Uncovering the Potential of Lipid Drugs: A Focus on Transient Membrane Microdomain-targeted Lipid Therapeutics.

Membrane lipids are generally viewed as inert physical barriers, but many vital cellular processes greatly rely on the interaction with these structures, as expressed by the membrane hypothesis that explain the genesis of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue or cancer. The concept that the cell membrane displays transient membrane microdomains with distinct lipid composition providing the basis for the development of selective lipid-targeted therapies, the membrane-lipid therapies (MLTs). In this concern, medicinal chemists may design therapeutically valuable compounds 1) with a higher affinity for the lipids in these microdomains to restore the normal physiological conditions, 2) that can directly or 3) indirectly (via enzyme inhibition/activation) replace damaged lipids or restore the regular lipid levels in the whole membrane or microdomain, 4) that alter the expression of genes related to lipid genesis/metabolism or 5) that modulate the pathways related to the membrane binding affinity of lipid-anchored proteins. In this context, this mini-review aims to explore the structural diversity and clinical applications of some of the main membrane and microdomain-targeted lipid drugs.

Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious (Malus domestica).

The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation.

CAPRYDAA, an anthracene dye analog to LAURDAN: a comparative study using cuvette and microscopy.

We synthesized an anthracene derivative with solvatochromic properties to be used as a molecular probe for membrane dynamics and supramolecular organization. A nine carbon atom acyl chain and a dimethylamino substitution were introduced at positions 2 and 6 of the anthracene ring, respectively. This derivative, 2-nonanoyl-6-(dimethylamino)anthracene (termed CAPRYDAA), is a molecular probe designed to mimic the well-known membrane probe LAURDAN's location and response in the lipid membranes. Due to the larger distance between the electron donor and acceptor groups, its absorption and emission bands are red-shifted according to the polarity of the media. The photophysical behavior of CAPRYDAA was measured in homogeneous media, synthetic bilayer and cells, both in a cuvette and in a fluorescence microscope, using one and two-photon excitation. Our results show a comparable physicochemical behavior of CAPRYDAA with LAURDAN, but with the advantage of using visible light (488 nm) as an excitation source. CAPRYDAA was also excitable by two-photon laser sources, making it easy to combine CAPRYDAA with either blue or red emission probes. In GUVs or cells, CAPRYDAA can discriminate the lipid phases and liquid-liquid phase heterogeneity. This new membrane probe shows the bathochromic properties of the PRODAN-based probes designed by Weber, overcoming the need for UV or two-photon excitation and facilitating the studies on the membrane properties using regular confocal microscopes.

Substituição parcial do soro fetal bovino durante cultivo in vitro reduz a concentração de fosfolipídios em embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro / Partial replacement of fetal bovine serum during in vitro culture decreases phospholipid content in in vitro produced bovine embryos

