Organic copper, iron, manganese and zinc: digestibility, production parameters and egg quality of layers / [Cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco orgânico: digestibilidade, parâmetros zootécnicos e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras]

This study examined the replacement of the inorganic minerals (IM) Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn with their organic form (OM) in the diet of 67-week-old Dekalb White laying hens by comparing digestibility, production and egg quality. The experiment involved 240 birds, with 48 birds used per treatment and 12 per replicate. Isoenergetic and isonutrient diets were supplemented with 8mg Cu, 50mg Fe, 70mg Mn and 50mg Zn per kilogram of diet from an inorganic premix (IM100), from an organic premix (OM100), or the latter at the decreasing inclusion levels of 65% (OM65), 45% (OM45) and 35% (OM35). The following variables were evaluated: production, eggs per housed bird (EHB), viability, egg weight and mass, cracked and lost eggs, digestibility and egg physicochemical traits. Birds fed OM35 and OM45 showed lower production rates, and organic minerals provided the highest egg weights, regardless of their inclusion level. Accordingly, egg mass was similar between IM100, OM45 and OM35, and highest values were obtained with OM100 and OM65. Source or level had no influence on digestibility or egg quality. Supplementation with 2.8mg Cu, 17.5mg Fe, 24.5m g Mn and 17.5mg Zn per kilogram of diet (OM35) in the last third of the laying cycle provided relevant economic production indices (EHB, viability, egg weight or mass).(AU)

Estudou-se a substituição dos minerais inorgânicos (MI) Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn por minerais orgânicos (MO) na dieta de poedeiras Dekalb White com 67 semanas, comparando-se índices de produção, digestibilidade e qualidade dos ovos. Utilizaram-se 240 aves, 48 aves por tratamento e 12 por repetição. Dietas isoenergéticas e isonutrientes foram suplementadas com 8mg Cu, 50mg Fe, 70mg Mn e 50mg Zn por kg de ração MI100 e MO100 ou suplementações decrescentes MO65, MO45 e MO35. Avaliou-se produção, ovo por ave alojada (OAA), viabilidade, peso e massa dos ovos, trincados e perdidos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e características físico-químicas dos ovos. Observaram-se menores índices de produção nas aves dos tratamentos MO35 e MO45 e maiores pesos dos ovos nos tratamentos com minerais orgânicos, independentemente da inclusão. Assim, massas de ovos foram semelhantes para os tratamentos MI100, MO45 e MO35 e maiores para MO100 e MO65. Fontes ou níveis de inclusões não influenciaram a digestibilidade e a qualidade dos ovos. Índices zootécnicos economicamente relevantes (OAA, viabilidade, peso e massa do ovo) foram obtidos com suplementação de 2,8mg Cu, 17,5mg Fe, 24,5mg Mn e 17,5mg Zn por kg de ração (MO35) em poedeiras brancas no último terço do ciclo de postura.(AU)

Nutrición en la prevención y el control de la osteoporosis / Nutrition in the prevention and control of osteoporosis

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: la osteoporosis, aunque se manifiesta en etapas avanzadas de la vida, se debe prevenir y frenar desde la edad pediátrica, actuando sobre los factores modificables, especialmente la alimentación y el estilo de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar las últimas evidencias sobre las mejoras nutricionales que pueden ayudar en la prevención y el control de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: búsqueda bibliográfica en relación con el tema. RESULTADOS: conviene evitar las restricciones energéticas, especialmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas, sobre todo si tienen osteopenia/osteoporosis dado que, en relación con estas patologías, puede ser preferible un exceso de peso frente a un peso insuficiente. Una ingesta proteica superior a la recomendada es beneficiosa para el hueso siempre que la ingesta de calcio sea adecuada. Se debe evitar una ingesta excesiva de azúcar y de grasa saturada, pero se deben intentar alcanzar los objetivos nutricionales marcados para los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ω-3 y la fibra. Es importante vigilar la situación en vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio, que es inadecuada en elevados porcentajes de individuos. También conviene mejorar el aporte de vitaminas K, C y del grupo B, así como de magnesio, potasio, hierro, zinc, cobre, flúor, manganeso, silicio y boro, y evitar el aporte excesivo de fósforo y sodio. CONCLUSIONES: la osteoporosis es una patología infradiagnosticada y de prevalencia creciente. Por su elevada morbilidad y mortalidad es importante la prevención y desde el punto de vista nutricional conviene aproximar la dieta al ideal teórico. En general, el incremento en el consumo de lácteos, pescado, verduras, hortalizas y frutas, así como la reducción del consumo de sal, durante la infancia y a lo largo de la vida parecen convenientes para la mejora ósea de la mayor parte de la población

