La técnica de transferencia de huso meiótico desde la perspectiva legal en la República Argentina / THE MEIOTIC SPINDLE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

La transferencia de huso permite evitar enfermedades de herencia mitocondria. El art. 57 del Código Civil y Comercial, que utiliza una redacción amplia para no quedar obsoleto, apuntaría la prohibición a la manipulación de embriones en busca de mejoras determinadas, pero no a aquellas prácticas que tienen un fin terapéutico. Sin embargo, hay que repensar los límites de la prohibición y la razonabilidad de este tratamiento.

Spindle transfer makes it possible to avoid diseases of mitochondrial inheritance. The art. 57 of the Civil and Commercial Code, which uses a broad wording so as not to become obsolete, would point the prohibition to the manipulation of embryos in search of certain improvements, but not to those practices that have a therapeutic purpose. However, it is necessary to rethink the limits of the prohibition and the reasonableness of this treatment.

Remarks on Italian Law 27/2012 and court's technical consultancy / Observaciones sobre la Ley italiana 27/2012 y asesoría técnica del tribunal

No disponible

Las agresiones a profesionales sanitarios en España: análisis tras la reciente modificación del Código Penal / Aggressions towards healthcare workers in Spain: Status a after the recent modification of the Spanish Penal Code

No disponible

Implementation of Age-Specific Services for Transition-Age Youths in California.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the implementation of age-specific services for transition-age youths in California under the Mental Health Services Act (MHSA). METHODS: This study employed a sequential, exploratory mixed-methods design. Qualitative interviews with 39 mental health service area administrators in California were analyzed to develop an understanding of how the MHSA has facilitated the development of youth-specific programs or services. A quantitative survey of 180 youth-focused programs was also used to describe the range of services that were implemented, the use of evidence-based and promising practices, and the role of youths in the design, planning, delivery, and evaluation of services. RESULTS: Administrators described the MHSA as providing a programmatic focus and financial support for youth-specific services, outlining a stakeholder process to create buy-in and develop a vision for services, and emphasizing the role of youths in service delivery and planning. Youth-specific programs implemented a diverse array of services, including general medical care; employment and education support; housing placement and support; and family, mentoring, and social support. Programs described implementing evidence-based and promising practices and involving youths in service planning, implementation, or quality improvement activities. CONCLUSIONS: The MHSA has had a substantial impact on the landscape of youth-specific services in California by expanding both the number of programs and the diversity in types of services and by promoting the engagement of youths in the planning and delivery of services. Additional efforts are necessary to determine the extent to which youth-specific services yield greater improvements in youths' outcomes compared with services designed for adults.

A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law: The Emerging Practice of Legal Epidemiology.

Public health law has roots in both law and science. For more than a century, lawyers have helped develop and implement health laws; over the past 50 years, scientific evaluation of the health effects of laws and legal practices has achieved high levels of rigor and influence. We describe an emerging model of public health law that unites these two traditions. This transdisciplinary model adds scientific practices to the lawyerly functions of normative and doctrinal research, counseling, and representation. These practices include policy surveillance and empirical public health law research on the efficacy of legal interventions and the impact of laws and legal practices on health and health system operation. A transdisciplinary model of public health law, melding its legal and scientific facets, can help break down enduring cultural, disciplinary, and resource barriers that have prevented the full recognition and optimal role of law in public health.

La responsabilidad profesional médica en Europa / Medical professional liability in Europe

La Academia Internacional de Medicina Legal ha elaborado una Guía sobre la metodología, la aproximación y los criterios de evaluación de la mala praxis médica y la demanda de responsabilidad profesional. Reunidos en Roma los representantes de los países se trabajó en: 1) la situación de la responsabilidad profesional en el país correspondiente, desde la perspectiva jurídica y médica y 2) el Grupo de trabajo para discusión de aportaciones y acuerdos sobre contenidos de la Guía y elaboración final de esta. La respuesta consensuada recoge lo que es común, así como los procedimentos no comunes que suponen una mejora cuando se incorporen a los países donde este procedimento no es habitual. Estas European Guidelines on Methods of Ascertaiment and Criteria of Evaluation of the Malpractice and Medical Liability contribuirán a unificar y armonizar la pericia médica en Europa, alcanzando mayor calidad y rigor (AU)

