RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study reevaluates the historical origins of occlusion therapy for amblyopia, focusing on the contributions of the 9th-century Islamic scholar, Ali ibn Sahl ibn Rabban al-Tabari (838-870 CE). METHODS: The investigation delved into al-Tabari's writings, particularly "Firdous al-Hikma," to extract insights into his approach to addressing reduced vision in one eye.Additionally, the study examined subsequent advancements in occlusion therapy by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes, building upon al-Tabari'sfoundational work. RESULTS: Al-Tabari's reports contain significant insights into occlusion therapy for amblyopia, predating commonly attributed origins of the treatment. Within "Firdous al-Hikma," he outlines methods for addressing reduced vision, advocating for the covering of the healthier eye to promote the function of the weaker eye. These findings highlight the pioneering efforts of al-Tabari and his contemporaries in the Islamic civilization and challenge the conventional narrative surrounding the history of occlusion therapy. Subsequent advancements by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes expanded upon al-Tabari's work, advocating for similar therapeutic approaches within the Islamic civilization. Their contributions further solidified the practice of occlusion therapy, laying the groundwork for its continued evolution and refinement in subsequent centuries. DISCUSSION: Al-Tabari's contributions to occlusion therapy underscore the rich heritage of scientific inquiry in theIslamic civilization during the medieval period. This historical perspective sheds light on the diverse contributions to medical knowledge and practice outside of Western contexts and emphasizes the importance of recognizing and honoring these contributions in the broader history of medicine.
Assuntos
Ambliopia , Privação Sensorial , Ambliopia/história , Ambliopia/terapia , Humanos , História Medieval , Pérsia , Oftalmologia/história , Medicina Arábica/históriaRESUMO
Avicenna is one of the most eminent and influential Persian philosophers and scientists whose philosophical and medical works are of high significance all over the world. Using descriptive analysis, the present study aims to deal with philosophical, physiological, and psychological aspects of human love and lovesickness from his perspective. His anthropology stems from his philosophical contemplation and practical experience in medicine. According to the research results, Avicenna believes that the love of noble-minded and young for external beauty, as a branch of human love, leads to the perfection of moral virtues and spiritual tendencies. Virtual love for beautiful human forms, as a representation of divine names and attributes, is a means to reach absolute perfection and true love in the mystic journey. With respect to the medical and psychological aspects, Avicenna holds that lovesickness brings disease to the soul and body of a lover. Lustful and impious love has resulted from intermingling, recurrent, and obsessive perceptions of mental forms. Since it terminates proper and moderate reasoning and disturbs the mental balance of a lover, it would lead to spiritual, mental, and even physical impairment. After explaining the features and symptoms of lovesickness, Avicenna reviews its therapeutic treatments including spiritual and physical remedies. He concludes that physical condition and temperamental health are obedient to and under the control of the mind.
Assuntos
Amor , Saúde Mental , Humanos , História Medieval , Medicina Arábica/história , PérsiaRESUMO
During the 14th century CE, a pivotal shift took place in the world of medicine as its epicenter transitioned from the Middle East to Europe. The emergence of the European Renaissance sparked skepticism regarding the significance of Avicenna's contributions to the advancement of medicine. This paper explores how the rise of secularization and the Renaissance in Europe marked significant cultural transformations, fostering the spread of literacy. These societal shifts influenced the trajectory of medical thought, and Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine" received both praise and condemnation amidst the evolving intellectual landscape. In this context, Lorenz Fries composed his "Defense of Avicenna," a testament to his profound admiration for Avicenna's legacy. This paper presents an English translation of Fries' 1530 work, and introduces Fries and Avicenna's "Canon," contextualizing Fries' defense within the broader rejection of Arab-language medical texts in the 16th century. It also explores Avicenna's influence on European medicine and anatomy during the Renaissance and highlights the enduring relevance of his contributions to the annals of science. Fries' defense underscores Avicenna's methodological acumen and emphasizes the importance of a robust theoretical foundation in medical practice. Avicenna's integration of Aristotelianism with Platonism highlighted the necessity of a rigorous method informed by theory in medical analysis. Fries' defense remains relevant today, particularly in advocating for systematic medical analysis against subjective approaches. Avicenna's medical philosophy seems nested within a larger, hopeful attempt to resolve the tensions between science or naturalism and religion or spiritualism. The rejection of Avicenna reflects broader conflicts between Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions, suggesting a complex interplay of secularization and theological influences in shaping medical thought during the Renaissance.