Microcephaly and family dynamics: fathers' perceptions of their children's disability. / Microcefalia e dinâmica familiar: a percepção do pai frente à deficiência do filho.

The family is a key pillar in an individual's psychological life, influencing behavior patterns, feelings of social belonging, and emotional health. The family structure can be shaken by the arrival of an infant with microcephaly associated with the Zika virus, defined in newborn boys as head circumference less than or equal to 31.9cm and in newborn girls as less than or equal to 31.5cm. The study analyzes the impact of an infant's diagnosis of microcephaly on the paternal function. Interviews were held with five fathers of children with microcephaly from three communities in rural Paraíba State, Brazil. The instruments were a questionnaire and semi-structured interview that was taped and submitted to thematic and categorial analysis. All five fathers were participating in the routine care of their children, with this involvement "conditioned" by their work as well as by the disability's severity. Some aspects were common to all five fathers, such as their reaction to the diagnosis and their concerns.

A família é um dos pilares da vida psicológica dos indivíduos, influenciando os padrões de comportamento, o sentimento de pertencimento social e a saúde psíquica. Tal estrutura pode ser abalada quando há um membro com microcefalia associada ao Zika vírus, que ocorre quando o menino apresenta perímetro cefálico igual ou inferior a 31,9cm, e a menina, igual ou inferior a 31,5cm. Esta pesquisa visa analisar o impacto do diagnóstico de microcefalia do bebê na função paterna. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com cinco pais de crianças com microcefalia em três municípios do interior da Paraíba, Brasil. Os instrumentos foram questionário e entrevista semiestruturada gravada, submetida à análise temático-categorial. Todos os pais entrevistados participam da rotina dos filhos, sendo esse envolvimento "condicionado" pelo trabalho, bem como pela severidade da deficiência. Alguns aspectos são comuns, como reação ao diagnóstico e preocupações.

La familia es uno de los pilares de la vida psicológica de los individuos, influenciando patrones de comportamiento, sentimiento de pertenencia social y salud psíquica. Esta estructura puede desmoronarse cuando existe un miembro con microcefalia, asociada al virus Zika, que se produce cuando el niño presenta un perímetro cefálico igual o inferior a 31,9cm, y la niña, igual o inferior a 31,5cm. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto del diagnóstico de microcefalia del bebé en el desempeño paterno. Para tal fin, se realizaron entrevistas a cinco padres de niños con microcefalia en tres municipios del interior de Paraíba, Brasil. Los instrumentos fueron: cuestionario y entrevista semiestructurada grabada, sometida a un análisis categorial temático. Todos los padres entrevistados participaron en la rutina de los hijos, encontrándose su implicación "condicionada" por el trabajo, así como por el grado de severidad de la discapacidad. Algunos aspectos son comunes como la reacción al diagnóstico y las preocupaciones.

Microcefalia e dinâmica familiar: a percepção do pai frente à deficiência do filho / Microcefalia y dinámica familiar: la percepción del padre frente a la discapacidad del hijo / Microcephaly and family dynamics: fathers' perceptions of their children's disability

Resumo: A família é um dos pilares da vida psicológica dos indivíduos, influenciando os padrões de comportamento, o sentimento de pertencimento social e a saúde psíquica. Tal estrutura pode ser abalada quando há um membro com microcefalia associada ao Zika vírus, que ocorre quando o menino apresenta perímetro cefálico igual ou inferior a 31,9cm, e a menina, igual ou inferior a 31,5cm. Esta pesquisa visa analisar o impacto do diagnóstico de microcefalia do bebê na função paterna. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com cinco pais de crianças com microcefalia em três municípios do interior da Paraíba, Brasil. Os instrumentos foram questionário e entrevista semiestruturada gravada, submetida à análise temático-categorial. Todos os pais entrevistados participam da rotina dos filhos, sendo esse envolvimento "condicionado" pelo trabalho, bem como pela severidade da deficiência. Alguns aspectos são comuns, como reação ao diagnóstico e preocupações.

Resumen: La familia es uno de los pilares de la vida psicológica de los individuos, influenciando patrones de comportamiento, sentimiento de pertenencia social y salud psíquica. Esta estructura puede desmoronarse cuando existe un miembro con microcefalia, asociada al virus Zika, que se produce cuando el niño presenta un perímetro cefálico igual o inferior a 31,9cm, y la niña, igual o inferior a 31,5cm. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto del diagnóstico de microcefalia del bebé en el desempeño paterno. Para tal fin, se realizaron entrevistas a cinco padres de niños con microcefalia en tres municipios del interior de Paraíba, Brasil. Los instrumentos fueron: cuestionario y entrevista semiestructurada grabada, sometida a un análisis categorial temático. Todos los padres entrevistados participaron en la rutina de los hijos, encontrándose su implicación "condicionada" por el trabajo, así como por el grado de severidad de la discapacidad. Algunos aspectos son comunes como la reacción al diagnóstico y las preocupaciones.

