Prevalence of HPV16 L1 protein in oral biopsies: A diagnostic study from Ecuador.

This study was designed to investigate the expression of HPV16 L1-protein in biopsies of oral mucosa samples. The expression of HPV16 L1 protein was investigated in biopsies taken from oral mucosa from patients who required pathological diagnosis of oral lesions. Seventy-two samples were incubated with anti-L1 protein monoclonal antibodies and protein detection was revealed with diaminobenzidine. Expression of L1 protein was performed by a pathologist blinded for tissue diagnosis under light microscopy. Most of the lesions of oral mucosa were present in lining mucosa (75 %) and the most frequent lesion were mucocele (n = 17, 23.6 %), epithelial hyperplasia (n = 6, 8.33 %), fibroma (n = 5, 6.9 %) and inflammatory hyperplasia (n = 5, 6.9 %). L1 protein expression was observed only in five (6.9 %) samples (two squamous cell carcinomas, two epithelial hyperplasia, and one gingival hyperplasia). We concluded that L1 expression in oral biopsies presented a low frequency in oral mucosal biopsies samples.

Significance of P16INK4A Expression and PTEN Loss of Heterozygosity in Human Papilloma Virus-related Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: p16 and PTEN are tumor suppressor genes. Loss of these molecules in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been studied worldwide. In this study, we explored whether p16 cooperates with inactive PTEN during the pathogenesis of OSCC, especially in regard to tumor aggressiveness and proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis were used to examine the levels of p16 and PTEN. Sequencing analysis was performed to identify mutations in the PTEN gene and HPV infection. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to examine the presence of the PTEN locus. RESULTS: PTEN analysis showed high positivity in T4 samples. HPV-positive tumors correlated with tabagism, tumor size 3 and 4, disease stages 3 and 4, presence of lymph node metastasis (N1) and poor differentiation. Immunoexpression of p16 was strongly correlated with the presence of HPV. CONCLUSION: PTEN demonstrated a higher reactivity in advanced disease stages and p16 was strongly associated with HPV. Viral presence decreases tumor aggressiveness. Patients with advanced stage lesions demonstrated lower survival rate.

The emerging risk of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in HPV-related subsites in young people in Brazil.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for the rise in the incidence of cancer in the oropharynx, tonsils, and base of the tongue (i.e., HPV-related subsites). HPV triggered the changes in the epidemiology of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer (OPC/OCC) in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania. Hence, the incidence of cancer in HPV-related subsites is augmenting, while that in other HPV-unrelated subsites is decreasing. In South America, although the incidence of HPV-positive tumors has gradually increased, there is an atypically low prevalence of HPV in people with OPC/OCC. To clarify whether this dramatic shift in incidence trends also occurred in this population, we estimated the burden of HPV on the incidence trends of OPCs/OCCs in São Paulo city in Brazil. In this population-based study, we categorized OPCs/OCCs by HPV-related and HPV-unrelated subsites. We used Poisson regression to assess the age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) stratified by sex and age groups, as well as to examine the age-period-cohort effects. There were 15,391 cases of OPCs/OCCs diagnosed in HPV-related (n = 5,898; 38.3%) and HPV-unrelated (n = 9,493; 61.7%) subsites. Overall, the ASRs decreased for most subsites, for both sexes and for all age groups, except for HPV-related OPC/OCC in young males and females, which increased by 3.8% and 8.6% per year, respectively. In the birth-cohort-effect analysis, we identified an increasing risk for HPV-related OPC/OCC in both sexes in recent birth cohorts; however, this risk was sharply decreased in HPV-unrelated subsites. Our data demonstrate an emerging risk for HPV-related OPC/OCC in young people, which supports prophylactic HPV vaccination in this group.

[HPV genotypes in oral papilloma in Hospital San Juan de Dios HIV (+) patients]. / Genotipificación de VPH en papilomas orales de pacientes con infección por VIH del Hospital San Juan de Dios.