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Alemanha , História do Século XVI , Humanos , Medicina Arábica/história , Anatomia/históriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Medical knowledge during the medieval ages flourished under the influence of great scholars of the Islamic Golden age such as Ibn Sina (Latinized as Avicenna), Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes), and Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi, known as Albucasis. Much has been written on al-Zahrawi's innovation in various disciplines of medicine and surgery. In this article, we focus for on the contributions of al-Zahrawi toward the treatment of neurological disorders in the surgical chapters of his medical encyclopedia, Kitab al-Tasrif (The Method of Medicine). METHODS: Excerpts from a modern copy of volume 30 of al-Zahrawi's Kitab al-Tasrif were reviewed and translated by the primary author from Arabic to English, to further provide specific details regarding his neurosurgical knowledge. In addition, a literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to review prior reports on al-Zahrawi's neurosurgical instructions. RESULTS: In addition to what is described in the literature of al-Zahrawi's teachings in cranial and spine surgery, we provide insight into his diagnosis and management of cranial and spinal trauma, the devices he used, and prognostication of various traumatic injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Al-Zahrawi was a renowned physician during the Islamic Golden age who made significant contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions, particularly cranial and spinal cord injuries. He developed innovative surgical techniques for trephination and spinal traction, which are still used in modern neurosurgery. His insights make him worthy of recognition as an important figure in the history of neurological surgery.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso , Neurocirurgia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/cirurgia , Neurocirurgia/história , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , Medicina Arábica/históriaRESUMO
Se plantea la objeción a una pregunta que hasta el día de hoy es muy discutible, ¿se sabe que las necropsias se iniciaron en el siglo III AC? En este documento daremos a conocer la percepción de la teoría referente a Avicena, un médico islam. Para esto precisamos momentos exactos de la película El médico / The Physician (2013) de Philipp Stölzl. El personaje «Avicena» centra su enseñanza de la medicina basada en escritos y no en las prácticas vivenciales, sin embargo cuando «Robert Cole» llega a la escuela trae consigo el conocimiento basado en la medicina tradicional y plantea requerir aún más el conocimiento de su maestro «Avicena», este logra conseguir el conocimiento anatómico escrito y tiende a la necesidad de querer saber que hay dentro del cuerpo humano, por ello realizará su primera necropsia de un cuerpo humano fallecido recientemente. Cabe mencionar que las necropsias estaban prohibidas por la religión de ese entonces. En síntesis, vamos a mencionar que, en efecto, si, se realizó la necropsia del cuerpo humano en el siglo III AC, llegando a un punto de concordancia con la anatomía humana hasta el día de hoy. (AU)
The objection is raised to a question that to this day is highly debatable, is it known that autopsies began in the 3rd century BC? In this document we will present the perception of the theory regarding Avicenna, an Islam doctor. For this we need exact moments from the movie The Doctor (2013) by Philipp Stölzl. The character «Avicenna» focus his teaching of medicine based on writings and not on experiential practices; however, when «Robert Cole» arrives at school, he brings with him knowledge based on traditional medicine and proposes to require even more knowledge from his teacher «Avicenna», he manages to get written anatomical knowledge and tends to the need to want to know what is inside. of the human body, for this reason he will carry out his first autopsy of a recently deceased human body. It is worth mentioning that autopsies were prohibited by the religion of that time. In summary, we are going to mention that indeed, yes, the autopsy of the human body was carried out in the 3rd century BC, reaching a point of agreement with the human anatomy to this day. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Autopsia , Medicina Arábica , Medicina Tradicional , Causas de Morte , Islamismo , Filmes Cinematográficos , CadáverRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to review the kidney and bladder disease sections in Emir çelebi's book called Anmudhaj al-Tibb by presenting and discussing his own experiences with these issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A copy of Anmudhaj al-Tibb registered in Istanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Mihrisah Sultan Collection, no. 342/1, and a printed copy of al-Mujaz fi al-Tibb in Arabic, as well as a copy of the Turkish translation of this work by Sururi registered in Ankara National Library, A1437, were examined. We examined the findings in light of the literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We discovered that the sections on kidney and bladder diseases in Emir çelebi's Anmudhaj al-Tibb are actually Turkish translations of relevant sections of Ibn al-Nafis's al-Mujaz fi al-Tibb. In some of these chapters, Emir çelebi has added his own observations and experiences, whereas, in others, he has included quotations from physicians such as Ibn Masawayh and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi. One of the most intriguing findings was the drug Yad-Allah, which Emir çelebi claimed was very effective in reducing the kidney stone of the Grand Admiral of the Ottoman Navy Receb Pasha. According to Emir çelebi, Galen and Aflinus [?] both praised this medicine in their own works. However, it has been discovered that Yad-Allah, as described in the literature, is a drug defined by Philagrius.
