In-State Retention Rates of Female Neurosurgery Graduates.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the rate of retaining female neurosurgery graduates in the same states as their medical education and identify medical school and state characteristics associated with high retention rates. METHODS: Database from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services was used to extract female physicians indicating "neurosurgery" as their specialty. The top 25 medical schools with the highest number of female neurosurgery graduates were selected. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the retention rate of female neurosurgery graduates. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify medical school and state characteristics associated with high retention rates. RESULTS: Medical schools with the highest retention rate included the University of California, San Francisco (60%), the University of Alabama (60%), and the University of Pennsylvania (60%). Univariable and multivariable analysis showed the number of female neurosurgery attendings (ß = 0.036, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.003 to 0.070, P = 0.04 and ß = 0.036, CI = 0.001 to 0.071, P = 0.04.) and the healthcare employment rate (ß = 0.098, CI = 0.011 to 0.186, P = 0.03 and ß = 0.117, CI = 0.021 to 0.212, P = 0.02) to be positively associated with the retention rate of female neurosurgery graduates. CONCLUSIONS: Retaining female neurosurgery graduates within a state is essential for addressing the physician shortage and gender inequality. To encourage female medical students to practice in the same state, medical schools and states should work collectively to improve the visibility of female neurosurgeons and increase employment opportunities.

Gender Differences in the Pediatric Neurosurgical Workforce: Professional Practice, Work-Life Balance, and Beyond.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that female neurosurgeons experience unique challenges in the workplace including lack of academic advancement, challenges with work-life balance, harassment, and discrimination. How these factors influence the gender gap in neurosurgery remains unclear. This analysis investigated gender differences in pediatric neurosurgeons in professional and nonprofessional activities and responsibilities. METHODS: A survey examining professional activities, work-life balance, family dynamics, career satisfaction, and workplace discrimination and harassment was administered to 495 pediatric neurosurgeons. Response rate was 49% (n = 241). RESULTS: One-third of the pediatric neurosurgical workforce is female. There were no gender differences in race/ethnicity, American Board of Neurological Surgery/American Board of Pediatric Neurological Surgery certification rates, or pediatric neurosurgery fellowship completion. No gender differences were found in operative caseload, weekly hours worked, or working after 8 pm or weekends. Women took call more frequently than men ( P = .044). Men were more likely to work in academia ( P = .004) and have salary subsidization from external sources ( P = .026). Women were more likely to anticipate retirement by age 65 years ( P = .044), were less happy with call commitments ( P = .012), and worked more hours at home while off ( P = .050). Women more frequently reported witnessing and experiencing racial discrimination ( P = .008; P < .001), sexual harassment ( P = .002, P < .001), and feeling less safe at work ( P < .001). Men were more likely married ( P = .042) with 1 ( P = .004) or more children ( P = .034). Women reported significantly greater responsibility for child and domestic care ( P < .001). There were no gender differences in work-life balance, feeling supported at work, or having enough time to do things outside of work. CONCLUSION: Despite little difference in workload and professional responsibilities, women held more domestic responsibilities and experienced and witnessed more racial and sexual discrimination in the workplace. Surprisingly, there were no reported differences in work-life balance or feeling supported at work between genders. These findings suggest that factors unique to female neurosurgeons may contribute to continued gender disparity in the field.

Assessment of Demographic Changes of Workforce Diversity in Otolaryngology, 2013 to 2022.