Soro fetal bovino (SFB) e albumina sérica bovina (BSA) são componentes importantes do cultivo in vitro (CIV) de embriões bovinos, porém são frequentemente associados ao acúmulo excessivo de lipídios, podendo prejudicar o desenvolvimento embrionário. Este estudo teve como objetivo substituir parcialmente o SFB por BSA V FAF durante o CIV de embriões bovinos, avaliar a produção embrionária e quantificar os lipídios dos embriões, SFB e dos meios de cultivo. Para isto, os embriões desenvolveram em meios de cultivo suplementados com 10% de SFB (SFB10%) ou 5% de SFB e 0.03g de BSA V FAF (SFB5%/BSA). O conteúdo lipídico foi avaliado por UHPLC-MS/MS. A análise estatística foi feita utilizando teste t e ANOVA. A substituição parcial de SFB por BSA V FAF não alterou a produção embrionária. Nos dois grupos foram identificados 10 fosfolipídios e três deles, DOPC (p=0,037), POPG (p=0,046) e C24: 1-SM (p=0,009), apresentaram menores concentrações no meio SFB5%/BSA. Os fosfolipídios identificados nos embriões coincidem com os encontrados no SFB e meios de cultivo e quatro deles DOPC (p=0,013), DPPC (p=0,004), POPG (p=0,05) e C24:1-SM (p=0,003) diminuíram a concentração com a redução do SFB. A substituição parcial do SFB diminui a concentração de fosfolipídios sem prejudicar a produção embrionária, sugerindo uma melhora nas técnicas relacionadas ao cultivo in vitro.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are important components during bovine embryo in vitro culture (IVC), but they are associated with excess of embryonic lipid, which might impair embryo development. This study aimed to partially replace FBS by BSA V FAF during bovine IVC, evaluate embryo production and quantify the phospholipid content in produced embryos, SFB and IVC medium. The embryos were in vitro cultured in medium supplied with 10% of FBS (FBS10%) or with 5% of FBS plus 0.03 g BSA V FAF (FBS5%/BSA). The lipid content was evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS and statistical analysis was performed using t-test and ANOVA. The partial replacement of FBS by BSA V FAF did not alter embryo production. Ten phospholipids were identified in both groups and three of them, DOPC (p=0.037), POPG (p=0.046) and C24: 1-SM (p=0.009) presented lower concentration in FBS5%/BSA culture medium. The phospholipids identified on embryos matches with those found on SFB and culture medium and four of them DOPC (p=0.013), DPPC (p=0.004), POPG (p=0.05) and C24:1- SM (p=0.003) reduced its concentration when FBS was reduced. Theses founds shown that the FBS partial replacement reduces phospholipids content in embryos but do not decrease embryo production, suggesting a technical improvement.

Substituição parcial do soro fetal bovino durante cultivo in vitro reduz a concentração de fosfolipídios em embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro / Partial replacement of fetal bovine serum during in vitro culture decreases phospholipid content in in vitro produced bovine embryos

Soro fetal bovino (SFB) e albumina sérica bovina (BSA) são componentes importantes do cultivo in vitro (CIV) de embriões bovinos, porém são frequentemente associados ao acúmulo excessivo de lipídios, podendo prejudicar o desenvolvimento embrionário. Este estudo teve como objetivo substituir parcialmente o SFB por BSA V FAF durante o CIV de embriões bovinos, avaliar a produção embrionária e quantificar os lipídios dos embriões, SFB e dos meios de cultivo. Para isto, os embriões desenvolveram em meios de cultivo suplementados com 10% de SFB (SFB10%) ou 5% de SFB e 0.03g de BSA V FAF (SFB5%/BSA). O conteúdo lipídico foi avaliado por UHPLC-MS/MS. A análise estatística foi feita utilizando teste t e ANOVA. A substituição parcial de SFB por BSA V FAF não alterou a produção embrionária. Nos dois grupos foram identificados 10 fosfolipídios e três deles, DOPC (p=0,037), POPG (p=0,046) e C24: 1-SM (p=0,009), apresentaram menores concentrações no meio SFB5%/BSA. Os fosfolipídios identificados nos embriões coincidem com os encontrados no SFB e meios de cultivo e quatro deles DOPC (p=0,013), DPPC (p=0,004), POPG (p=0,05) e C24:1-SM (p=0,003) diminuíram a concentração com a redução do SFB. A substituição parcial do SFB diminui a concentração de fosfolipídios sem prejudicar a produção embrionária, sugerindo uma melhora nas técnicas relacionadas ao cultivo in vitro.(AU)

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are important components during bovine embryo in vitro culture (IVC), but they are associated with excess of embryonic lipid, which might impair embryo development. This study aimed to partially replace FBS by BSA V FAF during bovine IVC, evaluate embryo production and quantify the phospholipid content in produced embryos, SFB and IVC medium. The embryos were in vitro cultured in medium supplied with 10% of FBS (FBS10%) or with 5% of FBS plus 0.03 g BSA V FAF (FBS5%/BSA). The lipid content was evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS and statistical analysis was performed using t-test and ANOVA. The partial replacement of FBS by BSA V FAF did not alter embryo production. Ten phospholipids were identified in both groups and three of them, DOPC (p=0.037), POPG (p=0.046) and C24: 1-SM (p=0.009) presented lower concentration in FBS5%/BSA culture medium. The phospholipids identified on embryos matches with those found on SFB and culture medium and four of them DOPC (p=0.013), DPPC (p=0.004), POPG (p=0.05) and C24:1- SM (p=0.003) reduced its concentration when FBS was reduced. Theses founds shown that the FBS partial replacement reduces phospholipids content in embryos but do not decrease embryo production, suggesting a technical improvement.(AU)

Impairment of the class IIa bacteriocin receptor function and membrane structural changes are associated to enterocin CRL35 high resistance in Listeria monocytogenes.