Assuntos
Cálculos Renais , Medicina Arábica , Médicos , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , RimRESUMO
Envenomation is a common medical problem. The Canon of Medicine written by Avicenna is one of the reliable sources of Persian medicine. The present study aims to identify Avicenna's clinical pharmacology approach and the pharmacopeia used for the treatment of animal envenomations and also to evaluate the related data in light of the current medicine. The Canon of Medicine was searched using related Arabic keywords for the contents about the treatment of animal bites. A literature search was conducted in scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to obtain relevant data. Avicenna recommended one hundred and eleven medicinal plants for the treatment of bites of vertebrate and invertebrate venomous animals including snakes, scorpions, spiders, wasps, and centipedes. He mentioned different methods of administrating these drugs including oral drugs, lotions, sprayed drugs, slow-dissolving tablets in the mouth, and enemas. Moreover, he paid special attention to pain relief in addition to specific treatments for animal bites. In the Canon of Medicine, Avicenna recommended several medicinal plants alongside analgesics for the management and treatment of animal envenomations. The current research elucidates the clinical pharmacology and pharmacopeia of Avicenna for the treatment of animal envenomations. Further research is encouraged to evaluate the efficacy of these therapeutic agents for the treatment of animal bites.
Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas , Medicina Arábica , Farmacopeias como Assunto , Humanos , Mordeduras e Picadas/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacopeias como Assunto/história , Medicina Arábica/história , História MedievalRESUMO
In this second article on medieval Arabic medical discussions on sleep, I show that Ibn Sina's pneumatic paradigm of sleep opened up new research pathways for subsequent physicians in Islamic societies. Opposing those who posit a decline in scientific activity post-1200 in these societies, I show that Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288), Ibn al-Quff (d. 1286), and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311), among others, raised and answered new questions to highlight the (possible) active role played by the brain in sleep onset and the strengthening of certain brain activities during sleep. They also continued to investigate the (three) stages of sleep and paid attention to different breathing patterns, in addition to pulse, during each stage. Finally, they also applied the pneumatic paradigm in new ways to understand the broader impact of certain medical conditions on sleep.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Médicos , Humanos , História Medieval , Medicina Arábica/história , Islamismo , SonoRESUMO
Modern sleep specialists are taught that, before the twentieth century, sleep was universally classified as a passive phenomenon with minimal to no brain activity. However, these assertions are made on the basis of particular readings and reconstructions of the history of sleep, using Western European medical works and ignoring works composed in other parts of the world. In this first of two articles on Arabic medical discussions on sleep, I shall show that sleep was not understood to be a purely passive phenomenon, at least from the time of Ibn Sina (lat. Avicenna, d. 1037) onward. Building on the earlier Greek medical tradition, Ibn Sina provided a new pneumatic understanding of sleep that allowed him to explain previously recorded phenomena associated with sleep, while providing a way to capture how certain parts of the brain (and body) can even increase their activities during sleep.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Sono , Humanos , História Medieval , Medicina Arábica/história , EncéfaloRESUMO
Abu-'Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn-Sina (known in the West as Avicenna) is revered in much of Asia as one of history's greatest physicians. And yet, few westerners know of him, his iconic Canon of Medicine or the role he played in preserving ancient Greek medical knowledge following the sack of Rome. We briefly review Avicenna's impressive legacy and provide what to our knowledge is the first critical examination of the illness responsible for his death at age 58 years.