Importance: Given the growth of minoritized groups in the US and the widening racial and ethnic health disparities, improving diversity remains a proposed solution in the field of otolaryngology. Evaluating current trends in workforce diversity may highlight potential areas for improvement. Objective: To understand the changes in gender, racial, and ethnic diversity in the otolaryngology workforce in comparison with changes in the general surgery and neurosurgery workforces from 2013 to 2022. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Association of American Medical Colleges for 2013 to 2022, and included medical students and trainees in all US medical residency programs and allopathic medical schools. Main Outcomes and Measures: Average percentages of women, Black, and Latino trainees during 2 intervals of 5 years (2013-2017 and 2018-2022). Pearson χ2 tests compared demographic information. Normalized ratios were calculated for each demographic group in medical school and residency. Piecewise linear regression assessed linear fit for representation across time periods and compared rates of change. Results: The study population comprised 59 865 medical residents (43 931 [73.4%] women; 6203 [10.4%] Black and 9731 [16.2%] Latino individuals; age was not reported). The comparison between the 2 study intervals showed that the proportions of women, Black, and Latino trainees increased in otolaryngology (2.9%, 0.7%, and 1.6%, respectively), and decreased for Black trainees in both general surgery and neurosurgery (-0.4% and -1.0%, respectively). In comparison with their proportions in medical school, Latino trainees were well represented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (normalized ratios [NRs]: 1.25, 1.06, and 0.96, respectively); however, women and Black trainees remained underrepresented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (women NRs, 0.76, 0.33, and 0.68; Black NRs, 0.63, 0.61, and 0.29, respectively). The percentage of women, Black, and Latino trainees in otolaryngology all increased from 2020 to 2022 (2.5%, 1.1%, and 1.1%, respectively). Piecewise regression showed positive trends across all 3 specialties. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cross-sectional study indicate a positive direction but only a modest increase of diversity in otolaryngology, particularly in the context of national demographic data. Novel strategies should be pursued to supplement existing efforts to increase diversity in otolaryngology.

Morbimortalidad asociada al Departamento de Neurocirugía del Hospital de Clínicas. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo durante abril 2017-abril 2019 / Morbidity and mortality associated to the Neurosurgery Department at the Clinicas University Hospital. Longitudinal retrospective study between April 2017 and 2019 / Morbimortalidade associada ao Serviço de Neurocirurgia do Hospital de Clínicas. Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo durante o período abril de 2017-2019

Resumen: Introducción: la morbimortalidad permite evaluar la calidad asistencial, outcome y comparar diferentes centros asistenciales. Éste es el primer estudio de morbimortalidad en neurocirugía realizado en Uruguay. Objetivo: determinar la morbimortalidad global y específica en el Departamento de Neurocirugía del Hospital de Clínicas y la asociación entre complicación y morbimortalidad. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo-analítico, longitudinal, retrospectivo de todos los pacientes >15 años que requirieron cirugía entre abril de 2017 y abril de 2019. Los datos se obtuvieron de historias clínicas y se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, comorbilidad, clínica, diagnóstico, oportunidad quirúrgica, complicación, tipo de complicación, mortalidad, causa de mortalidad, outcome y tiempo quirúrgico. Resultados: 477 pacientes fueron intervenidos, 72 complicados. La mortalidad global fue 5,5% (26/477) y la morbilidad 15% (72/477). 36% de los pacientes complicados fallecieron (26/72). La patología vascular fue la morbilidad específica que más se complicó (20%, 14/69). La infección fue el tipo de complicación más frecuente (46%, 39/84). La propia evolución de la enfermedad y el terreno causó la muerte del 90% de los pacientes complicados operados de urgencia (19/21), siendo ésta última factor de riesgo independiente de fallecer (p=0,018). En coordinaciones, la causa de muerte estuvo vinculada al acto quirúrgico (80%). Hubo asociación entre patología vascular y morbimortalidad (p=0,015) y entre complicación isquémica y morbimortalidad (p=0,024). La presencia de hipertensión endocraneana (HEC) se asoció a un mal resultado (p=0,003). Conclusiones: los resultados muestran una buena calidad de atención comparado con otros centros. Aún existen aspectos a corregir para reducir la morbimortalidad.