BACKGROUND: Enterocin CRL35 is a class IIa bacteriocin with anti-Listeria activity. Resistance to these peptides has been associated with either the downregulation of the receptor expression or changes in the membrane and cell walls. The scope of the present work was to characterize enterocin CRL35 resistant Listeria strains with MICs more than 10,000 times higher than the MIC of the WT sensitive strain. METHODS: Listeria monocytogenes INS7 resistant isolates R2 and R3 were characterized by 16S RNA gene sequencing and rep-PCR. Bacterial growth kinetic was studied in different culture media. Plasma membranes of sensitive and resistant bacteria were characterized by FTIR and Langmuir monolayer techniques. RESULTS: The growth kinetic of the resistant isolates was slower as compared to the parental strain in TSB medium. Moreover, the resistant isolates barely grew in a glucose-based synthetic medium, suggesting that these cells had a major alteration in glucose transport. Resistant bacteria also had alterations in their cell wall and, most importantly, membrane lipids. In fact, even though enterocin CRL35 was able to bind to the membrane-water interface of both resistant and parental sensitive strains, this peptide was only able to get inserted into the latter membranes. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that bacteriocin receptor is altered in combination with membrane structural modifications in enterocin CRL35-resistant L. monocytogenes strains. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Highly enterocin CRL35-resistant isolates derived from Listeria monocytogenes INS7 have not only an impaired glucose transport but also display structural changes in the hydrophobic core of their plasma membranes.

Lipid composition of the canine sperm plasma membrane as markers of sperm motility.

The fatty acid composition of the sperm membrane is an important factor involved in the overall sperm quality, including motility. However, in the canine species, the exact composition of the plasma membrane is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma membrane lipid composition of motile sperm cells and to compare it with asthenospermic samples, as an attempt to determine possible involvements of membrane lipids in dog sperm cell motility. The sperm-rich fraction of ten mature dogs was collected, and samples were subjected to density gradient centrifugation by Percoll® , in order to separate motile and asthenospermic samples. Processed semen samples were evaluated for sperm motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Lipid plasma membrane composition was identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The motile sperm samples presented the following phospholipids in a high frequency in the plasma membrane: phosphatidylcholine 38:4 (composed of stearic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 36:1 (stearic and oleic fatty acids), phosphatidylethanolamine 34:4 (myristic and arachidonic fatty acids), glycerophosphatidic acid 36:4 (palmitic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 40:4 plasmanyl and phosphatidylcholine 40:5 plasmenyl. Furthermore, no lipid markers were found in the asthenospermic samples. Results also indicate that differences on plasma membrane composition between motile and asthenospermic samples are crucial factors for determining sperm motility, sperm functionality and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In conclusion, plasma membrane lipid composition varies considerable between motile and asthenospermic samples. Therefore, lipid markers of sperm motility can be considered, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine plasmanyl, phosphatidylcholine plasmenyl and phosphatidic acid.

Membrane lipid profile monitored by mass spectrometry detected differences between fresh and vitrified in vitro-produced bovine embryos.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitrification on membrane lipid profile obtained by mass spectrometry (MS) of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used to obtain individual embryo membrane lipid profiles. Due to conditions of analysis, mainly membrane lipids, most favorably phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) have been detected. The following ions described by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and respective attribution presented increased relative abundance (1.2-20×) in the vitrified group: 703.5 [SM (16:0) + H]+; 722.5 [PC (40:3) + Na]+; 758.5 [PC (34:2) + H]+; 762.5 [PC (34:0) + H]+; 790.5 [PC (36:0) + H]+ and 810.5 [PC (38:4) + H]+ and/or [PC (36:1) + Na]+. The ion with a m/z 744.5 [PCp (34:1) and/or PCe (34:2)] was 3.4-fold more abundant in the fresh group. Interestingly, ions with m/z 722.5 or 744.5 indicate the presence of lipid species, which are more resistant to enzymatic degradation as they contain fatty acyl residues linked through ether type bonds (alkyl ether or plasmalogens, indicated by the lowercase 'e' and 'p', respectively) to the glycerol structure. The results indicate that cryopreservation impacts the membrane lipid profile, and that these alterations can be properly monitored by MALDI-MS. Membrane lipids can therefore be evaluated by MALDI-MS to monitor the effect of cryopreservation on membrane lipids, and to investigate changes in lipid profile that may reflect the metabolic response to the cryopreservation stress or changes in the environmental conditions.