OBJECTIVE: although osteoporosis develops in advanced stages of life, it must be prevented and stopped from the pediatric age, acting on modifiable factors, especially diet and lifestyle. The objective of this work is to review the latest evidence on nutritional improvements that can help in the prevention and control of the disease. METHODS: bibliographic search related to the topic. RESULTS: it is advisable to avoid energy restrictions, especially in postmenopausal women and particularly if they have osteopenia/osteoporosis since, in relation to these pathologies, excess weight may be preferable, rather than underweight. Protein intake higher than the recommended one is beneficial for the bone, provided that the calcium intake is adequate. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fat should be avoided, but attempts should be made to achieve the nutritional goals set for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber. It is important to monitor vitamin D status and calcium intake, which is inadequate in high percentages of individuals, as well as improving the contribution of vitamins K, C and group B, and also magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, fluorine, manganese, silicon and boron, and avoiding the excessive contribution of phosphorus and sodium. CONCLUSIONS: osteoporosis is an underdiagnosed pathology and of increasing prevalence. Due to its high morbidity and mortality, prevention is important and, from a nutritional point of view, it is convenient to bring the diet closer to the theoretical ideal. In general, increasing the consumption of dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits, as well as reducing the consumption of salt, during childhood and throughout life, seems convenient for the bone improvement of most of the population

Concentraciones de los oligoelementos cobre y zinc en leche materna, de vaca y de cabra / Concentrations of trace elements like copper and zinc in breast, cow's and goat's milk

Objetivo: Comparar las concentraciones de los oligoelementos cobre y zinc en la leche materna, de vaca y de cabra. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recogieron muestras de leche materna de madres lactantes sanas (91 mujeres) que asistieron a un centro materno infantil en la ciudad de Maracaibo-Venezuela. Previo consentimiento informado se seleccionaron madres que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Las concentraciones de los oligoelementos en estudio, se determinaron mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con llama. Resultados: En el análisis de la muestra de leche humana se hallaron concentraciones de cobre de 0,290 ± 0,04 mg/L y concentraciones de zinc de 1,580 ± 0,35 mg/L. Estos valores son considerados aceptables según la ingesta diaria de referencia para estos oligoelementos y fueron más elevada en muestras en leche de cabra según la literatura, mientras que las concentraciones de zinc en ambas leches (cabra y vaca), registradas por otros especialistas, fueron más elevadas que en la leche humana del presente estudio. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de cobre y zinc halladas en la leche materna en este trabajo son las ingestas recomendadas para el desarrollo y madurez del sistema nervioso central del neonato(AU)

Objective: To compare the concentrations of trace elements like copper and zinc present in breast, cow's and goat's milk. Methods: Descriptive, cross sectional study. Samples of breast milk were collected from healthy lactating mothers (91 women) who attended a maternal and children health center in Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Mothers were selected prior informed consent who met the inclusion criteria. The concentrations of the studied trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame. Results: In the analysis of the human milk´s sample, there were found concentrations of Cu (0.290 ± 0.04 mg/L) and concentrations of Zn (1.580 ± 0.35 mg/L). These levels are considered acceptable according to the permitted intake of trace elements and according to the literature, those are higher in goat milk´s samples, while concentrations of Zn in both milks (goat and cow), registered by other specialists were higher than in the human milk´s of the present study. Conclusions: The concentrations of copper and zinc found in breast milk are the recommended daily intake for the development and maturity of the central nervous system of the newborns(AU)

Efeito da suplementação de suínos em terminação com diferentes associações entre minerais sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica / Effect of supplementation of finishing swines with different associations between minerals on performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, verificar a influência da suplementação com diferentes associações entre minerais orgânicos sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça, bem como avaliar sua viabilidade econômica, para suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 88 machos castrados, divididos entre quatro tratamentos: controle com dieta basal e suplementação com CrFe, MgSe e CrFeMgSe, durante os 28 dias que antecederam o abate. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcela experimental representada por dois animais. Os animais suplementados com CrFeMgSe apresentaram piores índices de peso final, ganho de peso diário e consumo durante todo o período, com consequente redução no peso de carcaça, menor profundidade de lombo, área de olho-de-lombo e menor quantidade de carne magra na carcaça. Houve um aumento no custo da dieta para os grupos CrFe, MgSe e CrFeMgSe, respectivamente. O uso de cromo mais ferro e magnésio mais selênio, associados dois a dois, não altera os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça. A associação dos quatro minerais, no entanto, promove piora nessas características e aumenta o custo da dieta.(AU)

