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1.
Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl ; 107: 110318, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31761250

RESUMO

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the fungus Monascus purpureus ATCC16436 as a potentially low-cost, eco-friendly and easy to produce method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the functional groups present in the prepared samples. X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed a single-phase crystalline structure. Transmission electron microscope studies showed the spherical shape with a mean particle size of 6.50 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer analyses revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles have a superparamagnetic behavior. In addition, the antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant potential as compared by ascorbic acid with 50% inhibitory concentration of 100.25 µg mL-1. Based on the MTT assay, the synthesized nanoparticles significantly inhibited the proliferation of two different human cancer cell lines (breast and liver) and normal human melanocytes. The recorded 50% inhibitory concentrations of the respective cell lines were 45.21, 61.86 and 200.15 µg mL-1. The synthesized nanoparticles showed potent antibacterial and antifungal activities against all the tested plant and human microbial pathogens with minimal inhibitory concentration range 250-500 µg mL-1. Moreover, the feasibility of production enhancement of the synthesized nanoparticles using the fungal culture as affected by gamma irradiation was also adopted. Gamma irradiation at 1000 Gy dramatically intensified the yield of nanoparticles to 24.87 g L-1. Accordingly, these findings suggest a new and alternate approach with the excellent biotechnological potentiality for the nanoparticles production that will open up the way for the industrial manufacture of nanomaterials.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cobalto/química , Compostos Férricos/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Monascus/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cobalto/metabolismo , Compostos Férricos/metabolismo , Raios gama , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Melanócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios X
2.
Toxins (Basel) ; 11(9)2019 09 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31540336

RESUMO

Blue light, as an important environmental factor, can regulate the production of various secondary metabolites of Monascus purpureus M9, including mycotoxin-citrinin, pigments, and monacolin K. The analysis of citrinin in Monascus M9 exposed to blue light for 0 min./d, 15 min./d, and 60 min./d showed that 15 min./d of blue light illumination could significantly increase citrinin production, while 60 min./d of blue light illumination decreased citrinin production. Analysis of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) was performed on the transcripts of Monascus M9 under three culture conditions, and this analysis identified an lncRNA named AOANCR that can negatively regulate the mraox gene. Fermentation studies suggested that alternate respiratory pathways could be among the pathways that are involved in the regulation of the synthesis of citrinin by environmental factors. Aminophylline and citric acid were added to the culture medium to simulate the process of generating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cells under illumination conditions. The results of the fermentation showed that aminophylline and citric acid could increase the expression of the mraox gene, decrease the expression of lncRNA AOANCR, and reduce the yield of citrinin. This result also indicates a reverse regulation relationship between lncRNA AOANCR and the mraox gene. A blue light signal might regulate the mraox gene at least partially through lncRNA AOANCR, thereby regulating citrinin production. Citrinin has severe nephrotoxicity in mammals, and it is important to control the residual amout of citrinin in red yeast products during fermentation. LncRNA AOANCR and mraox can potentially be used as new targets for the control of citrinin production.


Assuntos
Citrinina/metabolismo , Luz , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Aminofilina/farmacologia , Biomassa , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Fermentação , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes Fúngicos , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Monascus/metabolismo
3.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 5537, 2017 07 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28717254

RESUMO

Light is an important environmental factor that regulates various physiological processes of fungi. To thoroughly study the responses of Monascus to blue light, transcriptome sequencing was performed on mRNAs isolated from samples of Monascus purpureus M9 cultured under three conditions: darkness (D); exposure to blue light for 15 min/d (B15); and exposure to blue light for 60 min/d over 8 days (B60). The number of differentially expressed genes between the three pairs of samples-B15 vs D, B60 vs B15, and B60 vs D-was 1167, 1172, and 220, respectively. KEGG analysis showed the genes involved in primary metabolism including carbon and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated by B15 light treatment, whereas B15 upregulated expression of genes involved with aromatic amino acid metabolism, which associated with development, and branched chain amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid degradation, which can produce the biosynthetic precursors of pigments. When exposed to B60 conditions, genes with roles in carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis were upregulated as part of a stress response to blue light. Based on this study, we propose a predicted light-stimulated signal transduction pathway in Monascus. Our work is the first comprehensive investigation concerning the mechanism of Monascus responses to blue light.