Coordinated response of phospholipids and acyl components of membrane lipids in Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) under stress caused by cationic surfactants.

The present study assessed the role of membrane components of Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) under chemical stress conditions originated by treatment with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), a cationic surfactant. We examined changes in fatty acid composition and in the fluidity of the membranes of cells exposed to TTAB at a specific point of growth as well as of cells growing with TTAB. The addition of 10-50 mg TTAB l(-1) promoted an increase in the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio. By using fluorescence polarization techniques, we found that TTAB exerted a fluidizing effect on P. putida A (ATCC 12633) membranes. However, a complete reversal of induced membrane fluidification was detected after 15 min of incubation with TTAB. Consistently, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was lower in TTAB-treated cells as compared with non-treated cells. In the presence of TTAB, the content of phosphatidylglycerol increased (120 %), whilst that of cardiolipin decreased (60 %). Analysis of the fatty acid composition of P. putida A (ATCC 12633) showed that phosphatidylglycerol carried the major proportion of saturated fatty acids (89 %), whilst cardiolipin carried an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (18 %). The increase in phosphatidylglycerol and consequently in saturated fatty acids, together with a decrease in cardiolipin content, enabled greater membrane resistance, reversing the fluidizing effect of TTAB. Therefore, results obtained in the present study point to changes in the fatty acid profile as an adaptive response of P. putida A (ATCC 12633) cells to stress caused by a cationic surfactant.

Optimal single-embryo mass spectrometry fingerprinting.

In pre-implantation embryos, lipids play key roles in determining viability, cryopreservation and implantation properties, but often their analysis is analytically challenging because of the few picograms of analytes present in each of them. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) allows obtaining individual phospholipid profiles of these microscopic organisms. This technique is sensitive enough to enable analysis of individual intact embryos and monitoring the changes in membrane lipid composition in the early stages of development serving as screening method for studies of biology and biotechnologies of reproduction. This article introduces an improved, more comprehensive MALDI-MS lipid fingerprinting approach that considerably increases the lipid information obtained from a single embryo. Using bovine embryos as a biological model, we have also tested optimal sample storage and handling conditions before the MALDI-MS analysis. Improved information at the molecular level is provided by the use of a binary matrix that enables phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols and phosphoethanolamines to be detected via MALDI(±)-MS in both the positive and negative ion modes. An optimal MALDI-MS protocol for lipidomic monitoring of a single intact embryo is therefore reported with potential applications in human and animal reproduction, cell development and stem cell research.

Ca(2+) adsorption to lipid membranes and the effect of cholesterol in their composition.

The aim of this work is to determine the binding of ionic calcium (Ca(2+)) to lipid membranes in which the availability of the phosphate groups to the aqueous phase is modified by the degree of saturation of the lipids and the inclusion of cholesterol. The shifts in the phosphate bands observed in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra are direct evidence of the interaction of Ca(2+) with phosphate groups. The binding analysis was done by determining the changes in the zeta potential of liposomes suspended in buffer at controlled temperature. The changes produced by the ion on the zeta potential of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC); dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC); distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC); dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) and their mixers with cholesterol were measured, showing a Langmuir isotherm behavior in all the lipid composition assayed. The results show that the interaction of Ca(2+) to lipid membranes depends on the exposure and the density of phosphate groups at the membrane interphase.