The International Academy of Legal Medecine has developed a guideline about methodology and evaluation criteria in case of medical malpractice with complaint, for professional liability. Representatives from different countries met in Rome with the following schedule: - Situation of professional liability in each country. Legal perspective (legal regulation, legal procedure). Medical point of view (official experts intervention, experts proposal, access to clinical documents, clinical or judicial autopsy, judicial issue, whether or not mediation teams). - Working group with the authors of the contributions, discussion and agreements about the guideline contents. Final preparation of the Guide. In this article we present the consensus of the working group, the common aspects to participating countries as well as particularities (performances, procedures) usual in a few of them, which can be an improvement for other countries when they could be incorporated. We believe that this European Guidelines will help to unify and harmonize the medical expertise in Europe, achieving higher quality and rigor (AU)

Protocolo de intervención para garantizar el derecho a la salud, la integridad y la vida de niños y niñas con desnutrición aguda, en casos de falta de consentimiento para tratamiento médico y nutricional / Intervention protocol to guarantee the right to health, integrity and life of children with acute malnutrition, in cases of lack of consent for medical and nutritional treatment

Es necesario un análisis de las causas de las demoras para poder coordinar una respuesta social organizada, de índole multisectorial, que procure preservar el derecho a la salud del niño y el bienestar integral de la familia. Esta respuesta debe incluir plazos, lineamientos y responsabilidades bien definidos para los actores involucrados . El protocolo pretende dar respuesta a los casos en los que padres o responsables niegan la autorización para que el niño pueda recibir servicios de salud necesarios, con el objeto de recibir el tratamiento integral en caso de desnutrición hasta lograr su recuperación nutricional. Presenta, además, la respuesta social organizada, a manera de apoyar el abordaje de las causas que la generan, lo cual condiciona la toma de decisiones de los padres o responsables en recurrir a los servicios de salud necesarios. En él, se describe la vía administrativa y judicial a la que puede recurrir el funcionario que detecta el caso, cuando así lo amerite. Las respuestas posibles a estos casos pretenden ser lo más adaptadas a situaciones familiares difíciles, incluso en casos en los que existen elementos delictivos que derivan en la falta de consentimiento de los padres o responsables. El protocolo pretende hacer prevalecer el interés superior del niño para su recuperación integral.

Is perception of the mainstream legal system homogeneous across ethnic groups? / ¿Es la percepción del sistema legal homogénea entre distintos grupos étnicos?

There is a great social debate regarding possible legal privileges favouring some ethnic groups over others in a particular society. This fact may negatively influence citizens’ perceptions about fairness and legitimacy of the mainstream legal system and, thus, compliance with established social norms. The main purpose of the present study was to analyse the perception of the mainstream legal system in citizens belonging to different ethnic groups. In particular, this work had two objectives. First, the purpose was to explore interethnic perceptions of legal authorities and the justice system by examining the following variables: procedural justice, distributive justice, legitimacy of the legal system, contact with police, and reasons for obeying the law. A second objective was to test the predictive power of perceived procedural justice, distributive justice, and contact with police in the subsequent perception of legitimacy across the different ethnic groups. The sample was composed of 351 participants, who were split into two groups: White- Europeans (76.4%) and ethnic minorities (23.6%). Results revealed ethnic group differences in all study variables, showing ethnic minorities a more general negative attitude towards the legal system in terms of procedural justice, distributive justice and legitimacy conceded to the legal system, in comparison with the majority group. Moreover, legitimacy conceded to legal authorities was predicted by procedural justice, but not by distributive justice neither contact with police, in both groups. Practical and policy implications are discussed based on the importance of citizens’ perceptions about the legal authorities in order to legitimate the mainstream legal system (AU)

Existe actualmente un gran debate social acerca de los posibles privilegios legales que pueden favorecer a ciertos grupos étnicos frente a otros. Este hecho puede influir negativamente en la percepción de la justicia y legitimidad del sistema legal dominante por parte de los ciudadanos y, por tanto, en la conformidad con las normas sociales establecidas. El principal objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la percepción del sistema legal por parte de ciudadanos pertenecientes a diferentes grupos étnicos. En particular, este trabajo tuvo dos objetivos. El primero fue explorar la percepción inter-étnica de las autoridades legales y del sistema de justicia mediante el análisis de las siguientes variables: justicia procedimental, justicia distributiva, legitimidad del sistema legal, contacto con la policía y motivos para obedecer la ley. El segundo objetivo fue analizar el poder predictivo de la percepción de la justicia procedimental y distributiva y de los contactos con la policía en la posterior percepción de la legitimidad por parte de los diferentes grupos étnicos. Participaron 351 sujetos divididos en dos grupos: blancos europeos (76.4%) y minorías étnicas (23.6%). Los resultados mostraron diferencias entre grupos en todas las variables del estudio, mostrando las minorías étnicas una actitud generalizada más negativa hacia el sistema legal en cuanto a justicia procedimental, justicia distributiva y legitimidad que les merece el sistema legal. Además, en ambos grupos la legitimidad que se concede a las autoridades legales se predijo a partir de la justicia procedimental, pero no de la distributiva ni del contacto con la policía. Se comentan algunas implicaciones prácticas fundamentadas en la importancia de la percepción que tienen los ciudadanos acerca de las autoridades legales (AU)