BACKGROUND: HIV (+) patients have a higher risk of oral infections with high oncogenic risk HPV (HPV-HR). AIM: To determine the HPV genotypes in oral papillomatous lesions in HIV (+) patients and describe the associated factors. METHODS: Eight adults HIV (+) subjects with papillomatous HPV lesions were studied. The lesions DNA was extracted and HPV genome and genotypes were detected by PCR and the commercial kit HPV 3.5 LCD-Array Kit (Chipron®) and associated factors were described. RESULTS: 63% of patients exhibited more than one HPV genotype and 75% of them exhibited at least 1 HPV-HR genotype. The most frequent genotype was HPV 52 (27%), followed by HPV 16 and 56 (18%). The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count in patients with at least one HPV-HR genotype was 330.6 cells/mm3. CONCLUSIONS: A higher frequency of multiple HPV infections was detected, including at least one high-risk genotype. The genotype HPV-AR 52 was the most frequent. The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count in patients with at least one HPV-HR genotype indicates moderate immunosuppression. It is required to increase the number of patients.

Genotipificación de VPH en papilomas orales de pacientes con infección por VIH del Hospital San Juan de Dios / HPV genotypes in oral papilloma in Hospital San Juan de Dios HIV (+) patients

Resumen Introducción: Pacientes con infección por VIH presentan mayor riesgo de infecciones orales con genotipos de virus papiloma humano (VPH) de alto riesgo oncogénico (VPH-AR). Objetivo: Determinar los genotipos de VPH en lesiones papilomatosas orales de pacientes con infección por VIH y describir los factores clínicos, histopatológicos y recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ y carga viral asociados. Métodos: Se estudiaron ocho sujetos adultos con infección por VIH y lesiones papilomatosas por VPH. Se extrajo el ADN de la lesión y se detectó el genoma y los genotipos de VPH mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena e hibridación con el kit comercial HPV 3.5 LCD-Array (Chipron®) y se describieron factores asociados. Resultados: El 63% de los pacientes exhibió más de un genotipo de VPH y 75% de ellos exhibió al menos un genotipo VPH-AR. El genotipo más frecuente fue el VPH 52 (27%), seguido del VPH16 y 56 (18%). El recuento medio de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes con al menos un genotipo VPH-AR fue de 330,6 céls/mm3. Conclusiones: Se detectó una mayor frecuencia de infecciones múltiples por VPH, incluido al menos un genotipo de alto riesgo. El genotipo VPH-AR 52 fue el más frecuente. El recuento medio de LT CD4+ en pacientes que presentan al menos un genotipo VPH-AR indica una inmunosupresión moderada. Se requiere aumentar el número de pacientes.

Background: HIV (+) patients have a higher risk of oral infections with high oncogenic risk HPV (HPV-HR). Aim: To determine the HPV genotypes in oral papillomatous lesions in HIV (+) patients and describe the associated factors. Methods: Eight adults HIV (+) subjects with papillomatous HPV lesions were studied. The lesions DNA was extracted and HPV genome and genotypes were detected by PCR and the commercial kit HPV 3.5 LCD-Array Kit (Chipron®) and associated factors were described. Results: 63% of patients exhibited more than one HPV genotype and 75% of them exhibited at least 1 HPV-HR genotype. The most frequent genotype was HPV 52 (27%), followed by HPV 16 and 56 (18%). The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count in patients with at least one HPV-HR genotype was 330.6 cells/mm3. Conclusions: A higher frequency of multiple HPV infections was detected, including at least one high-risk genotype. The genotype HPV-AR 52 was the most frequent. The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count in patients with at least one HPV-HR genotype indicates moderate immunosuppression. It is required to increase the number of patients.

Susceptibilidad genética frente al cáncer bucal por infección del virus del papiloma humano.

