Efecto de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas en la digestibilidad in vitro de la pared celular de heno de alfalfa (medicago sativa) o de ballico (lolium perenne) / Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro digestibility of cell wall of alfalfa (medicago sativa) or rye-grass (lolium ferenne)

Se midió la degradación in vitro de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas y su efecto en la degradación in vitro de FDN y FDA de heno de alfalfa o ballico. Se usó la primera fase de Tilley y Terry (0,3,6,12,24,48 y 72h) con saliva McDougall (S) sola o con líquido ruminal (LR). La desaparición de la enzima (E) fue constante de 0 a 6h, y aumentó de 12 a 72h. La concentración de N-NH4 fue constante de 0 a 24h y su mayor valor fue a las 72h. La desaparición de FDN de los forrajes se incrementó de 6 a 72h con la E y de 24 a 72h con E + LR. Además, E aumentó la desaparición de FDA de alfalfa de 3 a 72h y la del ballico de 3 a 12h; pero E + LR no cambio la desaparición de FDA. La E con LR aumentó la desaparición neta de FDN de ambos forrajes a las 48 y 72h, pero redujo la desaparición neta de FDA del ballico a las 12h, en tanto que no hubo diferencias para la FDA de la alfalfa. En las primeras 12h no se dirigieron las enzimas del producto enzimático, el cual tiene un efecto positivo importante en la digestibilidad in vitro de la pared celular del heno de alfalfa y de ballico, aún en presencia de microorganismos ruminales

Review of drug-induced limb defects in mammals.

The objective of this paper was to illustrate the spectrum of possible limb malformations in mammals resulting from drug exposure. A bibliography of 171 papers from 20 journals was generated from which pertinent data (drug used, limb defects reported, predominant defect location) were tabulated. These data should provide a basis for predictions about types of defects that might be expected in further studies and for judging postulated drug-induced human limb defects. However, direct extrapolation to humans is inappropriate. The following trends were observed: 1) Distal limb defects (autopod) are almost twice as common as proximal limb defects (stylopod and zygopod). 2) Ectrodactyly is the single most common type of limb defect, accounting for over half of the autopod defects. 3) Ectrodactyly is almost twice as common in the hindlimb as in the forelimb. 4) Postaxial ectrodactyly is over twice as common as preaxial ectrodactyly in the forelimb, but preaxial ectrodactyly is four times more common in the hindlimbs. 5) Polydactyly occurs with approximately equal frequency in forelimbs and hindlimbs, and preaxial polydactyly is most common in both fore and hindlimbs. 6) Polymelia (supernumerary limbs) occurred in one case, and may have been a spurious result. 7) Either transverse hemimelia is greatly underreported in teratology studies or it essentially does not occur. We have concluded that, at least in some cases, acetazolamide, adenine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, and xanthine derivative aminophylline, retinoic acid, acetoxy-methyl-methylnitrosamine, aspirin, and cadmium can all cause unilateral defects.

Development of handed body asymmetry in mammals.

We have proposed a three step model for the specification of left-right in mammalian embryos. The fundamental assumption is that handedness is imparted by an asymmetrical molecule. Conversion of molecular asymmetry to the cellular level gives a property to one side of the embryo to bias an otherwise random generation of an asymmetrical gradient which can be interpreted by developing organs. Rat embryos, treated at discrete stages, show a window of sensitivity for disruption of handedness, which may reflect the time of conversion/biasing. Heat shock and several chemicals cause left-right inversion in up to 50% of embryos exposed during neural groove formation. Earlier stages are less sensitive; no treatment begun after foregut pocket formation influences asymmetry. Evidence for cellular interactions in left-right specification comes from the apparent rescue of iv/iv mutant embryos in chimeras. We are looking for molecular left-right disparity before morphological asymmetry but detect no differences in two-dimensional protein profiles. Using an indirect measure, we find a right-left gradient of tissue oxygen in embryos at the 20-30 somite stage. This may reflect asymmetrical vasculature, as we have suggested to explain drug-induced asymmetrical limb malformations.

Myocardial bridges in animals.

Myocardial bridges in a number of different species is described and classified. In formulation of the classification special attention was given to the location, width, thickness of the muscular layer of the bridge and the number of commitant veins of the overbridged artery. Four types of myocardial bridges were recognized.