Abstract: Introduction: morbidity and mortality rates allow for the evaluation of the quality of care and outcome and they also make it possible to compare different healthcare centers. This is the first morbidity and mortality study in neurosurgery carried out in Uruguay. Objective: to determine the global and specific morbidity and mortality rates in the Neurosurgery Department at the Clínicas University Hospital, and to determine if mortality and morbidity are associated to surgical complications. Method: retrospective, longitudinal, observational and descriptive analysis of all patients >15 years old that underwent a neurosurgical procedure between April 2017 and 2019. Data were obtained from patient medical records. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, comorbidity, clinical data, diagnosis, opportunity of surgical procedure, complications, type of complication, mortality, cause of mortality, outcome and surgical time. Results: 477 patients underwent neurosurgical procedure, 72 of which were complicated surgeries. Overall mortality was 5.5% (26/477) and morbidity 15% (72/477). 36% of complicated patients died (26/72). Vascular pathology was the specific morbidity that complicated patients the most 20% (14/69). Infection was the most frequent type of complication 46% (39/84). The evolution of the disease itself and the terrain caused the death of 90% of complicated patients undergoing emergency surgery (19/21), being the latter an independent risk factor for death (p = 0.018). As to coordinated surgeries, the cause of death was associated to the surgical act (80%). Association was found between vascular pathology and morbidity and mortality (p = 0.015) and between ischemic complication and morbidity and mortality (p = 0.024). The presence of intracranial hypertension (IH) was associated with a bad outcome (p= 0.003). Conclusions: the results show a good quality of care compared to other centers. There are still aspects to correct to reduce morbidity and mortality rates.

Resumo: Introdução: a análise da morbimortalidade permite avaliar a qualidade do atendimento e dos resultados e comparar diferentes centros de saúde. Este é o primeiro estudo de morbimortalidade em neurocirurgia realizado no Uruguai. Objetivo: determinar a morbimortalidade global e específica no Departamento de Neurocirurgia do Hospital de Clínicas e a associação entre complicação e morbimortalidade. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo-analítico, longitudinal, retrospectivo de todos os pacientes >15 anos que necessitaram de cirurgia entre abril de 2017 e 2019. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários dos pacientes e as variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, comorbidade, aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico, oportunidade cirúrgica, complicação, tipo de complicação, mortalidade, causa da mortalidade, resultado e tempo cirúrgico. Resultados: 477 pacientes foram operados dos quais 72 apresentaram complicações. A mortalidade geral foi de 5,5% (26/477) e a morbidade de 15% (72/477). 36% dos pacientes com complicações morreram (26/72). A patologia vascular foi a causa específica de mortalidademorbidade específica mais freqüente 20% (14/69). A infecção foi o tipo de complicação mais freqüente 46% (39/84). A evolução da própria doença e do local da cirurgia ocasionou a morte de 90% dos pacientes com complicações submetidas a cirurgias de urgência (19/21), sendo este último fator de risco independente para óbito (p = 0,018). Nas cirurgias eletivas, a causa da morte esteve ligada ao ato cirúrgico (80%). Houve associação entre patologia vascular e morbimortalidade (p = 0,015) e entre complicação isquêmica e morbimortalidade (p = 0,024). A presença de hipertensão intracraniana (HEC) foi associada a um desfecho ruim (p = 0,003). Conclusões: os resultados mostram uma boa qualidade de atendimento em comparação com outros centros. Ainda há aspectos a serem corrigidos para reduzir a morbimortalidade.

Patient-Specific Factors Drive Intensive Care Unit and Total Hospital Length of Stay in Operative Patients with Brain Tumor.

BACKGROUND: Hospital length of stay (LOS) is an important cost driver in neurosurgery. Broader surgical literature has shown that patient-related factors, including comorbidities, and procedure-related factors, such surgeon experience, may be associated with LOS. Because value optimization strategies may be targeted toward either domain, this study investigated the contributions of patient-related and procedure-related factors in predicting prolonged intensive care unit LOS (iLOS) and total hospital LOS (tLOS). METHODS: Data for adult patients undergoing brain tumor surgery (2017-2019) were collected. Bivariate analyses for iLOS and tLOS were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. Variables associated with either outcome with P < 0.10 were included in patient-only, procedure-only, and patient+procedure factor multivariate linear regression models. Model discrimination was quantified using C-statistics. RESULTS: Our 654 patients had a mean age of 57.54 years (standard deviation, ± 14.34 years). For iLOS, the patient-only model significantly outperformed the procedure-only model (P < 0.0001) and performed similarly to the patient+procedure model (P = 0.50). Other than tumor diagnosis, 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index score was the only factor associated with iLOS (P < 0.001) and tLOS (P < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. When predicting prolonged tLOS, the patient-only model significantly outperformed the procedure-only model (P < 0.0001), and performed similarly to patient+procedure models (P = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Patient-specific factors are the main drivers of prolonged iLOS and tLOS among patients with brain tumor. Frailty was significantly associated with both iLOS and tLOS on multivariate analysis. Efforts to improve care value should focus on strategies to optimize patient status, such as prehabilitation and enhanced recovery after surgery.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Neurosurgery Research Productivity in Arab Countries Between 2005 and 2019.