Environmental carcinogens and human papillomavirus (HPV) are the main responsible factors for oral cancer. Susceptibility factors in the human genome play a risk-modulating role; however not all individuals exposed to these carcinogens suffer from cancer. The purpose of the present review is to describe the main factors of genetic susceptibility to oral cancer due to HPV infection. A systematic search was carried out in three databases in English, with only 7 articles meeting the selection criteria. Genetic polymorphisms are shown in three categories, which are related to HPV and participate in oncogenesis. Three articles related to deregulation of cell cycle control mechanisms were identified, as well as one referring to mutations in the apoptosis pathway and three about polymorphisms in inflammatory and immune response genes. The association of polymorphisms for the development of oral cancer by HPV is evident, although it remains under study. Oral neoplasms' oncogenesis pattern is not always associated with HPV, but with other environmental or epigenetic factors.

Los carcinógenos ambientales y el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) son los principales responsables del cáncer bucal. Los factores de susceptibilidad en el genoma humano desempeñan un papel modulador del riesgo, sin embargo, no todos los individuos expuestos a los carcinógenos padecen cáncer. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los principales factores de susceptibilidad genética para cáncer bucal en individuos con infección por VPH. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en tres bases de datos en inglés; solo siete artículos cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se registraron polimorfismos genéticos en tres categorías relacionados con el VPH y que participan en la oncogénesis. Se identificaron tres artículos relativos a la desregulación de los mecanismos de control del ciclo celular, uno relativo a mutaciones en la vía de la apoptosis y tres a polimorfismos en genes de respuesta inflamatoria e inmune. La asociación entre polimorfismos para el desarrollo de cáncer bucal y VPH es evidente, aunque continúa en estudio ya que no siempre el patrón de oncogénesis de las neoplasias bucales está relacionado con el VPH, sino con otros factores ambientales o epigenéticos.

Susceptibilidad genética frente al cáncer bucal por infección del virus del papiloma humano / Genetic susceptibility to oral cancer due to human papillomavirus infection

Resumen Los carcinógenos ambientales y el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) son los principales responsables del cáncer bucal. Los factores de susceptibilidad en el genoma humano desempeñan un papel modulador del riesgo, sin embargo, no todos los individuos expuestos a los carcinógenos padecen cáncer. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los principales factores de susceptibilidad genética para cáncer bucal en individuos con infección por VPH. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en tres bases de datos en inglés; solo siete artículos cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se registraron polimorfismos genéticos en tres categorías relacionados con el VPH y que participan en la oncogénesis. Se identificaron tres artículos relativos a la desregulación de los mecanismos de control del ciclo celular, uno relativo a mutaciones en la vía de la apoptosis y tres a polimorfismos en genes de respuesta inflamatoria e inmune. La asociación entre polimorfismos para el desarrollo de cáncer bucal y VPH es evidente, aunque continúa en estudio ya que no siempre el patrón de oncogénesis de las neoplasias bucales está relacionado con el VPH, sino con otros factores ambientales o epigenéticos.

Abstract Environmental carcinogens and human papillomavirus (HPV) are the main responsible factors for oral cancer. Susceptibility factors in the human genome play a risk-modulating role; however not all individuals exposed to these carcinogens suffer from cancer. The purpose of the present review is to describe the main factors of genetic susceptibility to oral cancer due to HPV infection. A systematic search was carried out in three databases in English, with only 7 articles meeting the selection criteria. Genetic polymorphisms are shown in three categories, which are related to HPV and participate in oncogenesis. Three articles related to deregulation of cell cycle control mechanisms were identified, as well as one referring to mutations in the apoptosis pathway and three about polymorphisms in inflammatory and immune response genes. The association of polymorphisms for the development of oral cancer by HPV is evident, although it remains under study. Oral neoplasms’ oncogenesis pattern is not always associated with HPV, but with other environmental or epigenetic factors.