[Impact of male aging in the functional capacity of sperm through the expression of phosphatidyl serine and oligonucleomas]. / Impacto del envejecimiento masculino en la capacidad funcional del espermatozoide a través de la expresión de fosfatidil serina y oligonucleomas.

BACKGROUND: biomolecular processes associated with aging and programmed cell death during spermatogenesis are well known, but not its biological significance in ejaculated sperm, because it ignores the behavior of these apoptotic markers in relation to the age of man. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of aging on the functional capacity of sperm and their relationship to programmed cell death processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, cross-sectional and analytical performed with semen samples from 25 healthy subjects 20 to 70 years old, were divided into two groups [(A: under 40 years) and (B: over 40 years age)]. Semen parameters were evaluated WHO (1999) and transformation processes biomolecular membrane and the expression of oligonucleosomes in the terminal cascade of apoptosis. Were measured by flow cytometry with an argon laser as a source of reading at 480 nm, the degree of cellularity discriminate negative and positive for each of the indicators. RESULTS: The percentage of live cells with phosphatidylserine translocation in the membrane (annexin-V / PI) was significantly higher in men older than 40 years (p <0.05). These findings are enriched with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.50, P <0.008) between early biomarker and age of the subjects. With regard to DNA fragmentation, although no statistically significant differences were found, it is a clear trend of increase as older the subjects (r = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: The increasing age of the man is associated with increased expression of apoptosis, as demonstrated by the increased expression of phosphatidylserine translocation at the Membrane. Thus, this study confirms that the subject's age is associated with a decline in some of the seminal parameters.

Cryptococcus neoformans cryoultramicrotomy and vesicle fractionation reveals an intimate association between membrane lipids and glucuronoxylomannan.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus. The cryptococcal capsule is composed of polysaccharides and is necessary for virulence. It has been previously reported that glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major capsular component, is synthesized in cytoplasmic compartments and transported to the extracellular space in vesicles, but knowledge on the organelles involved in polysaccharide synthesis and traffic is extremely limited. In this paper we report the GXM distribution in C. neoformans cells sectioned by cryoultramicrotomy and visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polysaccharide immunogold staining. Cryosections of fungal cells showed high preservation of intracellular organelles and cell wall structure. Incubation of cryosections with an antibody to GXM revealed that cytoplasmic structures associated to vesicular compartments and reticular membranes are in close proximity to the polysaccharide. GXM was generally found in association with the membrane of intracellular compartments and within different layers of the cell wall. Analysis of extracellular fractions from cryptococcal supernatants by transmission electron microscopy in combination with serologic, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods revealed fractions containing GXM and lipids. These results indicate an intimate association of GXM and lipids in both intracellular and extracellular spaces consistent with polysaccharide synthesis and transport in membrane-associated structures.

Content of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex membranes positively correlates with the proliferative status of brain cells.

Although the molecular and cellular basis of particular events that lead to the biogenesis of membranes in eukaryotic cells has been described in detail, understanding of the intrinsic complexity of the pleiotropic response by which a cell adjusts the overall activity of its endomembrane system to accomplish these requirements is limited. Here we carried out an immunocytochemical and biochemical examination of the content and quality of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus membranes in two in vivo situations characterized by a phase of active cell proliferation followed by a phase of declination in proliferation (rat brain tissue at early and late developmental stages) or by permanent active proliferation (gliomas and their most malignant manifestation, glioblastomas multiforme). It was found that, in highly proliferative phases of brain development (early embryo brain cells), the content of ER and Golgi apparatus membranes, measured as total lipid phosphorous content, is higher than in adult brain cells. In addition, the concentration of protein markers of ER and Golgi is also higher in early embryo brain cells and in human glioblastoma multiforme cells than in adult rat brain or in nonpathological human brain cells. Results suggest that the amount of endomembranes and the concentration of constituent functional proteins diminish as cells decline in their proliferative activity.

Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of plant leaves: a tool for ecological and botanical studies.