BACKGROUND: The Arab world is lagging behind in the world of publications and research, especially in the biomedical-related field. This is a bibliometric analysis that aims to assess the neurosurgical research productivity across different Arab countries. METHODS: PubMed was used to quantify the number of neurosurgery-related articles published by each Arab country, by several journals, investigating specific topics between 2005 and 2019. Numbers were normalized with respect to each country's average population and average gross domestic product (GDP). RESULTS: Arab countries contributed 0.53% of total neurosurgery publications. Egypt had the highest number of neurosurgery-related publications (362), ahead of Saudi Arabia (238) and Lebanon (133). In terms of publications per million persons, Lebanon was first with 21.6 publications per million persons. In terms of GDP, Egypt ranked first with 18.85 publications per million $. There was an insignificant correlation between the number of publications on one hand and the average GDP (P = 0.09) on the other hand, whereas the average population explains around 50% of the neurosurgery-related publications (R squared = 0.49, P < 0.01). Neoplasms were the dominating area of research, and the WORLD NEUROSURGERY journal had the highest number of publications. CONCLUSIONS: The results reached by this study reflect an undoubtable need for more research on neurosurgery by Arab countries. This goes back to the different obstacles facing Arab countries every day, affecting the economic, educational, and health care systems.

Women in Neurosurgery Around the World: A Systematic Review and Discussion of Barriers, Training, Professional Development, and Solutions.

BACKGROUND: Women have been a minority in neurosurgery since the foundation of the specialty. Women who choose to pursue neurosurgery or advance in their career must overcome various obstacles. In this article, we discuss the proportion of women in neurosurgery globally and the obstacles they face, as well as the solutions being implemented. METHODS: A systematic review of studies concerning international women in neurosurgery was conducted. Article inclusion was assessed based on relevance to women of neurosurgery, geographic region, date, and classification (rates/data, barriers, or solutions). RESULTS: From the specified search, 127 articles were retrieved, and 27 met the inclusion criteria. Of the total, 25 countries were represented and discussed in the articles. Primary classification of articles resulted in 50 for data/rates, 22 for barriers, and 17 for possible solutions. DISCUSSION: Despite cultural differences among unique regions of the globe, women face similar challenges when pursuing neurosurgery, such as difficulty advancing their careers, balancing duties at work and at home, meeting social and cultural expectations, and finding support and mentorship. Encouragingly, measures are already being implemented worldwide to allow women to fulfill their multiple other roles through maternity leave policies, increasing their access to mentors, and enabling promotions throughout their careers. CONCLUSIONS: With the shortage of neurosurgeons in many regions of the world, the recruitment of female neurosurgeons plays a vital role in meeting those demands. Our cultures and professional societies should celebrate their inclusion and promotion and accommodate the complex role of women as neurosurgeons, mothers, partners, scientists, and leaders.

The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Neurosurgical Practice and Feasibility of Safe Resumption of Elective Procedures During this Era in a Large Referral Center in Tehran, Iran: An Unmatched Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably affected surgical practice. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the pandemic on neurosurgical practice and the safety of the resumption of elective procedures through implementing screening protocols in a high-volume academic public center in Iran, as one of the countries severely affected by the pandemic. METHODS: This unmatched case-control study compared 2 populations of patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures between June 1, 2019 and September 1, 2019 and the same period in 2020. In the prospective part of the study, patients who underwent elective procedures were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection postoperatively to evaluate the viability of our screening protocol. RESULTS: Elective and emergency procedures showed significant reduction during the pandemic (59.4%, n = 168 vs. 71.3%, n = 380) and increase (28.7%, n = 153 vs. 40.6%, n = 115, respectively; P = 0.003). The proportional distribution of neurosurgical categories remained unchanged during the pandemic. Poisson regression showed that the reduction in total daily admissions and some categories, including spine, trauma, oncology, and infection were significantly correlated with the pandemic. Among patients who underwent elective procedures, 0 (0.0%) and 26 (16.25%) had positive test results on days 30 and 60 postoperatively, respectively. Overall mortality was comparable between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, yet patients with concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection showed substantially higher mortality (65%). CONCLUSIONS: By implementing safety and screening protocols with proper resource allocation, the emergency care capacity can be maintained and the risk minimized of hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection, complications, and mortality among neurosurgical patients during the pandemic. Similarly, for elective procedures, according to available resources, hospital beds can be allocated for patients with a higher risk of delayed hospitalization and those who are concerned about the risk of hospital-acquired infection can be reassured.