Abstract: The family is a key pillar in an individual's psychological life, influencing behavior patterns, feelings of social belonging, and emotional health. The family structure can be shaken by the arrival of an infant with microcephaly associated with the Zika virus, defined in newborn boys as head circumference less than or equal to 31.9cm and in newborn girls as less than or equal to 31.5cm. The study analyzes the impact of an infant's diagnosis of microcephaly on the paternal function. Interviews were held with five fathers of children with microcephaly from three communities in rural Paraíba State, Brazil. The instruments were a questionnaire and semi-structured interview that was taped and submitted to thematic and categorial analysis. All five fathers were participating in the routine care of their children, with this involvement "conditioned" by their work as well as by the disability's severity. Some aspects were common to all five fathers, such as their reaction to the diagnosis and their concerns.

Pregnant women carrying microcephaly foetuses and Zika virus contain potentially pathogenic microbes and parasites in their amniotic fluid.

BACKGROUND: Microcephaly has become a major public health problem in Brazil. The total number of newborns with microcephaly was reported to be >4000 in June 2016. Studies suggest that Zika Virus is a major cause of new microcephaly cases in Brazil. Inside the uterus, the foetus is surrounded by the Amniotic Fluid, a proximal fluid that contains foetal and maternal cells as well as microorganisms and where Zika Virus was already found. CASE PRESENTATION: A previous study reported the presence of the Zika Virus in the amniotic fluid (collected in the 28th gestational week) of two pregnant women carrying microcephaly foetuses in Brazil. The virus was detected by means of real-time PCR and metatranscriptomic analysis. We compared the microbiome of these two cases with metatranscriptomic sequences from 16 pregnant women collected at various times in their pregnancies CONCLUSION: Several strains of bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and Propionibacterium) found in Amniotic Fluid may be involved in neurological diseases. When the foetus is infected by the Zika Virus, due to neurological damage, they do not move inside the uterus, thus changing the Amniotic Fluid environment, potentially leading to secondary problems. Zika infection could also lead to an immunodeficient state, making bacterial colonization of the foetuses easier. An altered microbial composition during pregnancy may also result in harmful secondary metabolite production from certain microbes that further impair foetal brain development. However, these observations of potentially harmful microbial species are correlations and thus cannot be assumed to be causative agents of (microcephaly) disease. In our study, microbial and parasitic diversity of the Amniotic Fluid was lower in patients infected by ZIKV, compared to that of Prenatal and Preterm controls. The present study was a first attempt to shed light on the microbial and parasitic diversity associated with ZIKV-infected pregnant women bearing microcephaly foetuses, and the presence of diverse microbial and parasite communities in the Amniotic Fluid suggests a poor health status of both the pregnant women and the foetuses they carry.

Community acquired Staphylococcus aureus meningitis and cerebral abscesses in a patient with a hyper-IgE and a Dubowitz-like syndrome.

The Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency which recently has been associated with heterozygous dominant-negative mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Although HIES is characterized by recurrent staphylococcal infections, the microbial invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) is definitively uncommon. We here report on Staphylococcus aureus meningitis and cerebral abscesses acquired in the community in a 31-year-old female patient with a de novo heterozygous mutation of STAT3 and a Dubowitz-like syndrome characterized by growth retardation, microcephaly and eczema. The patient presented with a relative paucity of clinical symptoms despite severe cerebrospinal fluid pathology and multiple cerebral abscesses. Antimicrobial as well as treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin was well tolerated and led to a slow recovery over a 6 months period. Our observation adds community acquired S. aureus meningitis to the list of life-threatening infections in STAT3-deficient HIES and should also raise awareness for the unusual clinical presentation of severe neuroinfection in this syndrome. Whether the association of HIES with Dubowitz-like syndrome was purely coincidental, possibly supportive of the CNS infection, or suggests a genetic overlap of these syndromes, awaits clarification.

Lethal cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants: clinical, radiological, and neuropathological findings.

Fifteen premature infants with lethal congenital cytomegalovirus infection were studied to determine the clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropathological characteristics of the disease in this population. Nine infants were liveborn but died at a postnatal age of 18 +/- 21 days; 6 infants were stillborn. Clinical findings in liveborn infants included microcephaly (77%), seizures (55%), hypotonia (33%), and multiple contractures (18%). Ophthalmological findings included chorioretinitis, optic atrophy, and corneal opacities. Neuroradiological findings included the postnatal evolution of periventricular calcification in 1 infant, and cerebellar hypoplasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in 1 infant. Neuropathological findings included periventricular necrosis and calcification (12), associated diffuse calcification frequently involving the convexity of the gyri (6), cerebellar hypoplasia (5), periventricular leukomalacia (2), intraventricular hemorrhage (2), hydrocephalus (2), and porencephalic cyst (1). Intranuclear inclusion bodies within the brain were observed in 4 infants, whereas systemic inclusion bodies were present in all infants. These data indicate several atypical findings in preterm infants rarely reported in term infants, including hypotonia, multiple contractures, periventricular leukomalacia, and optic atrophy.

Chorioretinitis of the newborn with herpes simplex virus type 1. Report of a case.

A disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection involving the central nervous system and accompanied by chrioretinitis in a a 3-week-old girl is described. The aetiologic diagnosis was established on the basis of vrius isolated from skin vesicles, and a significant rise in complement fixing antibodies to HSV type 1. The mode of transmission of the virus to the infant apparently was direct contact with an oral lesion in the mother, that was present at the time of delivery. The patient survived but became blind and microcephalic, with severe neurological sequelae. The virus isolated was identified as HSV type 1, which is an infrequent finding in herpetic chorioretinitis of the newborn.