Efectos de la pliometría en la fuerza explosiva de miembros inferiores en la lucha libre senior / Effects of plyometrics on the explosive strength of lower limbs in senior freestyle wrestling

RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza explosiva es la capacidad física de generar una mayor fuerza muscular en un menor tiempo sin pérdida de eficacia, lo que es un componente determinante de la preparación deportiva y un indicador indirecto del rendimiento en lucha deportiva. Objetivo: Mejorar la fuerza explosiva en miembros inferiores a través de ejercicios pliométricos en luchadores libres, categoría senior. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte correlativo, para el cual se aplicó un programa pliométrico de tres fases, en miembros inferiores, conformado por una población de 15 luchadores (sexo masculino, sub-21 años), y fue evaluado el estímulo en la capacidad fuerza explosiva. Resultados: Se estableció mejoras significativas en la prueba de salto vertical (SV: p = 0,000), salto horizontal (SH: p = 0,000), carrera en 20 m (C20m: p = 0,000) y el test de salto 8 (S8: p = 0,001), y en todos los casos se favoreció al postest. Se determinó una correlación lineal positiva moderada entre SV y SH (0,50), una correlación negativa moderada entre SH y C20m (-0,58), una correlación negativa muy baja entre SV y C20m (-0,03), una correlación positiva moderada entre SV y S8 (0,61), una correlación positiva muy baja entre SH y S8 (0,16) y una correlación positiva moderada entre C20m y S8 (0,59). Conclusiones: Con la intervención pliométrica se demuestra una mejora significativa en la fuerza explosiva de miembros inferiores, lo que resulta en una alternativa eficaz para mejorar indirectamente el rendimiento deportivo. De las 6 correlaciones lineales realizadas, 4 fueron de índole moderada, esto evidencia que la potenciación pliométrica de un plano muscular específico puede mejorar consecutivamente otros planos musculares relacionados con la rapidez y la fuerza explosiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Explosive strength is the physical capacity to generate greater muscular strength in a shorter time without losing effectiveness. This is a crucial component of sports training and an indirect indicator of yield in wrestling. Objective: Improve the explosive strength of the lower limbs through plyometric exercises performed by senior freestyle wrestlers. Methods: A correlational quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a three-stage plyometric program for the lower limbs. The study population was 15 wrestlers (male sex, age under 21 years) who were evaluated for explosive strength capacity. Results: Significant improvement was established in the following tests: vertical jump (VJ: p = 0.000), horizontal jump (HJ: p = 0.000), 20-meter dash (D20m: p = 0.000) and jump 8 (J8: p = 0.001). In all cases the post-test obtained better results. Determination was made of a moderate positive linear correlation between VJ and HJ (0.50), a moderate negative correlation between HJ and C20m (-0.58), a very low negative correlation between VJ and C20m (-0.03), a moderate positive correlation between VJ and J8 (0.61), a very low positive correlation between HJ and J8 (0.16) and a moderate positive correlation between C20m and J8 (0.59). Conclusions: The plyometric intervention was found to significantly improve the explosive strength of lower limbs, thus becoming an effective alternative to indirectly enhance sport yield. Of the six linear correlations performed, four were moderate, which shows that plyometric strengthening of a specific muscular plane may consecutively improve other muscular planes related to speed and explosive strength.

Wrestling and sports medicine.

The coverage of wrestling events from the perspective of medical personnel is reviewed here. Considerations are made regarding the role of medical personnel, the supplies that are important for wrestling event coverage, and the injuries that are frequently encountered in wrestling. Attention is given to treatment of injuries and conditions that are largely specific to wrestling.

Minimum weight prediction methods cross-validated by the four-component model.

UNLABELLED: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) requires prediction of minimum weight (MW) for collegiate wrestlers. The rule was implemented to minimize unhealthy weight loss practices and requires assessment of body composition before the competitive season. PURPOSE: This study cross-validated the body composition methods of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), and skinfolds (SF) for predicting MW using a four-component criterion (4C). METHODS: Criterion MW was calculated by the 4C model using independent measurement of body density (BD), bone mineral content (BMC), and total body water (TBW). Subjects were 53 Division I athletes from the University of Wisconsin (mean +/- SD; age = 19.7 +/- 1.3 yr, height = 176.2 +/- 7.4 cm, weight = 75.6 +/- 8.9 kg). Accuracy, precision, and systematic bias were examined in the predictions. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean MW from HW (70.5 +/- 7.3 kg, P = 0.57), SF (70.5 +/- 7.2 kg, P = 0.29) BIA (70.6 +/- 7.6 kg, P = 0.39), DXA (70.3 +/- 7.5, P = 0.97), and the 4C criterion (70.3 +/- 7.4 kg). The regression for the relationships between 4C and HW (y = 0.994 x HW + 0.077 kg), 4C and SF (y = 1.003 x SF-0.437 kg), 4C and DXA (y = 0.942 x DXA + 4.034 kg), and 4C and BIA (y = 0.896 x BIA + 6.987 kg) did not significantly deviate from the line of identity. Pure error (PE) values ranged from 1.34 kg for HW to 3.08 kg for BIA. CONCLUSION: Comparable means, high correlations, regression lines that did not significantly deviate from the line of identity, and no systematic bias were found. However, the methods differed widely in precision. The best precision, based on SEE and PE values, were seen in the HW and SF methods. In conclusion, this rigorous four-component cross-validation study supports the NCAA methods as the most accurate and precise MW prediction methods in this sample.

Preliminary investigation: the impact of the NCAA Wrestling Weight Certification Program on weight cutting.

Historically, wrestling is a sport dependent on weight. Three tragic deaths in late 1997 prompted the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to make a Wrestling Weight Certification Program (WWCP) mandatory to foster a safe competitive environment. One institution examined the impact of this program on weight cutting. Thirty-two NCAA Division I wrestlers completed the WWCP in the 1998-1999 season and 29 in 1999-2000. Eighteen (56%) of 32 wrestlers in 1998-1999 weighed in 10 or more pounds above the previous year's competition weight. Whereas, 28% weighed in 20 or more pounds above the previous year's competition weight. Weekly weight loss for the wrestlers in 1998-1999 revealed a substantial loss during the first week, possibly demonstrating the use of time-tested techniques for weight loss. However, in 1999-2000, the first week weight loss was less pronounced, with 65.8% of the weight being lost during the second half of the WWCP. Therefore, these wrestlers may be breaking the sport historic cycle of weight fluctuations through the WWCP.

Wisconsin wrestling minimum weight project.

Starting in the 1991-1992 school year, Wisconsin was the first state to have a mandatory minimum weight established for high school wrestlers, along with a comprehensive standardized nutrition education program. The minimum weight project was phased in over 2 years. The goal of the project is to scientifically predict a healthy minimum weight for high school wrestlers. No guidelines were previously set and unhealthy weight loss practices are sometimes used to achieve desired weights. A wrestler's weight is often determined by the need to fill a wrestling class and not on a good scientific basis. Many wrestling coaches across the state have tried to implement individual programs, but until this project there had been no coordinated, collective effort.