Vigencia de la Ley General de Sanidad tras veinticinco años / Contemporary relevance of the spanish general health act after twenty five years

Desde su promulgación en 1986, la Ley General de Sanidad (Ley 14/1986) ha sufrido sucesivos cambios que han consolidado un modelo de Sistema Nacional de Salud. La Ley se plasmó en 113 Artículos, 10 Disposiciones Adicionales, 5 Disposiciones Transitorias, 2 Disposiciones Derogatorias y 15 Disposiciones Finales, en total tiene 143 artículos. Tras la revisión de toda la legislación aparecida desde 1986 hasta la actualidad podemos ver que hay 106 artículos (74,2%) que han perdido efectividad normativa y merecen un análisis o reflexión. Todos pueden ser clasificados en cuatro grupos, 26 artículos derogados y modificados (18,2%), 33 artículos clasificados como obsoletos (23,1%), 6 artículos denominados inmaduros (4,2%) y, finalmente, el grupo crítico (temas controvertidos con redacción ambigua) que tiene 41 artículos (28,6%). Tras un cuarto de siglo de vigencia de la Ley hay dos tercios de la misma que deben ser revisados. Vista esta debilidad jurídica, parece que una nueva Ley del Sistema Nacional de Salud para el siglo XXI debería ser el objetivo central del pacto político por la sanidad(AU)

Since its enactment in 1986, the General Health Law (Law 14/1986) has undergone several changes that have consolidated a model of National Health System. The law was embodied in 113 articles, ten Additional Provisions, five transitional arrangements, two Repeal and fifteen Final Provisions, has altogether 143 articles. After reviewing all legislation that appeared from 1986 to until today we can see that there are 106 articles (74.2%) that have lost regulatory effectiveness and merit analysis or reflection. All these items can be classified into four groups, the repealed and amended 26 articles (18.2%), 33 items of obsolete group (23.1%); the group of ill-developed are 6 articles (4.2%) and the critical (controversial and under ambiguous wording) group that has 41 articles (28.6%). After a quarter century of enforcement of the Act, two thirds of it to be reviewed. This legal weakness suggest the need of a new General Health Act for the Spanish National health System, being it a central objective of a political wide agreement(AU)

Smoke-free medical facility campus legislation: support, resistance, difficulties and cost.

Although medical facilities restrict smoking inside, many people continue to smoke outside, creating problems with second-hand smoke, litter, fire risks, and negative role modeling. In 2005, Arkansas passed legislation prohibiting smoking on medical facility campuses. Hospital administrators (N=113) were surveyed pre- and post-implementation. Administrators reported more support and less difficulty than anticipated. Actual cost was 10-50% of anticipated cost. Few negative effects and numerous positive effects on employee performance and retention were reported. The results may be of interest to hospital administrators and demonstrate that state legislation can play a positive role in facilitating broad health-related policy change.

Training individuals in public health law.

Effective training in public health law depends on properly targeting materials and programs. There are significant differences in training and practice between public health and law. Current efforts targeting individuals fail to recognize these foundational differences. Recommendations are made for future action.

[Pandemic influenza measures in Japan--from the point of government].

H5N1 type avian flu infection has spread among poultry starting from Vietnam to southwest region countries since the end of 2003. Afterwards, the infections have expanded through Africa, Europe and even to worldwide. Cases of H5N1 type avian flu virus infections to human are increasing. So, the risk of acquiring, through mutation, capacity of human-to-human spread would be higher. As human has not been infected by such virus, it is worried that a pandemic, and even the increase of deaths due to this virus could be occurred. Japan produced "Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Action Plan" last year, and also takes genuine measures against a new pathogenic avian influenza virus. Various countries, including Japan, are trying to find positive measures towards it, although it has not been found.