#Neurosurgery: A Temporal and Content Analysis of Academic Neurosurgery on Twitter.

BACKGROUND: Social media has become ubiquitous in modern medicine. Academic neurosurgery has increased adoption to promote individual and departmental accomplishments, engage with patients, and foster collaboration. We sought to quantitatively evaluate the adoption of one of the most used social media platforms, Twitter, within academic neurosurgery. METHODS: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of Twitter use across 118 academic neurosurgery departments with residency programs in the United States was performed in March 2019 and March 2021. We collated Twitter handles, Doximity residency ranking (a peer-determined ranking system), geographic location, and Twitter demographics (tweets, followers, likes, and tweet content) from before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Tweet content was characterized by reviewers over a predetermined 6-month period. Linear regression and parametric/nonparametric tests were used for analysis. RESULTS: Departmental accounts grew 3.7 accounts per year between 2009 and 2019 (R2 = 0.96), but 43 accounts (130%) were added between 2019 (n = 33) and 2021 (n = 76). This growth, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, changed the model from linear to exponential growth (R2 = 0.97). The highest-ranking programs based on Doximity were significantly more likely to have an account (P < 0.001) and have more followers (P < 0.0001). Tweet content analysis revealed prioritization of faculty/resident activity (mean 49.9%) throughout the quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate rapid uptake in Twitter use among U.S. academic neurosurgical departments, accelerated by COVID-19. With the impact of COVID-19, it is clear that there will be continued rapid adoption of this platform within neurosurgery, and future studies should explore the outcomes of peer collaboration, patient engagement, and dissemination of medical information.

Impact on neurosurgical management in Level 1 trauma centers during COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions: The Santa Clara County experience.

Early COVID-19-targeted legislations reduced public activity and elective surgery such that local neurosurgical care greatly focused on emergent needs. This study examines neurosurgical trauma patients' dispositions through two neighboring trauma centers to inform resource allocation. We conducted a retrospective review of the trauma registries for two Level 1 Trauma Centers in Santa Clara County, one academic and one community center, between February 1st and April 15th, 2018-2020. Events before a quarantine, implemented on March 16th, 2020, and events from 2018 to 19 were used for reference. Encounters were characterized by injuries, services, procedures, and disposition. Categorical variables were analyzed by the χ2 test, proportions of variables by z-score test, and non-parametric variables by Fisher's exact test. A total of 1,336 traumas were identified, with 31% from the academic center and 69% from the community center. During the post-policy period, relative to matching periods in years prior, there was a decrease in number of TBI and spinal fractures (24% versus 41%, p < 0.001) and neurosurgical consults (27% versus 39%, p < 0.003), but not in number of neurosurgical admissions or procedures. There were no changes in frequency of neurosurgery consults among total traumas, patients triaged to critical care services, or patients discharged to temporary rehabilitation services. Neurosurgical services were similarly rendered between the academic and community hospitals. This study describes neurosurgical trauma management in a suburban healthcare network immediately following restrictive quarantine during a moderate COVID-19 outbreak. Our data shows that neurosurgery remains a resource-intensive subspeciality, even during restrictive periods when overall trauma volume is decreased.

Reinforcement Learning in Neurocritical and Neurosurgical Care: Principles and Possible Applications.