Association between Epstein-Barr Virus and Oral Carcinoma: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We searched the electronic scientific databases of PubMed and Scopus and included a total of 53 studies that were published from 1990 to 2019. The analysis yielded a 45.37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.90-51.84; p < 0.001) overall pooled prevalence of EBV. Studies that used the applied methods of in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, immunology, or RNA microarray showed the following pooled prevalence: 46.08%, 40.32, 54.97%, and 74.89%, respectively. EBV-infected individuals have a 2.5 higher risk for developing OSCC (odds ratio: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.23% to 5.36%; p < 0.001). The present meta-analysis supports the hypothesis of EBV association with OSCC, pointing to this virus as a risk factor for neoplasia. Our findings also suggest that EBV latent transcripts (latent membrane protein 1, EBV nuclear antigen 1 and 2, and EBV-encoded small RNAs) have an important role in this process. Furthermore, novel advancements could arise from large and standardized studies that are constructed to probe for other latent gene expression, eliminate confounding factors (tobacco, alcohol, and high-risk human papillomavirus infection), and define the relationship between EBV and oral carcinomas.

Regression of human immunodeficiency virus-associated oral Kaposi sarcoma with combined antiretroviral therapy: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most prevalent malignant neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) patients for which the primary mode of management was chemotherapy. METHODS: We have presented the case of a newly diagnosed HIV+ male patient who was diagnosed with a pedunculated nodule in the anterior region of the hard palate, measuring 3.5 cm in diameter and with 2 months of evolution. RESULTS: Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical hypothesis of KS. Soon after the diagnosis, the patient started using combined antiretroviral therapy (Biovir and Kaletra), presenting a significant reduction of the lesion after 4 weeks. With 1.5 cm in diameter, the lesion was surgically removed. The patient was followed-up for 10 years without any recurrence. CONCLUSION: In antiretroviral-naive patients with a well-preserved immune system, the use of cART may be efficient in reducing the progression of the KS lesions, thus avoiding the use of chemotherapeutic agents.

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological profile and survival rate of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients seen at a university hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out by means of the pathological reports of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer, seen at a university hospital of the Southern Region, between January 2004 and December 2014. Information was collected on patients and tumors. The mortality rate was gathered from the patient death registry in the Mortality Information System. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test to compare variables. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42% and 38%, respectively. The anatomical location had a significant association with survival rate (p=0.001), with the rates were better in the lips (p=0.04), and worse in the oropharynx (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between survival rates according to age, sex, ethnicity, schooling level and histologic grade. CONCLUSION: The survival rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were and associated with the anatomical site of the tumor.

Expression of cell cycle proteins according to HPV status in oral squamous cell carcinoma affecting young patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Tobacco and alcohol consumption are considered the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); however, the role of these factors in patients younger than 40 years is controversial, so it has been suggested that genomic instability and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection may be contributing factors to oral carcinogenesis at a young age. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of cell cycle proteins according HPV status in OSCC affecting young patients. METHODS: A tissue microarray construction based on 34 OSCC samples from young patients (<40 years old) was subjected to immunohistochemical reactions for Ki67, cyclin D1, C-ErbB2, p21, Myc, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, and p16 antibodies. RESULTS: The clinicopathologic features and the immunoexpression of all tested proteins were similar in both groups. Patients with HPV-related OSSC tended to have better cancer-specific survival (CSS; 39% vs 60% 5-y CSS), and overall survival (OS; 29.2% vs 60% 5-year OS). However, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: No significant difference exists in the expression of cell cycle proteins studied between HR-HPV DNA-positive and HR-HPV DNA-negative OSCC affecting young patients.

Human papilloma virus: An etiological and prognostic factor for oral cancer?

The increasing prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive oral tumors can be considered an epidemic. Although the incidence of HPV cervical cancer is decreasing, the incidence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers associated with HPV is increasing. The presence of certain HPV genotypes could be a predictor of future oral cancer lesions, although lesions associated with HPV could be less aggressive and exhibit a higher survival rate. In the present study, we review the most important biologic, clinic, epidemiologic, and prognostic factors associated with HPV infection and oral cancer.