Assuntos
Cólica , Medicina Arábica , Medicina , Médicos , Humanos , Masculino , História Medieval , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , ÁsiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Surgery has deep historical roots. Rhazes (865-925 CE), a Persian physician, made a significant contribution to the development of medical sciences in the medieval era. Liber Almansoris is one of his significant works on medicine. This book is a medical textbook for medical students. It covers every aspect of the medical sciences. This article discusses Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on Liber Almansoris. METHOD: This study examines Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on his book, Liber Almansoris. RESULTS: Rhazes's Liber Almansoris contains a chapter (seventh chapter) on orthopedics, which includes surgical approaches. This chapter also describes surgical procedures for traumas and skull fractures. In other chapters, he also recommends surgical options for treating certain complications when discussing different treatment methods. DISCUSSION: Although Rhazes mentioned surgical procedures as a medical treatment method, he did not include a separate chapter on surgery. This strategy can be found in his other medical works, such as Liber Continens or Al-Hawi. It appears that Rhazes adheres to the Galenic (Greek) perspective on surgery. In this context, surgery is not an independent major but a method that a physician can employ as needed. It differs from an alternative approach in that era that adheres to ancient Persian perspectives, which identified surgery as a major like other medical sciences disciplines.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Medicina , Masculino , Humanos , História Medieval , Medicina Arábica/história , LivrosRESUMO
Tayadhuq, also known as Theodocus/Théodoros (d. early 8th century AD), was educated in the Gondes̲h̲apur School and served the Sassanid kings. During this period, he contacted the Umayyad court and became the physician of Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (d. 715 AD), the general governor of the Eastern regions of the caliphate. In addition to his knowledge on the Sassanid scientific tradition, Tayadhuq had a significant role in transferring this tradition to the Islamic world. His ideas were later followed by polymath physicians such as Rhazes (Abu Bakr al-Razi, d. 925 AD), Avicenna (Ibn Sina, d. 1037 AD), and others who lived after him. His medical works were of great importance to the development of early Islamic medicine. Therefore, this study will attempt to illuminate this forgotten scholar's medical knowledge, the works he produced, and finally illustrate his influences on later Muslim physicians.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Medicina , Médicos , Masculino , Humanos , Islamismo/história , Medicina Arábica/históriaRESUMO
El cuidado y el embellecimiento del cabello forman parte de la tradición de todas las culturas y, a lo largo de la historia, los hombres y las mujeres se han preocupado por su aspecto, no solo desde el punto de vista estético sino también desde el punto de vista terapéutico. Un cabello sano indica una piel sana y, por lo tanto, un cuerpo sano. El trabajo que aquí presentamos recoge una colección de recetas de carácter médico-farmacológico destinadas al cuidado y el embellecimiento del cabello. Para ello, y partiendo de la Materia Médica de Dioscórides, obra de cabecera de la ciencia árabe, se han seleccionado una serie de fuentes árabes medievales de las que se han extraído dichas recetas. Los autores elegidos son: Al-Idrīsī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī, Abū l-ʿAlā Zuhr, Ibn Zuhr e Ibn al-Bayttār (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Cabelo/anatomia & histologia , Cabelo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Preparações para Cabelo/história , Medicina Arábica/história , Medicina Arábica/métodos , Livros de Culinária como Assunto/históriaRESUMO
Avicenna used his medical knowledge and experience of scientists from different nations to create a new style in medicine. For this reason, his textbook, Canon of Medicine, has been considered a medical reference in all universities worldwide for centuries. In this article, some valuable and interesting diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine are described in five sections. This research was conducted to review Avicenna's specific clinical observations and interventions in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the keywords "Avicenna" and "Canon of Medicine". In this article, we presented several examples of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine in 5 areas, including semiology, therapeutic strategy, urology, neurology, obstetrics, and gynecology. Canon of Medicine, as a complete medical series containing the medical experiences from different nations and Iranian medical scientists, has influenced the world's medical knowledge for several centuries. Some of Avicenna's clinical and experimental views can be useful from both a historical point of view and new research.