Dynamic decision-making was essential in the clinical care of surgical patients. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is a computational method to find sequential optimal decisions among multiple suboptimal options. This review is aimed at introducing RL's basic concepts, including three basic components: the state, the action, and the reward. Most medical studies using reinforcement learning methods were trained on a fixed observational dataset. This paper also reviews the literature of existing practical applications using reinforcement learning methods, which can be further categorized as a statistical RL study and a computational RL study. The review proposes several potential aspects where reinforcement learning can be applied in neurocritical and neurosurgical care. These include sequential treatment strategies of intracranial tumors and traumatic brain injury and intraoperative endoscope motion control. Several limitations of reinforcement learning are representations of basic components, the positivity violation, and validation methods.

Research activity amongst DCM research priorities.

INTRODUCTION: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. DCM is common (estimated prevalence, 2% of adults) and significantly impacts quality of life. The AO Spine RECODE-DCM (Research Objectives and Common Data Elements in DCM) project has recently established the top research priorities for DCM. This article examines the extent to which existing research activity aligns with the established research priorities. METHODS: A systematic review of MEDLINE and Embase for "Cervical" AND "Myelopathy" was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Full-text papers in English, exclusively studying DCM, published between January 1, 1995 and August 08, 2020 were considered eligible. Extracted data for each study included authors, journal, year of publication, location, sample size and study design. Each study was then analysed for alignment to the established research priorities. RESULTS: In total, 2261 papers with a total of 1,323,979 patients were included. Japan published more papers (625) than any other country. Moreover, 2005 (89%) of 2261 papers were aligned to at least one research priority. The alignment of papers to the different research priorities was unequal, with 1060 papers on the most researched priority alone (#15, predictors of outcome after treatment), but only 64 total papers on the least-researched 10 priorities. The comparative growth of research in the different priorities was also unequal, with some priorities growing and others plateauing over the past 5 years. DISCUSSION: Research activity in DCM continues to grow, and the focus of this research remains on surgery. The established research priorities therefore represent a new direction for the field.

Investigating the real impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the daily neurosurgical practice?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to relate the neurosurgical activity during a time of sanitary crisis such as experienced during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHODS: A monocentric retrospective analysis was made based on a prospectively gathered cohort of all patients requiring neurosurgical care between March 15th and May 12th, 2020. Local impact of SARS-CoV-2 was analysed regarding number of patients admitted in ICU. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty patients could benefit from neurosurgical care with a wide-ranging profile of clinical and surgical activities performed during the study that seemed similar to last year profile activity. Surgical indications were restricted to non-deferrable surgeries, leading to a drop in operative volume of 50%. Only 1.3% of patients required transfer to other units due to the impossibility of providing gold standard neurosurgical care in our centre. CONCLUSION: Despite the challenges represented by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was proven possible to ensure the routine neurosurgical continuity and provide high standards of neurosurgical care without compromising patients' access to the required treatments.

Factors Associated With Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes in Female Neurosurgeons: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Neurosurgery is male dominated with women representing only 12% of residents and 5% of practicing neurosurgeons. The conflicting demands of training versus pregnancy and motherhood are significant deterrents to women entering the field. We examined pregnancy incidence and timing, perinatal complications, and the perceived career impact of motherhood on female neurosurgeons using an anonymous survey of 643 training, practicing, and retired female neurosurgeons from the United States. Among 260 respondents, 50.8% (132/260) reported pregnancies, with an average age at first pregnancy that was significantly higher than the national average (32.1 vs 26.3 yr). In all, 40.1% (53/132) of respondents reported perinatal complications in at least one of their pregnancies. Only 25% (33/132) of respondents noted designated program maternity allowances. The most significant challenges associated with being a mother and neurosurgeon reported were issues relating to work/life balance, "mommy guilt," and sleep deprivation. A majority of respondents, 70.1% (82/116), reported fear of backlash from co-residents, partners, and staff, as well as hindered career advancement related to childbearing. Female neurosurgeons face challenges surrounding family planning different from those faced by male practitioners. Higher perinatal and fetal complications, backlash from colleagues, and demanding workload are significant issues. Progress requires institutional support and mentorship for women to create a more diverse field of practitioners.

Medical Student Publications in Neurosurgery: At Which U.S. Academic Institutions Do Medical Students Publish Most?