This study aimed to verify the influence of supplementation with different associations between organic minerals on performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability for finishing swine. 88 castrated males were divided in four treatments: control with basal diet and supplementation with CrFe, MgSe and CrFeMgSe during the 28 days prior to slaughter. The experimental design was randomized blocks with an experimental plot represented by two animals. The animals supplemented with CrFeMgSe had worse final weight, daily weight gain and consumption throughout the period, with consequent reduction in carcass weight, lower loin depth, loin eye area and amount of lean meat. There was an increase in the effective operational cost of diet with CrFe, MgSe and CrFeMgSe groups, respectively. The use of chromium plus iron and magnesium plus selenium, associated two by two, did not alter the performance parameters and carcass. However, the four minerals association promote a worsening in these characteristics and increase the cost of production.(AU)

Nutrición y gastronomía en la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja. Evolución del modelo alimentario, de la identidad gastronómica y de la valoración nutricional de la dieta / Nutrition and gastronomy in the community of La Rioja. Evolution of the food model, gastronomic identity and nutritional evaluation of the diet

Objetivos: el estado nutricional de una población es uno de los factores que más inciden en su salud y en su calidad de vida. La gastronomía de una región, además de ser un bien cultural inmaterial de sus habitantes, condiciona su modelo alimentario. Determinar la evolución del modelo alimentario de la comunidad de La Rioja y su adecuación a las recomendaciones, valorar la influencia que la gastronomía tiene en el mismo y definir el perfil nutricional de los riojanos ha sido el fundamento de la presente revisión. Métodos: datos ofrecidos por el Panel de Consumo Alimentario del Mapama. Búsquedas bibliográficas sobre los temas descritos. Resultados: se observa un descenso en el consumo de fruta fresca, legumbres, pan, hortalizas y verduras frescas. El consumo de aceite de oliva es elevado. La gastronomía riojana es sencilla pero laboriosa, hecho que limita la preparación de platos tradicionales. El consumo de bebidas destiladas ha aumentado. Se ha estimado una baja ingesta de hidratos de carbono y alta en grasa. Calcio, Zinc, vitamina D y folatos son nutrientes deficitarios en la dieta de los riojanos. Conclusiones: el descenso en el consumo de alimentos de origen vegetal aleja al modelo alimentario de la dieta mediterránea, mientras que el elevado consumo de aceite de oliva lo mantiene dentro de ella. Es preocupante el incremento en el consumo de bebidas espirituosas con mayor contenido en etanol, etanal y carbamato de etilo. Debe moderarse la ingesta de ácidos grasos, y en especial de ácidos grasos saturados, y plantear una mayor ingesta de hidratos de carbono a partir de frutas, verduras y leguminosas

Objectives: the nutritional status of a population is one of the factors that most affect its health and quality of life. The gastronomy of a region as well as being an immaterial cultural asset of its inhabitants' conditions the food model of the same. Determining the evolution of the food model of the Community of La Rioja and its adaptation to the recommendations, assessing the influence that gastronomy has on it and defining the nutritional profile of the people of La Rioja has been the basis of this review. Methods: data provided by the Mapama Food Consumption Panel. Bibliographic searches on the topics described. Results: a decrease in the consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, bread, vegetables and fresh vegetables is observed. Olive oil consumption is high. Gastronomy in La Rioja is simple but laborious, limiting the preparation of traditional dishes. The consumption of distilled drinks has increased. It has been estimated a low intake of carbohydrates and high fat. Calcium. Zinc, vitamin D and folates are nutrients that are deficient in the diet of the people of La Rioja. Conclusions: the decrease in the consumption of food of vegetable origin distances the food model from the Mediterranean diet while the high consumption of olive oil keeps it within it. The increase in the consumption of spirits with a higher content of ethanol, ethanol and ethyl carbamate is worrying. The intake of fatty acids, especially saturated fatty acids, should be moderated and a higher intake of carbohydrates from fruits, vegetables and legumes should be considered