Assuntos
Luz , Monascus/genética , Transcriptoma/efeitos da radiação , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos da radiação , Diacilglicerol Quinase/genética , Diacilglicerol Quinase/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos da radiação , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Monascus/metabolismo , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos da radiação , Proteína Quinase C/genética , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos da radiação , Regulação para Cima/efeitos da radiação
4.
Molecules ; 22(3)2017 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28257052

RESUMO

The effect of light on Monascus and the underlying mechanism have received a great deal of interest for the industrial application of Monascus pigments. In this study, we have examined the effects of blue light on the culture morphology, mycelium growth, pigments, and citrinin yield of Monascus in liquid-state and oscillation fermentation, and explored the mechanism at a physiological level. It was found that blue light affected the colony morphology, the composition (chitin content), and permeability of the Monascus mycelium cell wall in static liquid culture, which indicates blue light benefits pigments secreting from aerial mycelium to culture medium. In liquid oscillation fermentation, the yields of Monascus pigments in fermentation broth (darkness 1741 U/g, blue light 2206 U/g) and mycelium (darkness 2442 U/g, blue light 1900 U/g) cultured under blue light and darkness are different. The total pigments produced per gram of Monascus mycelium under blue light was also higher (4663 U/g) than that in darkness (4352 U/g). However, the production of citrinin (88 µg/g) under blue light was evidently lower than that in darkness (150 µg/g). According to the degradation of citrinin caused by blue light and hydrogen peroxide, it can be concluded that blue light could degrade citrinin and inhibit the catalase activity of Monascus mycelium, subsequently suppressing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is the active species that degrades citrinin.


Assuntos
Fermentação , Luz , Monascus/metabolismo , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Citrinina/biossíntese , Meios de Cultura , Glucosamina/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micélio/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese
5.
J Microbiol ; 54(4): 305-10, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27033206

RESUMO

The influence of different illumination levels of blue light on the growth and intracellular pigment yields of Monascus strain M9 was investigated. Compared with darkness, constant exposure to blue light of 100 lux reduced the yields of six pigments, namely, rubropunctatamine (RUM), monascorubramine (MOM), rubropunctatin (RUN), monascorubrin (MON), monascin (MS), and ankaflavin (AK). However, exposure to varying levels of blue light had different effects on pigment production. Exposure to 100 lux of blue light once for 30 min/day and to 100 lux of blue light once and twice for 15 min/day could enhance RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production and reduce RUN and MON compared with non-exposure. Exposure to 100 lux twice for 30 min/day and to 200 lux once for 45 min/day decreased the RUM, MOM, MS, and AK yields and increased the RUN and MON. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pigment biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that gene MpPKS5, mppR1, mppA, mppB, mmpC, mppD, MpFasA, MpFasB, and mppF were positively correlated with the yields of RUN and MON, whereas mppE and mppR2 were associated with RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production.


Assuntos
Luz , Monascus/metabolismo , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese , Benzofuranos/metabolismo , Benzopiranos/metabolismo , Flavinas/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Genes Fúngicos , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/metabolismo , Monascus/citologia , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pigmentos Biológicos/genética
6.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol ; 176(5): 1277-89, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25957271

RESUMO

To reduce environmental problems caused by glycerine accumulation and to make the production of biodiesel more profitable, crude glycerin without treatment was used as substrate for obtaining higher value-added bioproducts. Monascus ruber is a filamentous fungus that produces pigments, particularly red ones, which are used for coloring foods (rice wine and meat products). The interest in developing pigments from natural sources is increasing due to the restriction of using synthetic dyes. The effects of temperature, pH, microorganism morphology, aeration, nitrogen source, and substrates have been studied in the cultivation of M. ruber. In this work, it was observed that light intensity is also an important factor that should be considered for understanding the metabolism of the fungus. In M. ruber cultivation, inhibition of growth and pigment production was observed in Petri dishes and blaffed flasks exposed to direct illumination. Growth and pigment production were higher in Petri dishes and flasks exposed to red light and in the absence of light. Radial growth rate of M. ruber in plates in darkness was 1.50 mm day(-1) and in plates exposed to direct illumination was 0.59 mm day(-1). Maximum production of red pigments (8.32 UA) and biomass (8.82 g L(-1)) were obtained in baffled flasks covered with red film and 7.17 UA of red pigments, and 7.40 g L(-1) of biomass was obtained in flasks incubated in darkness. Under conditions of 1248 lux of luminance, the maximum pigment production was 4.48 UA, with production of 6.94 g L(-1) of biomass, indicating that the fungus has photoreceptors which influence the physiological responses.