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of plant leaves display complex absorption features related to organic constituents of leaf surfaces. The spectra can be recorded rapidly, both in the field and in the laboratory, without special sample preparation. This paper explores sources of ATR spectral variation in leaves, including compositional, positional and temporal variations. Interspecific variations are also examined, including the use of ATR spectra as a tool for species identification. Positional spectral variations generally reflected the abundance of cutin and the epicuticular wax thickness and composition. For example, leaves exposed to full sunlight commonly showed more prominent cutin- and wax-related absorption features compared with shaded leaves. Adaxial vs. abaxial leaf surfaces displayed spectral variations reflecting differences in trichome abundance and wax composition. Mature vs. young leaves showed changes in absorption band position and intensity related to cutin, polysaccharide, and possibly amorphous silica development on and near the leaf surfaces. Provided that similar samples are compared (e.g. adaxial surfaces of mature, sun-exposed leaves) same-species individuals display practically identical ATR spectra. Using spectral matching procedures to analyze an ATR database containing 117 individuals, including 32 different tree species, 83% of the individuals were correctly identified.

Endonuclear lipids in liver cells.

Lipids are not only components of cell nucleus membranes, but are also found in the membrane-depleted nuclei where they fulfill special functions. We have investigated the lipid composition of membrane-depleted rat liver nuclei obtained by incubation with low Triton X-100 concentrations of 0.04% and 0.08%, which rendered them unaltered or hardly altered. Under these conditions, 26% of proteins and 22% of phospholipids were recovered. The main phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylethanolamine > phosphatidylinositol = or > phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin (in decreasing concentrations). The fatty acid components of total lipids and phosphatidylcholine were mainly unsaturated. Over 40% belonged to the n-6 series (arachidonic > or = 25% and linoleic 15%); approximately 40% corresponded to saturated acids and <10% were monoenoic. Endonuclear phosphatidylcholine was built up by 16 molecular species, the most abundant being 18:0-20:4 (32%), 16:0-20:4 (19%), 16:0-18:2 (13%), and 18:0-18:2 (11%). The fatty acid composition and phosphatidylcholine molecular species distribution in the membrane-depleted nucleus of rat liver showed patterns similar to the whole nucleus, mitochondria, microsomes, and homogenate of the parent liver cells, suggesting that endonuclear lipid pool composition is mainly determined by a liver organ profile.

Cambios en los acidos grasos de membranas de Microbacterium esteraromaticum GNP-5 con diferentes temperaturas y osmolaridades / Changes in Membrane Fatty Acids of Microbacterium esteraromaticum GNP5 with Changes of Temperature and Osmolarity

Microbacterium esteraromaticum es un microorganismo que se aísla con frecuencia de landfarming o procesos de biorremediación de hidrocarburos en la meseta de la Patagonia central (Argentina) y se halla sometido a variaciones de temperatura y a cambios de salinidad que se producen naturalmente. Su adaptabilidad a esos cambios climáticos indujo al estudio de las modificaciones que se producen en su membrana celular para resistirlos. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto conjunto de la temperatura y la concentración de cloruro de sodio sobre la composición de los ácidos grasos de membrana en la cepa de Microbacterium esteraromaticum GNP5b. M. esteraromaticum utiliza, frente al incremento de la temperatura, la estrategia es aumentar la longitud de sus ácidos grasos de cadenas ramificada impar (17 átomos de carbono) con disminución de 15:0 anteiso, así como el porcentaje de ácidos grasos 15:0 iso (de mayor punto de fusión) a partir del respectivo anteiso. El aumento de la salinidad modifica la composición de ácidos grasos siguiendo patrones diferentes según sea la temperatura de incubación. A 14 y 28 °C incrementa los 15:0 iso y 17:0 iso en detrimento de sus homólogos anteiso. A 37 °C este grupo de ácidos grasos no sigue los mismos patrones anteriores. La longitud de cadena, expresada como el índice C15/C17, es errática con el aumento de la salinidad.

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function.