WHO guideline: fortification of maize flour and corn meal with vitamins and minerals

Industrial fortification of maize flour and corn meal with at least iron has been practiced for many years in several countries in the Americas and Africa, where these ingredients are used in the preparation of many common national dishes. This guideline provides global, evidence-informed recommendations on the fortification of maize flour and corn meal with micronutrients as a strategy to increase the supply of vitamins and minerals that are present in inadequate diets, and therefore contributing to improvement of the health status of populations. The guideline aims to help Member States and their partners in their efforts to make informed decisions on the appropriate nutrition actions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular, Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture and Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. It will also support Member States in their efforts to achieve the global targets of the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition and The global strategy for women's, children's, and adolescents' health (2016­2030). The recommendations in this guideline are intended for a wide audience, including policy-makers, their expert advisers, economists, and technical and programme staff in ministries and organizations involved in the design, implementation and scaling-up of nutrition actions for public health, particularly in the design and implementation of appropriate food fortification programmes as part of a comprehensive food-based strategy for combating micronutrient deficiencies. This guideline provides information on the health impact of the fortification of maize flour and corn meal with micronutrients.

Energy and protein requirements of 3/4 Zebu x 1/4 Holstein crossbreds fed different calcium and phosphorus levels in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos cruzados 3/4 Zebu x 1/4 Holandês alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional requirements of energy and protein for maintenance and weight gain of crossbred cattle, as well as their efficiencies. Fifty 3/4 Zebu × 1/4 Holstein crossbred bulls with initial weights of 214±4kg and aged 11±0.2 months on average were used in this experiment. Four animals were used in the reference group; ten bulls were fed at the maintenance level; and the remaining 36 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, which had three feedlot periods (56, 112 or 168 days) and three calcium and phosphorus levels (low, medium and normal) in the diet. Four of the maintenance animals had their heat production measured by respirometry at the Laboratory of Metabolism and Calorimetry of UFMG. After slaughter, composite samples, referred to as carcass and noncarcass samples were obtained from each animal. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were 68.9 and 90.1 kcal/EBW0.75/day, respectively. The efficiency (km) was 76.41%. The NEm requirement determined in the respirometry chamber was 85.5 kcal/kg0.75. The following equations were obtained for net energy for gain (NEg) and net protein for gain (NPg): NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0505±0.000986 × EBW0.75× EBWG1.095 and NPg (g/day) = 162.79±18.2546 × EBWG - 1.30±5.3010 × RE. The efficiencies of fat and protein deposition were 70.04 and 15.12%, respectively. In conclusion, the requirements of NEm for growing and finishing non-castrated 3/4 Zebu × 1/4 Holstein crossbred cattle are 68.9 kcal/EBW0.75/day. Requirements of NEg and NPg can be obtained by the following equations: NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.05050.000986 × EBW0.75 × EBWG1.095 and NPg (g/day) = 162.79±18.2546 × EBWG - 1.30±5.3010× RE.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para mantença e ganho de peso de bovinos cruzados, bem como suas eficiências. Foram utilizados 50 bovinos cruzados 3/4 Zebu × 1/4 Holandês, não castrados, com peso inicial de 214±4kg e idade média de 11±0,2 meses. Quatro animais foram usados para referência, dez para o grupo mantença e os 36 animais alimentados à vontade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3×3, sendo três períodos de confinamento (56, 112 ou 168 dias) e três níveis de cálcio e fósforo (baixo, médio e normal) na dieta. Quatro dos animais mantença foram encaminhados ao laboratório de metabolismo e calorimetria da UFMG para medição da produção de calor através da respirometria. Após os abates, foram obtidas duas amostras compostas para cada animal, denominadas carcaça e não carcaça. As exigências de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) e energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foram, respectivamente, de 68,9 e 90,1kcal/PCVZ0,75/dia. A eficiência (km) foi de 76,41%. A exigência de ELm obtida na câmara respirométrica foi de 85,5kcal/kg0,75. As equações obtidas para energia líquida de ganho (ELg) e proteína líquida de ganho (PLg) foram: ELg (Mcal/dia) = 0,0505±0,000986 × PCVZ 0,75 × GPCVZ 1,095 e PLg (g/dia) = 162,79±18,2546 × GPCVZ - 1,30±5,3010 × ER. As eficiências para deposição de gordura e de proteína foram de 70,04 e 15,12%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que as exigências de ELm para bovinos cruzados 3/4 Zebu × 1/4 Holandês não castrados em crescimento e terminação são de 68,9kcal/PCVZ0,75/dia; e que as exigências de ELg e PLg podem ser obtidas pelas respectivas equações: ELg (Mcal/dia) = 0,0505±0,000986 × PCVZ 0,75 × GPCVZ 1,095 e PLg (g/dia) = 162,79±18,2546 × GPCVZ - 1,30±5,3010 × ER.(AU)

