirmando nuestra hipótesis de que no existe relación entre el mobiliario escolar usado y las dimensiones antropométricas de los estudiantes.

The present research work consists in the description and determination of the relationship between school furniture and anthropometric dimensions of primary level students of School State "Republic of Guatemala 022" in the Cercado de Lima district. The problem posed in our research was that students throughout the primary level of the educational institution used the same school furniture and no criterion for acquisition. This study aims to determine the relationship between school furniture and anthropometric dimensions of students in order to create a precedent for further study and awareness among authorities about the importance of acquiring proper school furniture. The research was conducted based on an observational descriptive study without intervention cross section in which you relate two variables: school furniture and anthropometric dimensions, by statistical analysis of linear correlation coefficient of Pearson. Finally it was concluded that the school furniture used by students of primary State Educational Institution "Republic of Guatemala 022" is not related to anthropometric dimensions (p>=0.05), confirming our hypothesis that there is no relationship between the used school furniture and anthropometric dimensions of students.

[Medico-prophylactic foundations of the safety of information and communication technologies used in educational institutions].

The problems pertaining to the safety of information and communication technologies used in the spheres of education and leisure activities of children and adolescents are discussed. The relevant risk factors are identified. Results of physiological and hygienic studies for substantiating regulations of continuous work with a personal computer are presented taking into account the children's age and hygienic requirements to electronic teaching aids.

Programa associado de Pos-graduacao em Educacao Fisica UPE/UFPB / Physical Education Graduate Program UPE/UFPB

Neste artigo, discorre-se sobre a implantacao e desenvolvimento recente do Programa Associado de Pos-graduacao em Educacao Fisica da Universidade de Pernambuco em associacao com a Universidade Federal da Paraiba (denominado como PAPGEF UPE/UFPB). Focaliza-se no texto, especialmente, a apresentacao de um breve historico do PAPGEF UPE/UFPB e dos objetivos e organizacao academica do Programa. Dados sobre o corpo docente, linhas e projetos de pesquisa tambem sao apresentados, assim como as estrategias de cooperacao e mobilidade. Trata-se de aspectos relacionados ao financiamento e apoio institucional as acoes, assim como das dificuldades encontradas e do plano estrategico para desenvolvimento e consolidacao do Programa.

This paper aims to discuss the implementation and recent development of the Physical Education Graduate Program maintained by the association between the University for Pernambuco and the Federal University of Paraiba (named PAPGEF UPE/ UFPB). Special focus relies on the presentation of a historical overview of PAPGEF UPE/UFPB and its objectives and academic organization. Data on faculty enrolled and research areas and projects are presented as well as the cooperation and mobility strategies. In addition, other topics such as the financial and institutional support for the actions, barriers faced and strategic planning for the development and consolidation of the Program are also discussed.

School nursing for children with special needs: does number of schools make a difference?

BACKGROUND: Few recent studies have focused on the role of school nurses who predominantly care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). The primary aim of this study was to explore differences related to (a) child health conditions covered, (b) direct care procedures, (c) care management functions, and (c) consultation sources used among nurses who spent the majority of their time caring for CSHCN compared to a mixed student population and among nurses who covered a single school versus multiple schools. METHODS: A community-based interdisciplinary team developed a 28-item survey which was completed by 50 nurses (48.5% response) employed by health departments and school districts. Descriptive and comparative statistics and thematic coding were used to analyze data. RESULTS: Nurses who covered a single school (n = 23) or who were primarily assigned to CSHCN (n = 13) had a lower number of students, and more frequently (a) encountered complex child conditions, (b) performed direct care procedures, (c) participated in Individualized Education Plan (IEP) development, (d) collaborated with the Title V-CSHCN agency, and e) communicated with physicians, compared to nurses who covered multiple schools or a general child population. Benefits centered on the children, scope of work, school environment, and family relationships. Challenges included high caseloads, school district priorities, and families who did not follow up. CONCLUSION: The number of schools that the nurses covered, percent of time caring for CSHCN, and employer type (school district or health department) affected the scope of school nurse practice. Recommendations are for lower student-to-nurse ratios, improved nursing supervision, and educational support.

[Hygienic requirements for the sizes of furniture for junior pupils].

The paper gives the results of anthropometric surveys in present-day junior pupils. It shows the distribution of junior pupils by the height groups and the ergonomic signs that determine the required functional sizes of furniture for pupils.

Estabelecimentos de Ensino - Classe de Alfabetização - Perfil

Tabulação do perfil dos estabelecimentos de ensino da Classe de Alfabetização, segundo dependência/categoria Administrativa e localização (urbana ou rural). Os dados estão disponíveis por região, Unidade da Federação e município.

Estabelecimentos de Ensino - Educação Infantil - Perfil

Tabulação do perfil dos estabelecimentos de ensino da Educação Infantil, segundo dependência/categoria administrativa e localização (urbana ou rural). Os dados estão disponíveis por região, Unidade da Federação e município.

Estabelecimentos de Ensino - Ensino Fundamental - Perfil

Tabulação do perfil dos estabelecimentos do Ensino Fundamental, segundo dependência/categoria administrativa, série e localização (urbana ou rural). Os dados estão disponíveis por região, Unidade da Federação e município.

Estabelecimentos de Ensino - Ensino Médio - Perfil

Tabulação do perfil dos estabelecimentos do Ensino Médio, segundo dependência/categoria administrativa, série e localização (urbana ou rural).Os dados estão disponíveis por região, Unidade da Federação e município.