Prevalence and risk factors for oral human papillomavirus infection in Mexican HIV-infected men.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for oral high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infec- tion in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive male outpatients with HIV-infection were enrolled. Demographic and behav- ioral risk data were obtained. Anal swabs and oral rinses were tested for HR-HPV DNA. Oral, pharyngeal and video laryngoscopy examinations were performed for detection of lesions. RESULTS: The prevalence of HR-HPV oral infection was 9.3% (subtypes other than HR HPV 16/18 predominated). The prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection was 75.7%. The risk factors for oral infection with HR-HPV were tonsillectomy (OR=13.12) and years from HIV diagnosis (OR=1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Tonsillectomy and years from HIV diagnosis were associated with oral HPV infection. No association was found between oral and anal HR-HPV infections. This is the first study reporting the prevalence and risk factors for oral HR-HPV infection in Mexican HIV-infected population.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo para infección oral por virus de papiloma humano de alto ries- go (VPH-AR) en individuos con VIH. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron pacientes ambulatorios consecutivos con VIH. Se recabó información demográfica y sobre factores de riesgo conductuales. Se detectó DNA de VPH-AR en hisopado rectal y enjuague bucal. Se efectuó exploración de boca, faringe y videolaringoscopía para detectar lesiones. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de VPH-AR oral fue 9.3% (predominaron subtipos diferentes de VPH-AR 16/18). La prevalencia de VPH-AR anal fue 75.7%. Los factores de riesgo para VPH-AR oral fueron la tonsilectomía (OR=13.12) y los años de diagnóstico del VIH (OR=1.17). CONCLUSIONES: La tonsilectomía y los años de diagnóstico del VIH se asociaron con VPH-AR oral. No hubo asociación entre VPH-AR oral y anal. Este es el primer reporte sobre prevalencia y factores de riesgo para VPH-AR oral en población mexicana con VIH.

Prevention and control of neoplasms associated with HPV in high-risk groups in Mexico City: The Condesa Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined strategy of human papillomavirus virus (HPV) vaccination and high-risk HPV screening to reduce the occurrence of anogenital and oropharyngeal neoplasms among men who have sex with men, people with HIV, homeless people, transgender women, female sex workers and rape victims. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This mixed methods study evaluates the effectiveness of a combined vaccination-screening strategy to reduce HPV prevalence/incidence and occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms grade 2+ and/or anal intraepithelial neoplasms grade 2+, using Kaplan-Meier. The time-to-event method will evaluate time from positive results for specific anogenital HPV to incidence of anogenital lesions containing that HPV type. RESULTS: People vaccinated against HPV and screened for HPV as a primary test will have lower prevalence and incidence of HPV infection and consequently lower frequency of HPV-related anogenital and oropharyngeal lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Thisstudy will generate scientific evidence on effectiveness of a combined vaccination-screening strategy to reduce the burden of HPV-associated neoplasms.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de una estrategia combinada de vacunación contra el virus de papiloma humano (VPH) y tamizaje de VPH de alto riesgo para reducir neoplasias anogenitales y orofaringeas entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, personas con VIH, personas en situación de calle, mujeres transgénero, trabajadoras sexuales y víctimas de violación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este estudio evaluará la efectividad de una estrategia combinada de vacunación y tamizaje para reducir la ocurrencia de neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales grado 2+ o neoplasias intraepiteliales anales grado NIA2+ utilizando Kaplan-Meier. Se evaluará tiempo de resultados positivos para tipos específicos deVPH anogenital a incidencia de lesiones anogenitales con ese tipo de VPH. RESULTADOS: Las personas vacunadas contra VPH y con tamizaje de VPH tendrán menor prevalencia e incidencia de infecciones por VPH y por ende menor frecuencia de lesiones anogenitales y orofaringeas relacionadas con VPH. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio generará evidencia científica sobre la efectividad de una estrategia combinada de vacunación y tamizaje para reducir la carga de neoplasias asociadas al VPH.