Suplemento mineral aniônico para vacas no periparto: parâmetros sanguíneos, urinários e incidência de patologias de importância na bovinocultura leiteira / Anionic mineral supplement to cows in the peripartum: blood, urine parameters and incidence of diseases of importance in dairy cattle

A fim de avaliar o efeito do suplemento mineral aniônico sobre parâmetros sanguíneos, urinários e incidência de hipocalcemia e retenção de placenta, dezoito vacas de aptidão leiteira com grau de sangue 7/8 Holandesa preta e branca, com 440-620 kg e 5-10 anos, foram divididas com delineamento em blocos em função da ordem de parto em dois grupos: controle (BCAD=46,38mEq/kg de MS) e tratamento (com adição de suplemento mineral aniônico e BCAD = -249,28mEq/kg de MS). Foram monitorados níveis de cálcio total e pH na urina e soro sanguíneo; TCO2, pCO2, HCO3, excesso de base, cálcio ionizado, Na, K, Se no sangue; escore de condição corporal, hematócrito e hemoglobina. Os dados sanguíneos, urinários e ECC foram submetidos ao Proc Means do SAS (2000) com análise de variância a 5 por cento e teste de Tukey e a incidência de retenção de placenta analisada por Mann-Whitney (P<0,07) e a concentração sérica de Se por teste t de Student (P<0,05), ambos pelo GraphPad Prism 5.0. O suplemento mineral aniônico diminuiu os valores de TCO2, pCO2, HCO3 e EB no sangue com menor perda de peso, mas a variação de pH e cálcio foi restrita ao tempo. O suplemento mineral aniônico não provocou leve acidose metabólica desejada e, consequentemente, não preveniu a hipocalcemia. Contudo, por apresentar Se em sua composição, proporcionou maior concentração deste micronutriente no soro e contribuiu para menor retenção de placenta.

To evaluate the effect of anionic mineral supplement on blood and urine parameters and incidence of hypocalcemia and retained placenta, eighteen 5 to 10-year-old dairy cows of 7/8 Holstein black and white breed weighing 440-620 kg were divided in complete block according to their parity order into two groups: control (DCAB = 46.38mEq/kg DM) and treatment (with added anionic mineral supplement anion and DCAB = -249.28mEq/kg DM). Total calcium levels and pH were monitored in urine and blood serum; TCO2, pCO2, HCO3, base excess, ionized calcium, Na, K, Se in blood; score body condition, hematocrit and hemoglobin. Blood, urine and ECC data were submitted to the SAS Proc Means (2000) with analysis of variance of 5 percent and Tukey test, the incidence of retained placenta analyzed by Mann-Whitney (P<0.07) and serum Se concentration by Student's t test (P<0.05), both by GraphPad Prism 5.0. The anionic mineral supplement decreased the values of TCO2, pCO2 , HCO3 and BE in blood with less weight loss, but the variation of pH and calcium was restricted to time. The anionic mineral supplement did not cause mild metabolic acidosis desired and therefore did not prevent hypocalcemia. However, by presenting Se in its composition, provided greater concentration of this serum micronutrient and contributed to lower retention of placenta.