BACKGROUND: The neurosurgery residency match is a competitive process. While medical research offers esteemed learning opportunities, productivity is closely evaluated by residency programs. Accordingly, students work diligently to make contributions on projects within their neurosurgery departments. The present study evaluated medical student research productivity for each of the 118 U.S. neurosurgery residency programs. METHODS: A retrospective review of publications for 118 neurosurgery programs from January 1, 2015, to April 1, 2020, was performed. The primary outcome was any publication with a medical student as the first author. Secondary outcomes included number of faculty in each department, department region, and medical school ranking. The number of student first author publications was compared among programs, regions, and medical schools. RESULTS: Mean numbers of medical student first author publications and faculty members per institution were 16.27 and 14.46, respectively. The top 3 neurosurgery departments with the greatest number of student first author publications were Johns Hopkins University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and University of California, San Francisco. Salient findings included a positive correlation between the number of medical student first author publications from a neurosurgery department and the number of departmental faculty (P < 0.001, R = 0.69). Additionally, the mean number of first author medical student publications at the top 30 programs was higher than the mean for the remaining programs (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate neurosurgery medical student productivity in North America. By systematizing first authorships, incoming students who desire to pursue neurosurgery can be informed of institutions with student involvement, and departments that use medical student expertise can be recognized.

Attitudes of Neurosurgeons Toward Social Media: A Multi-Institutional Study.

BACKGROUND: Social media has become an important communication tool in modern life, and its use is undoubtedly increasing worldwide. Given the rising importance of social media in the health care system, little is known about neurosurgeons' social media use and interactions in the context of professional purposes. This study aimed to analyze social media usage and opinions among neurosurgeons in terms of age, gender, and practice setting. METHODS: An online survey was administered to neurosurgeons worldwide. A total of 1119 neurosurgeons from 104 different countries responded to the questionnaire. RESULTS: All respondents were members of at least 1 social media platform. Older neurosurgeons and neurosurgeons in nonacademic settings spent less time on social media (P < 0.05). Communication with peers via social media decreased with age, while communication via e-mail increased (P < 0.05). Most respondents perceived the effect of social media to be beneficial to neurosurgery (very beneficial [28.73%], somewhat beneficial [35.55%]). More women than men considered that social media platforms provided a greater chance for networking opportunities, learning about a new study or conference, and providing rapid and widespread knowledge transfer (P < 0.05). False guidance (44.68%) and violation of privacy (41.64%) were thought to be the main disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS: Social media use, opinions, and attitudes among neurosurgeons vary depending on their age, gender, and practice setting. Most neurosurgeons stated that the use of social media could have beneficial and advantageous effects on neurosurgery practice, while the frequency of misleading information and lack of privacy were perceived as barriers.

Direct versus indirect transfer for traumatic brain injury to James Cook University Hospital: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with traumatic brain injury are referred to the neurosurgical unit at James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, either from local accident and emergency departments (direct transfer from the scene) or from other hospitals (indirect transfer). This study looked at the outcome in both groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study using trauma audit research network data for patients treated for traumatic brain injury at the neurosurgery department at the neurosurgical unit at James Cook University Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 356 patients with traumatic brain injury were admitted under the care of neurosurgeons; 143 (40%) of these patients had a neurosurgical procedure. Of the patients undergoing a neurological procedure, 111 patients were transferred directly while 32 were indirect transfers; 213 patients were managed conservatively. Of those managed conservatively, 165 were transferred directly while 48 were indirect transfers. We compared the length of hospital stay and Glasgow Outcome Scale score for the patients based on whether they were conservatively managed or required surgery in the direct and indirect transfer groups. The difference in the length of stay in the surgical and conservative groups following direct and indirect transfer was insignificant (p = 0.07). The time to the operation in direct and indirect transfer was also not statistically significant (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Patients are as safe, if not safer, by reaching the nearest trauma unit with facilities for resuscitation and imaging.

