Henry II of France (1519-1559) and His Death From Meningoencephalitis Following Cranial Trauma.

This historical review summarizes the most significant theories regarding the cause of death of King Henry II of France (1519-1559) and the circumstances under which it occurred. Although the historical testimonies are inconclusive and vague, postmortem analysis has shown that the King died of meningoencephalitis, caused by hematoma of a cerebral contusion, with effusion in the cerebral laminae and its surrounding tissue initiated by a periorbital fracture.

Infectious causes of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in Thailand, 2003-2005.

Acute encephalitis is a severe neurologic syndrome. Determining etiology from among ≈100 possible agents is difficult. To identify infectious etiologies of encephalitis in Thailand, we conducted surveillance in 7 hospitals during July 2003-August 2005 and selected patients with acute onset of brain dysfunction with fever or hypothermia and with abnormalities seen on neuroimages or electroencephalograms or with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for >30 pathogens. Among 149 case-patients, median age was 12 (range 0-83) years, 84 (56%) were male, and 15 (10%) died. Etiology was confirmed or probable for 54 (36%) and possible or unknown for 95 (64%). Among confirmed or probable etiologies, the leading pathogens were Japanese encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. No samples were positive for chikungunya, Nipah, or West Nile viruses; Bartonella henselae; or malaria parasites. Although a broad range of infectious agents was identified, the etiology of most cases remains unknown.

Illnesses of Herod the Great.

Herod the Great, Idumean by birth, was king of the Jews from 40 to 4 BC. An able statesman, builder and warrior, he ruthlessly stamped out all perceived opposition to his rule. His last decade was characterised by vicious strife within his family and progressive ill health. We review the nature of his illnesses and suggest that he had meningoencephalitis in 59 BC, and that he died primarily of uraemia and hypertensive heart failure, but accept diabetes mellitus as a possible underlying aetiological factor. The possibility that Josephus' classical descriptions of Herod's disease could be biased by 'topos' biography (popular at the time), is discussed. The latter consideration is particularly relevant in determining the significance of the king's reputed worm infestation.

What ailed Goya?

At age 46, Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) suffered from a severe illness that lasted several months. It caused loss of vision and hearing, tinnitus, disorientation, weakness, abdominal distress, and general malaise. After a few months he recuperated but was left deaf forever. In addition to the physical effects, his emotional health and artwork were affected. The precise cause of this illness has long been debated. One early, but unlikely, hypothesis was that he had syphilis. Later conjectures have included Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and lead toxicity. Cogan's syndrome and vasculitis are additional possibilities, although neither is likely to have been Goya's diagnosis. An infectious disease such as meningitis, encephalitis, or malaria is far more likely. Quinine toxicity (cinchonism) may have complicated the illness.

Prevención de la meningoencefalitis por Haemophilus influenzae b y por Neisseria meningitidis / Prevention of meningoencephalitis by Haemophilus influenzae b and Neisseria meningiditis

Las meningitis bacterianas son un importante problema de salud pública en la población pediátrica. En este capítulo se tratarán conjuntamente a dos de los más relevantes agentes etiológicos, Haemophilus influenzae del serotipo b y Neisseria meningitidis, debido a que los cuadros clínicos que provocan son prácticamente indistinguibles y a que además tienen varias características en común: a) forman parte de la flora normal de la faringe de individuos sanos; b) se transmiten de persona a persona a través de objetos; c) presentan reactividad cruzada con antígenos de otras especies bacterianas; d) poseen una cápsula prominente de naturaleza polisacarídica; e) tienen una membrana externa formada por varias clases de proteínas; y f) cuentan con la capacidad de elaborar protesas extracelulares contra inmunoglobulina. En México las enfermedades invasivas causadas por H. influenzae no han recibido la atención que requieren y el conocimiento que se tiene es insuficiente para poder evaluar su impacto real como problema de salud. Hasta la fecha en México, se han hecho un gran número de estudios en relación con estos padecimientos, aunque la mayoría se han basado en su diagnóstico clínico o bacteriológico, el reconocimiento de sus complicaciones tales como las secuelas neurológicas en el caso de la meningitis y su tratamiento con medicamentos antimicrobianos. Con base a estos estudios sólo se cuenta con datos sobre la frecuencia de casos de meningitis purulenta en la población infantil, los que indican que H. influenzae es el agente causal más frecuente, encontrándose aproximadamente en el 25 por ciento de los casos, seguido por Streptococcus pneumoniae. H. influenzae también es la causa bacteriana principal de secuelas neurológicas graves hasta en el 50 por ciento de los pacientes que sobrevivien a la infección meníngea