Efecto del zinc sobre el crecimiento lineal en menores de cinco años de Latinoamérica; revisión sistemática / Efficacy of zinc on lineal growth on latin american children younger than 5 y; systematic review

Antecedentes: En la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos existe una deficiencia de micronutrientes, retraso en el crecimiento, y altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil. En la actualidad se ha asociado la deficiencia de zinc con el retraso del crecimiento infantil. El propósito de esta revisión, fue analizar artículos sobre estudios aleatorizados que evaluaron el efecto de la suplementación con zinc y el crecimiento infantil. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de la literatura en la base de datos de PubMed con las palabras claves “Micronutrient supplementation and growth”, publicados de enero de 2005 a abril de 2013. Se identificaron 34 estudios aleatorizados controlados (EAC) realizados en Latinoamérica, de los cuales cinco reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se añadió un estudio referido por otros autores. Resultados: Los estudios se realizaron en Brasil, Cuba, Perú, Ecuador, y Guatemala. En ningún estudio se observó el efecto positivo del zinc sobre el crecimiento lineal. Conclusión: La revisión realizada sugiere que la suplementación con zinc no tiene un efecto significativo sobre el crecimiento lineal; sin embargo, podría tener beneficios sobre el crecimiento en niños con deficiencia de zinc si se añaden otros nutrientes en deficiencia (AU)

BACKGROUND: In most Latin American countries, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, growth stunting, morbidity and mortality are highly present in children. Single micronutrient deficiencies such as zinc have been associated to growth retardation. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized control trials that examined the association between zinc supplementation and children s growth in Latin America.METHODOLOGY: An electronic literature search was conducted with the keywords "Micronutrients supplementation and growth" in the PubMed databases, of RCT, published from January 2005 to April 2013. There were 279 RCT found assessing the effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth; 34 were conducted in Latin American countries, of which five met the inclusion criteria. A study referred by other authors was also included.RESULTS: Six studies were analyzed. The studies were conducted in Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala. None of the studies analyzed observed the positive effect of zinc on lineal growth.CONCLUSIONS: The conducted review suggests that zinc supplementation has not a significant effect on linear growth; however, zinc supplementation might be beneficial over lineal growth to zinc-deficient children, if other deficient nutrients are added (AU)

Composición de las fórmulas de nutrición parenteral / No disponible

No disponible

Aporte de calcio, magnesio y sodio a través del agua embotellada y de las aguas de consumo público: implicaciones para la salud / Intake of calcium, magnesium and sodium through water: health implications

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: El aporte de calcio (Ca2+) en la dieta se obtiene, en su mayor parte, medianteel consumo de productos lácteos. Sin embargo, existen otras fuentes, como el agua, quepueden contribuir en su ingesta. Además, el agua contiene otros minerales, como el magnesio(Mg2+) y el sodio (Na+), con efectos potenciales para la salud. Así, el aumento de Na+ en la ingestacontribuye al desarrollo de hipertensión, mientras que el aumento del Mg2+ se ha relacionadocon una disminución de muerte súbita. El creciente consumo de agua embotellada en lapoblación española indica la necesidad de conocer sus posibles efectos en la salud, ya quepuede haber una gran variabilidad en las concentraciones de los minerales dependiendo deltipo de agua consumida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar las concentraciones de Ca2+,Mg2+ y Na+ en las aguas de consumo público y en las envasadas comercializadas y compararlascon los objetivos nutricionales de estos minerales.METODOLOGÍA: Se revisan los datos analíticos relativos al Ca2+, Mg2+ y Na+ de las aguas de consumopúblico de 492 poblaciones españolas, de 122 aguas envasadas inscritas en el RegistroSanitario de Alimentos de la Dirección General de Salud Pública y de 60 aguas envasadas europeas.Se comparan los resultados con los objetivos nutricionales de estos minerales.RESULTADOS: Hay una gran variabilidad en las concentraciones de minerales de las diferentesaguas envasadas y en las aguas de consumo público. Así, en las aguas envasadas inscritas ennuestro país, la concentración de Ca2+ oscila entre 0,5 y 672 mg/l, el 16% tenía una concentraciónde Ca2+ > 100 mg/l y dos tenían una concentración > 300 mg/l. Algunas aguas europeastenían concentraciones muy altas de Ca2+ (459-575 mg/l); las concentraciones de Na+ oscilanentre 0,1 y 2.000 mg/l y las de Mg2+, entre 0,1 y 128 mg/l. En las aguas de consumopúblico, las concentraciones de Ca2+ oscilan entre 0 y 337 mg/l; las de Na+, entre 1 y 332mg/l, y las de Mg2+, entre 0,3 y 315 mg/l. El 33,4% de las aguas de consumo público teníanuna concentración de Ca2+ > 100 mg/l, y en 4 fue > 200 mg/l.CONCLUSIONES: El agua, tanto envasada como de consumo público, presenta una gran variabilidaden las concentraciones de Ca2+, Mg2+ y Na+. En ocasiones, el agua incluso puede suministrarlos objetivos nutricionales mínimos de Ca2+ y Mg2+ y exceder los de Na+. Estos datos, dadassus repercusiones en la salud, deberían tenerse en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar el agua parael consumo