BACKGROUND: The effect of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil (FO) supplementation on human leukocyte function was investigated. METHODS: Ten male volunteers were supplemented with 3g/day FO containing 26% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and 54% DHA (22:6, n-3) for 2 months. RESULTS: FO supplementation changed the fatty acid (FA) composition of leukocytes resulting in an increase of n-3/n-6 ratio from 0.18 to 0.62 in lymphocytes and from 0.15 to 0.70 in neutrophils. DHA-rich FO stimulated an increase in phagocytic activity by 62% and 145% in neutrophils and monocytes, respectively. Neutrophil chemotactic response was increased by 128%. The rate of production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils was also increased, as it was with lymphocyte proliferation. These changes were partially reversed after a 2-month wash out period. With respect to cytokine production by lymphocytes, interleukin (IL)-4 release was not altered, whereas secretions of IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were raised. These results are in contrast to those described by others using EPA-rich FO supplementation. Lymphocyte pleiotropic gene expression was analyzed by a macroarray technique. Of the analyzed genes (588 in total), 77 were modified by the supplementation. FO supplementation resulted in up-regulation of 6 genes (GATA binding protein 2, IL-6 signal transducer, transforming growth factor alpha, TNF, heat shock 90kDa protein 1-alpha and heat shock protein 70kDa 1A) and a down regulation of 71 genes (92.2% of total genes changed). The largest functional group of altered genes was that related to signaling pathways (22% of the total modified genes). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, although EPA and DHA are members of n-3 FA family, changes in the proportion of DHA and EPA exert different effects on neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte function, which may be a result of specific changes in gene expression.

Biochemical characterization and membrane fluidity of membranous vesicles isolated from boar seminal plasma.

Mammalian seminal plasma contains membranous vesicles (MV), which differ in composition and origin. Among these particles, human prostasomes and equine prostasome-like MV have been the most studied. The aim of the present work is to characterize the biochemical composition and membrane fluidity of MV isolated from boar seminal plasma. The MV from boar seminal plasma were isolated by ultracentrifugation and further purification by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The MV were examined by electron microscopy (EM), amount of cholesterol, total phospholipid, protein content, and phospholipid composition were analyzed. Membrane fluidity of MV and spermatozoa were estimated from the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of the 5-doxilstearic acid incorporated into the vesicle membranes by the order parameter (S). The S parameter gives a measure of degree of structural order in the membrane and is defined as the ratio of the spectral anisotropy in the membranes to the maximum anisotropy obtained in a rigidly oriented system. The S parameter takes into consideration that S = 1 for a rapid spin-label motion of about only one axis and S = 0 for a rapid isotropic motion. Intermediate S values between S = 0 and S = 1 represents the consequence of decreased membrane fluidity. The EM revealed the presence of bilaminar and multilaminar electron-dense vesicles. Cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio from the isolated MV was 1.8. Phospholipid composition showed a predominance of sphingomyelin. The S parameter for porcine MV and for boar spermatozoa was 0.73 +/- 0.02 and 0.644 +/- 0.008, respectively, with the S for MV being greater (p < 0.001) than the S for spermatozoa. The high order for S found for boar MV was in agreement with the greater cholesterol/phospholipids ratio and the lesser ratio for phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin. Results obtained in the present work indicate that MV isolated from boar semen share many biochemical and morphological characteristics with equine prostasome-like MV and human prostasomes. The characteristics of the porcine MV of the seminal plasma, however, differed from those of boar sperm plasma membranes.

Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in cancer patients.

Essential fatty acids (EFA) have an important role in complex metabolic reactions. The metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) appears to be one of the critical targets in the complex metabolic stages that lead to, or are associated with cancer. The goal of our research was to analyze the erythrocyte specific types of membrane fatty acid content, level and distribution in cancer patients as compared to non-cancer patients. Changes in fatty acid composition may affect different aspects of cell structure and function, including proliferation. Analyses of RBCs membrane fatty acids were performed for 255 patients with different types of cancer (breast, prostate, liver, pancreas, colon, and lung), 2,800 non-cancer patients and 34 healthy volunteers. Our research study demonstrated a lower level of stearic acid and an increased content of oleic acid in RBC of cancer patients in comparison with control and non-cancer patients. According to the results of this investigation, the ratio of Eicosa pentaenoic acid (EPA) and Decosa hexaenoic acid (DHA) to Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) may be useful to estimate PUFA imbalances in cancer patients. EPA and DHA acid may be recommended as supplementation and in addition to current therapy during cancer treatment.