Assuntos
Ginecologia , Medicina Arábica , Médicos , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Medicina Arábica/históriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To present and evaluate the section concerning head wounds in Kitab al-Taysir (Liber Teisir) by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar). METHODS: In this study, 4 different versions of Avenzoar's work were analyzed. The first 2 versions are in Arabic and titled Kitab al-Taysir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir; one was edited by Michel Khouri and printed in Damascus in 1983, and the other was edited by Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Rudani and printed in Rabat in 1991. The third and fourth versions are in Latin; one was translated by Paravicius, edited by Hieronymus Surianus, and printed in Venice in 1530, and the other was a manuscript in Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé, MS 5119 in Paris and was translated by John of Capua. RESULTS: The titles of the sections are "Wounds due to iron objects" and "Wounds due to stones" in Arabic and "On head injuries from external factors such as blow" and "On head wounds from iron or stone or wood" in Latin. The chapter written by Avenzoar on head wounds is divided into 2 parts. First, he explained the treatment, and subsequently he described his views and related experiences. CONCLUSIONS: The information provided by Avenzoar on head injuries technically reflects the medical and surgical comprehension of his era. In the section that is the focus of this study, he first provided technical information related to head injuries and then offered his opinions on the controversial and problematic issues in treatment such as phlebotomy. This study revealed that Avenzoar approached the subject differently than his predecessors.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Medicina Arábica , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , História Medieval , Humanos , Ferro , Paris , RedaçãoRESUMO
Antique traditional medical theories created by old medical doctrines and their historical background have been significantly mentioned today by medical historian scholars. Persia and India had many interactions in different perspectives, such as knowledge, religion, and traditions. One of the most considerable aspects of the relationship between Indians and Persians is the transmission of basic theories of their medical doctrines. As it is reported in many historical texts from the first ages of the Islamic era in Iran, a large number of medical texts were gathered from contiguous civilizations in Iran by order of the Abbasid Caliph. They were then translated into Arabic, Syriac, and Persian. So, Persian physicians and authors used them that way. One of the earlier physicians who reflected the viewpoints of Indian medicine in his famous medical textbook entitled "Paradise of Wisdom" is Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (3rd century A.H./9th century A.D.). Persian physicians in the Islamic golden age (8th to 16th A.D.) played an astonishing role in the development of medical knowledge in several aspects through physician innovations and expression and evaluation of different ideas about medicine. In this regard, some of the Indian medical theories were expressed by a famous Persian physician, Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari was a Persian physician of the 3rd century A.H./9th century A.D. He wrote the book Firdous al-Hikmah (or Paradise of Wisdom), the first encyclopedia of Islamic medicine in Iran. The book introduces and describes the basics and therapeutic procedures adopted in Indian medicine, along with procedures of Persian and Greek medical doctrines, by discussing the basic medical theories in these three doctrines. In this paper, we discuss the reflection of traditional Indian medicine as described in Firdous al-Hikmah and its influence on later medical texts.
Assuntos
Medicina Arábica , Médicos , Humanos , História Medieval , Pérsia , Irã (Geográfico) , Medicina Arábica/história , Medicina Tradicional , Médicos/históriaRESUMO
History of anatomy is as long as the history of medicine itself. Development of this basic science was not possible without the dedicative effort of those physicians and scholars who were committed to discover the mysteries of human anatomy. In this regard, Iranian scholars played an important role in the development of the anatomical sciences despite the religious limitations in their societies. Mansur ibn Ilyas Shirazi is an Iranian physician of fourteenth century who wrote the first color illustrated anatomical book, Mansur's Anatomy. A considerable portion of the book has been dedicated to the central and peripheral nervous system so that he could be considered as one of the pioneers of neuroanatomy.