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Calcium (Ca2+) intake through diet is mainly obtained from dairy products.However, there are other sources of Ca2+, such as water, which can significantly contributeto its intake. Moreover, water also contains other minerals, such as magnesium (Mg2+) andsodium (Na+), with potential implications for health. Thus, Mg2+ has been associated with a reductionof sudden death, whereas Na+ contributes to the occurrence of hypertension. The risein the consumption of bottled water in the general population clearly indicates the necessity ofknowing the possible effects on health. Indeed, there may be a great variation in the content ofthese minerals depending on the type of water.METHODS: We obtained the mineral content of Ca2+, Mg2+ y Na+ from tap water of 492 Spanish townsand cities (through data given by autonomous communities, city/town halls or municipal water companies)and from 182 commercially available bottled waters (122 available in Spain, 60 availablein Europe). The results were compared with the recommended dietary intake of these minerals.RESULTS: There is a great variation in the mineral content among the different bottled watersand also among tap waters. Thus, among bottled waters in our country the Ca2+ concentrationranges between 0.5-672 mg/l; 16% of these waters had a concentration > 100 mg/l and onlytwo > 300 mg/l; some European waters showed high concentrations of Ca2+ (459-575 mg/l);Na+ concentrations ranged between 0.1-2.000 mg/l, and Mg2+ between 0.1-128. In tap waterCa2+ concentrations ranged between 0-337 mg/l, Na+ between 1-332 mg/l, and Mg2+ between0.3-315 mg/l. In 33.4% of the analysed tap waters the Ca2+ concentration was > 100 mg/l, in4 of them it was > 200 mg/l.CONCLUSIONS: Water, even bottled water or tap water, has a great variability in the concentrationsof Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. In some occasions, water may even supply the minimum recommendedintake of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and can exceed the Na+ content. These data should be consideredwhen selecting one for consumption

Agua de bebida como elemento de la nutrición / No disponible

No disponible

Efecto neuroprotector de los factores dietéticos pre y perinatales sobre el neurodesarrollo (AU) / The neuroprotective effect of pre and perinatal nutritional factors on neurodevelopment (AU)

Introducción. El desarrollo del sistema nervioso central es un proceso dinámico determinado genéticamente y modulado por factores neuroquímicos, nutricionales y ambientales. Desarrollo. Se hace referencia al efecto neuroprotector que ejercen sobre el neurodesarrollo los factores nutricionales pre y perinatales, con especial referencia a la nutrición proteico-energética, los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga, ciertas vitaminas, algunos minerales y la colina, así como a la influencia que tienen algunas situaciones metabólicas maternas anormales y la ingesta de ciertas sustancias pseudonutritivas por parte de la mujer gestante. Conclusión. Para un adecuado neurodesarrollo es fundamental que la mujer gestante reciba, incluso desde antes de la concepción, un aporte idóneo de macro y de micronutrientes

The development of the nervous central system is a dynamical process determined genetically and modulated by neurochemical, nutritional and environmental factors. Development. It refers to the neuroprotector effect of the pre and perinatal nutritional factors, specially proteic-energetic intake, long-chain polyinsatured fatty acid, vitamins, minerals, choline, maternal metabolic disorders and the materal pseudo-nutritive agent intake. Conclusion. For a better neurodevelopment, it is necessary that pregnant receives, even before conception, a suitable intake of macro and micronutrients

Ingesta de vitaminas y minerales antioxidantes por ciclistas jóvenes, comparación con sus homólogos españoles / No disponible