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis / Câncer de boca e orofaringe: epidemiologia e análise da sobrevida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the epidemiological profile and survival rate of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients seen at a university hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out by means of the pathological reports of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer, seen at a university hospital of the Southern Region, between January 2004 and December 2014. Information was collected on patients and tumors. The mortality rate was gathered from the patient death registry in the Mortality Information System. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test to compare variables. Results The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42% and 38%, respectively. The anatomical location had a significant association with survival rate (p=0.001), with the rates were better in the lips (p=0.04), and worse in the oropharynx (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between survival rates according to age, sex, ethnicity, schooling level and histologic grade. Conclusion The survival rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were and associated with the anatomical site of the tumor.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e a taxa de sobrevida do câncer de boca e orofaringe de pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal por meio dos laudos anatomopatológicos dos pacientes com câncer de boca e orofaringe atendidos em um hospital universitário, na Região Sul, entre janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2014. A partir destes laudos, foram coletadas informações sobre o paciente e o tumor. A taxa de mortalidade foi obtida do registro de óbitos dos pacientes no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a curva de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank para a comparação das variáveis. Resultados As taxas de sobrevida em 5 e 10 anos foram 42% e 38%, respectivamente. A localização anatômica apresentou associação significativa com a taxa de sobrevida (p=0,001), sendo que, em lábio, os índices foram melhores (p=0,04) e, em orofaringe, piores (p=0,03). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as taxas de sobrevida de acordo com idade, sexo, etnia, nível educacional e grau histológico. Conclusão As taxas de sobrevida do câncer de boca e orofaringe foram baixas e associadas à localização anatômica do tumor.

Oral plasmablastic lymphoma as the first manifestation of AIDS.

Plasmablastic lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by its plasmacytic differentiation and predilection for the oral cavity. It is among the lymphomas most commonly associated with AIDS. This report details a case of a HIV-positive patient with a 1-month history of an exophytic mass in the gingival area of the upper left quadrant. The diagnosis of plasmablastic lymphoma was made based on its histopathological and immunophenotypical features. She was treated with chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite complete resolution of the lesion, the patient died of cardiorespiratory arrest. This case illustrates plasmablastic lymphoma as the first clinical manifestation of AIDS, highlighting the importance of differentiating between a potentially malignant lesion and other pathologic processes.

Prevalence of HPV and EBV infection andtheir relationship with the p53 and PCNA expression in oral carcinoma patients

Introduction: Infection caused by potentially oncogenic viruses, such as HPV and EBV, favors the role of certain oncoproteins that can induce dysplasias and malignant lesions. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HPV and EBV and their relation with the expression of p53 and PCNA in patients with oral carcinoma. Methodology: Twenty-seven oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were evaluated; DNA extraction was conducted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit; viral detection was obtained using the INNO-LiPA kit for HPV, and nested PCR was used for EBV. The evaluation of molecular markers was performed through immunohistochemical staining. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.55 +/- 13.94 years, and 52 percent of these were female. Of the patients, 59 percent were tobacco users and 63 percent were alcohol consumers. HPV was detected in 70 percent of the patients with the predominance of genotype 16 (60 percent). As for EBV infection, it was observed in 59 percent of cases. p53 and PCNA immunopositivity corresponded to 44 percent and 59 percent, respectively. The tongue was the anatomical location with highest positivity for both viruses as well as for the expression of molecular markers. The 48 percent of the cases presented infection by both viruses. Conclusion: HPV and EBV infection together with the expression of p53 and PCNA were more frequently observed in advanced stages of the disease, suggesting a more relevant role in the progression than in tumor genesis.

Oral plasmablastic lymphoma as the first manifestation of AIDS

Abstract Plasmablastic lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by its plasmacytic differentiation and predilection for the oral cavity. It is among the lymphomas most commonly associated with AIDS. This report details a case of a HIV-positive patient with a 1-month history of an exophytic mass in the gingival area of the upper left quadrant. The diagnosis of plasmablastic lymphoma was made based on its histopathological and immunophenotypical features. She was treated with chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite complete resolution of the lesion, the patient died of cardiorespiratory arrest. This case illustrates plasmablastic lymphoma as the first clinical manifestation of AIDS, highlighting the importance of differentiating between a potentially malignant lesion and other pathologic processes.