Assuntos
Fermentação/efeitos da radiação , Luz , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese , Biomassa , Reatores Biológicos , Glicerol/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Monascus/metabolismo
7.
Biotechnol Lett ; 37(5): 1043-8, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25564393

RESUMO

Light is an important signal for fungi. We analyzed the influence of blue light of various intensities and illumination times on growth, monascin (MS) and ankaflavin (AK) biosyntheses in Monascus strain M9. Blue light changed the color of colonies. The colonies grown in the dark were orange, but turned pale when exposed to continuous blue light. MS production increased by 12.5, 27, and 14.5 % under blue light of 100 lux for 15 min/day, 100 lux for 30 min/day, and 200 lux for 15 min/day, respectively, compared to growth in the dark. AK production increased by 14.4, 22, and 13 % under the same condition. MS and AK production decreased when exposed to blue light of 300 and 450 lux. The expression of pigment biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and correlated with phenotypic production of MS and AK.


Assuntos
Flavinas/metabolismo , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/metabolismo , Luz , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Vias Biossintéticas/efeitos da radiação , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Monascus/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo
8.
Biotechnol Lett ; 34(9): 1745-8, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22639091

RESUMO

When Monascus MX was grown under blue light instead of in the dark, citrinin production increased from 478 mg l(-1) to 698 mg l(-1). To explain this, the expression of the pksCT gene, which encodes citrinin polyketide synthase, and of 5 ORFs around it, were monitored. Blue light enhanced citrinin production by upregulating the expression of orf1, orf3, and orf4, indicating that pksCT was not the key gene responsible for the quantity of citrinin production in blue light.


Assuntos
Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Citrinina/biossíntese , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Luz , Monascus/genética , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Fúngicos , Família Multigênica , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Regulação para Cima
9.
Biol Res ; 44(4): 377-82, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22446602

RESUMO

In China, Monascus spp., a traditional fungus used in fermentation, is used as a natural food additive. Monascus spp. can produce a secondary metabolite, monacolin K namely, which is proven to be a cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive agent. Hence, recently, many researchers have begun focusing on how to increase the production of monacolin K by Monascus purpureus. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the fungal elicitor and the mutagenesis of UV & LiCl on the amount of monacolin K produced by Monascus purpureus. The fugal elicitor, Sporobolomyces huaxiensis, was isolated from tea leaves and its filtrate was added into the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus during growth to induct the production of monacolin K. The results showed that the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the liquid fermentation was 446.92 mg/mL, which was produced after the fungal elicitor was added to the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus on the day 4; this amount was approximately 6 times greater than that of the control culture filtrate, whereas the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the mutated strain was 3 times greater than the control culture after the irradiation of UV light in the presence of 1.0 % LiCl in the medium.


Assuntos
Basidiomycota/fisiologia , Lovastatina/biossíntese , Monascus/metabolismo , Mutação , China , Meios de Cultura , Cloreto de Lítio , Monascus/genética , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta
10.
Biol. Res ; 44(4): 377-382, 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-626738

RESUMO

In China, Monascus spp., a traditional fungus used in fermentation, is used as a natural food additive. Monascus spp. can produce a secondary metabolite, monacolin K namely, which is proven to be a cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive agent. Hence, recently, many researchers have begun focusing on how to increase the production of monacolin K by Monascus purpureus. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the fungal elicitor and the mutagenesis of UV & LiCl on the amount of monacolin K produced by Monascus purpureus. The fugal elicitor, Sporobolomyces huaxiensis, was isolated from tea leaves and its filtrate was added into the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus during growth to induct the production of monacolin K. The results showed that the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the liquid fermentation was 446.92 mg/mL, which was produced after the fungal elicitor was added to the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus on the day 4; this amount was approximately 6 times greater than that of the control culture filtrate, whereas the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the mutated strain was 3 times greater than the control culture after the irradiation of UV light in the presence of 1.0 % LiCl in the medium.


Assuntos
Basidiomycota/fisiologia , Lovastatina/biossíntese , Mutação , Monascus/metabolismo , China , Meios de Cultura , Cloreto de Lítio , Monascus/genética , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta
11.
Biotechnol Lett ; 32(11): 1631-5, 2010 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20574830

RESUMO

Ma-pyrG was cloned from Monascus aurantiacus AS3.4384 using degenerate PCR with primers designed with an algorithm called CODEHOP, and its complete sequence was obtained by a PCR-based strategy for screening a Monascus fosmid library. Ma-pyrG encodes orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (OMPdecase), a 283-aminoacid protein with 81% sequence identity to that from Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357. A pyrG mutant strain from M. aurantiacus AS3.4384, named UM28, was isolated by resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid after UV mutagenesis. Sequence analysis of this mutated gene revealed that it contained a point mutation at nucleotide position +220. Plasmid pGFP-pyrG, bearing the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) as a model gene and Ma-pyrG as a selection marker, were constructed. pGFP-pyrG were successfully transformed into UM28 by using the PEG method.


Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Vetores Genéticos , Genética Microbiana/métodos , Monascus/enzimologia , Monascus/genética , Orotidina-5'-Fosfato Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Aspergillus flavus/enzimologia , Aspergillus flavus/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Monascus/isolamento & purificação , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Mutagênese , Ácido Orótico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Orótico/toxicidade , Orotidina-5'-Fosfato Descarboxilase/deficiência , Orotidina-5'-Fosfato Descarboxilase/genética , Plasmídeos , Mutação Puntual , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Seleção Genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Raios Ultravioleta
12.
J Biosci Bioeng ; 109(4): 346-50, 2010 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20226375

RESUMO

The competence of the living creatures to sense and respond to light is well known. The effect of darkness and different color light quality on biomass, extracellular and intracellular pigment yield of five potent pigment producers Monascus purpureus, Isaria farinosa, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium purpurogenum, with different color shades such as red, pink, reddish brown and yellow, were investigated. Incubation in total darkness increased the biomass, extracellular and intracellular pigment production in all the fungi. Extracellular red pigment produced by M. purpureus resulted maximum in darkness 36.75 + or - 2.1 OD and minimum in white unscreened light 5.90 + or - 1.1 OD. Similarly, intracellular red pigment produced by M. purpureus resulted maximum in darkness 18.27 + or - 0.9 OD/g and minimum in yellow light 8.03 + or - 0.6 OD/g of substrate. The maximum biomass production was also noticed in darkness 2.51 g/L and minimum in yellow light 0.5 g/L of dry weight. In contrast, growth of fungi in green and yellow wavelengths resulted in low biomass and pigment yield. It was found that darkness, (red 780-622 nm, blue 492-455 nm) and white light influenced pigment and biomass yield.


Assuntos
Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/biossíntese , Biotecnologia , Cor , Meios de Cultura Livres de Soro , Escuridão , Emericella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Emericella/metabolismo , Emericella/efeitos da radiação , Espaço Extracelular/metabolismo , Fungos/efeitos da radiação , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fusarium/metabolismo , Fusarium/efeitos da radiação , Hypocreales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hypocreales/metabolismo , Hypocreales/efeitos da radiação , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Luz , Monascus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Monascus/metabolismo , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Penicillium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Penicillium/metabolismo , Penicillium/efeitos da radiação
13.
J Med Food ; 10(3): 408-15, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17887933

RESUMO

Monascus isolate number 711, which is capable of producing monacolin K as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, was isolated from Ang-kak, the red yeast rice koji. To increase the monacolin K-producing activity of the strain, spore suspensions of the strain were subjected to gamma-irradiation. One thousand mutants were generated via gamma-irradiation and screened using bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Several mutants with higher productivities of monacolin K than that of the parent strain were primarily selected. Mutant KU609 was finally selected because of its characteristics of high monacolin K production and non-citrinin-producing activity under our test conditions. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of culture medium on the production of monacolin K in mixed solid-state cultures. The optimal values of nutritional ingredients for the maximal production were soytone, glucose, MgSO4, and barley at concentrations of 0.5 g, 0.48 g, 0.053 g, and 9 g, respectively. The final monacolin K production of Monascus KU609 was increased almost 100-fold compared to that of the parent strain.


Assuntos
Raios gama , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Lovastatina/biossíntese , Monascus/genética , Monascus/metabolismo , Mutação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Citrinina/análise , Meios de Cultura , Glucose , Hordeum , Lovastatina/análise , Sulfato de Magnésio , Modelos Estatísticos , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Glycine max , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos da radiação
14.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol ; 32(3): 103-8, 2005 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15750807

RESUMO

In nature, light is one of most crucial environmental signals for developmental and physiological processes in various organisms, including filamentous fungi. We have found that both red light and blue light affect development in Monascus, influencing the processes of mycelium and spore formation, and the production of secondary metabolites such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, red pigments, monacolin K and citrinin. Additionally, we observed that the wavelength of light affects these developmental and physiological processes in different ways. These findings suggest that Monascus possesses a system for differential light response and regulation.


Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético/efeitos da radiação , Luz , Monascus/metabolismo , Monascus/efeitos da radiação , Divisão Celular/efeitos da radiação , Citrinina/metabolismo , Indústria Farmacêutica , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Microbiologia Industrial , Macrolídeos/metabolismo , Monascus/citologia , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo
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