Fundamentos: El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluarla ingesta de grasas, vitaminas y minerales antioxidantespor ciclistas jóvenes para determinar si siguen las pautasrecomendadas. Diversos estudios asocian el ejercicio intensocon un aumento temporal del estrés oxidativo y deinflamación aguda. La ingesta de suficientes antioxidantesmitigaría ese efecto indeseable.Método: Registro dietético de 7 días consecutivos aplicadoa 34 ciclistas jóvenes juvenil y Sub23.Resultados: Los ciclistas, a semejanza del resto de lapoblación española joven del estudio enKid, toman cantidadesexcesivas de grasas y colesterol e insuficientes deVitaminas A (15% de los ciclistas), vit. E (40%), vit. D(44%) y de cinc (16%). Tampoco toman las cantidadesrecomendadas de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados. Estasituación, si se mantiene largo tiempo, presentaría problemasde dislipemias, obesidad y enfermedadescardiovasculares.Conclusión: Las dietas de un porcentaje importante deciclistas estudiados presentan desequilibrios que debenser corregidos fomentando la dieta mediterránea. Es esencialiniciar campañas de educación nutricional dirigidasa los jóvenes, familiares y educadores. Se da apoyo psicológicoa los ciclistas que junto a los hábitos saludablesmejora el rendimiento deportivo(AU)

Background: The purpose of the present work is to determinewhether young cyclists follow the optimal fat andantioxidant vitamins and minerals intake, based onrecommended dietary guidelines. Recent studies foundan association between intensive exercise, inflammationand oxidative stress. The intake of antioxidants reducethose undesirable effects.Method: Dietary intake was assessed by means of a 7consecutive days- food record in a sample of 34 youngcyclists.Results: Cyclists consume an excessive quantity ofcholesterol and saturated fats in their diets. A percentageof cyclists of the present study do not consume therecommended quantity of unsaturated fats (PUFAs),neither of Vitamins A (15% of cyclists), vit. E (40% ofcyclists), vit. D (44% of cyclists), and Zinc (16% of cyclists).Similar pattern is found in the homologous Spanish youngpeople of the enKid study.Conclusion: An important percentage of the cyclist of thepresent study show nutritional unbalances; the samepattern is found in the Spanish young people. There is aneed to design appropriate diets based on the“Mediterranean diet” concept and to enhance nutritionaleducation in young people, families and coaches.Psychological support together with adequate dietaryhabits may improve their sport performances(AU)

Requerimientos nutricionales del recién nacido pretérmino / Nutritional requeriments of the pretern newborn

Se realiza una revisión y puesta al día de las necesidades nutritivas del recién nacido pretérmino. Se analizan los diversos nutrientes y las recomendaciones de diferentes organismos y publicaciones internacionales, con especial referencia a los ácidos grasos insaturados de cadena larga y su importancia en los niños prematuros. Finalmente, se describe el protocolo que el servicio de Neonatología tiene establecido para la alimentación en estos niños (AU)

Consejos de suplementación vitamínica y mineral para niños sanos de 0 a 2 años / Guidelines for vitamin and mineral supplements for healthy infants

Dado la elevada prevalencia de desnutrición oculta en nuestro país, se elaboran consejos de suplementación vitamínica y mineral, para niños de clase media de 0 a 24 meses de edad, asistidos en nuestro hospital, adoptando tres modalidades acorde con su tipo de alimentación:lactancia materna, fórmula de inicio o continuación y leche de vaca...Sería apropiado en nuestro país, la ejecución de acciones en tres niveles:otorgar recomendaciones alimentarias, poner en marcha programas de fortificación de alimentos y estructurar normas de suplementación medicamentosa cuando las primeras alternativas sean insuficientes o impracticables

Respuesta metabólica en la malnutrición y enfermo crítico. Controles bioquímicos / Metabolic response in malnutrition and the critically ill patient. Biochemical controls

La pérdida de tejido durante el ayuno se ha demostrado que está involucrado en la oxidación de los depósitos de combustibles con el fin de generar energía para mantener las actividades metabólicas necesarias para la vida. Los niños sometidos a estrés aumentan los requerimientos de nutrientes a la vez que disminuye su capacidad para utilizar los nutrientes suministrados por la vía parenteral. Las hormonas aumentaran o disminuirán dependiendo del grado de malnutrición y de adaptación. El proceso adaptativo responde al grado existente de malnutrición y puede ser alterada por la infección. Los elementos trazas, realiza importantes funciones en la salud y resistencia a la enfermedad. El objetivo de los parámetros bioquímicos nutricionales son: 1. Identificar pacientes que se beneficiaran de la terapia nutricional. 2. Detectar y tratar deficiencia de micronutrientes. 3. Establecer valores basales los cuales medirán la efectividad de la intervención nutricional. Los test de laboratorio que pueden reflejar malnutrición proteica-energética son: proteínas sóricas, paramétros de función inmune. Los niveles de leptina reflejan los depósitos de grasa (AU)