Perioperative Practice Patterns of Craniotomies-Results of a National Neurosurgical Survey in Poland.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative craniotomy practices depend mainly on neurosurgeon preferences. To investigate the variations in these preferences, we surveyed neurosurgeons in Poland regarding different aspects of their practices. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaires were circulated in 2019 at the neurosurgery conferences in Poland. We then analyzed the responses, categorized in subgroups by sex, affiliation, and stage of training. RESULTS: A total of 114 responses to the questionnaire were obtained. For surgical site exposure, regional hair shaving was the most common pattern (64.9%), followed by whole-scalp (19.3%) and strip line shaving (12.3%). Most respondents (65.8%) used clamp-based devices for bone flap fixation, and approximately one third (30.7%) reported using bone suturing. During cranioplasty, respondents most often used artificial bone implants (69.3%), followed by a preserved bone flap from the patient (24.5%). More than three quarters reported that they (77.2%) performed routine radiologic evaluation after uncomplicated brain tumor surgery. Most patients (64.0%) were discharged between the third and sixth postoperative days. Almost half of emergent surgeries (48.2%) and most elective surgeries (89.5%) were performed with the help of an assistant surgeon. No significant differences were found in practice between the sexes or by affiliation or training stage. We inferred an influence of regional economic status on some of the reported choices. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative craniotomy practices among Polish neurosurgeons show a significant heterogeneity. Economic factors can explain some choices, but others trace to a conservative mindset. Further studies are needed to identify which factors are most relevant and to identify approaches to a standardized method of care.

Geographic Variation in Costs of Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Geographic variations in health care costs have been reported for many surgical specialties. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we sought to describe national and regional costs associated with transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TPS). METHODS: Data from the Truven-MarketScan 2010-2014 were analyzed. We examined overall total, hospital/facility, physician, and out-of-pocket payments in patients undergoing TPS including technique-specific costs. Mean payments were obtained after risk adjustment for patient-level and system-level confounders and estimated differences across regions. RESULTS: The estimated overall annual burden was $43 million/year in our cohort. The average overall total payment associated with TPS was $35,602.30, hospital/facility payment was $26,980.45, physician payment was $4685.95, and out-of-pocket payment was $2330.78. Overall total and hospital/facility costs were highest in the West and lowest in the South (both P < 0.001), whereas physician reimbursements were highest in the North-east and lowest in the South (P < 0.001). There were no differences in out-of-pocket expenses across regions. On a national level, there were significantly higher overall total and hospital/facility payments associated with endoscopic compared with microscopic procedures (both P < 0.001); there were no significant differences in physician payments or out-of-pocket expenses between techniques. There were also significant within-region cost differences in overall total, hospital/facility, and physician payments in both techniques as well as in out-of-pocket expenses associated with microsurgery. There were no significant regional differences in out-of-pocket expenses associated with endoscopic surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show significant geographic cost disparities associated with TPS. Understanding factors behind disparate costs is important for developing cost containment strategies.

Telemedicine via Smart Glasses in Critical Care of the Neurosurgical Patient-COVID-19 Pandemic Preparedness and Response in Neurosurgery.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic poses major risks to health care workers in neurocritical care. Recommendations are in place to limit medical personnel attending to the neurosurgical patient as a protective measure and to conserve personal protective equipment. However, the complexity of the neurosurgical patient proves to be a challenge and an opportunity for innovation. The goal of our study was to determine if telemedicine delivered through smart glasses was feasible and effective in an alternative method of conducting ward round on neurocritical care patients during the pandemic. METHODS: A random pair of neurosurgery resident and specialist conducted consecutive virtual and physical ward rounds on neurocritical patients. A virtual ward round was first conducted remotely by a specialist who received real-time audiovisual information from a resident wearing smart glasses integrated with telemedicine. Subsequently, a physical ward round was performed together by the resident and specialist on the same patient. The management plans of both ward rounds were compared, and the intrarater reliability was measured. On study completion a qualitative survey was performed. RESULTS: Ten paired ward rounds were performed on 103 neurocritical care patients with excellent overall intrarater reliability. Nine out of 10 showed good to excellent internal consistency, and 1 showed acceptable internal consistency. Qualitative analysis indicated wide user acceptance and high satisfaction rate with the alternative method. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual ward rounds using telemedicine via smart glasses on neurosurgical patients in critical care were feasible, effective, and widely accepted as an alternative to physical ward rounds during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.