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Crit Rev Immunol ; 37(2-6): 213-248, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29773021

RESUMO

The discovery of the ability of the nervous system to communicate through "public" circuits with other systems of the body is attributed to Ernst and Berta Scharrer, who described the neurosecretory process in 1928. Indeed, the immune system has been identified as another important neuroendocrine target tissue. Opioid peptides are involved in this communication (i.e., neuroimmune) and with that of autoimmunoregulation (communication between immunocytes). The significance of opioid neuropeptide involvement with the immune system is ascertained from the presence of novel δ, µ., and κ receptors on inflammatory cells that result in modulation of cellular activity after activation, as well as the presence of specific enzymatic degradation and regulation processes. In contrast to the relatively uniform antinociceptive action of opiate and opioid signal molecules in neural tissues, the presence of naturally occurring morphine in plasma and a novel µ3 opiate-specific receptor on inflammatory cells adds to the growing knowledge that opioid and opiate signal molecules may have antagonistic actions in select tissues. In examining various disorders (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, substance abuse, parasitism, and the diffuse inflammatory response associated with surgery) evidence has also been found for the involvement of opiate/opioid signaling in prominent mechanisms. In addition, the presence of similar mechanisms in man and organisms 500 million years divergent in evolution bespeaks the importance of this family of signal molecules. The present review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of opiate and opioid immunoregulatory processes and speculates as to their significance in diverse biological systems.


Assuntos
Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Sistemas Neurossecretores/imunologia , Peptídeos Opioides/imunologia , Receptores Opioides/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/metabolismo , Animais , Autoimunidade , Evolução Biológica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/imunologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Neurossecreção/imunologia , Peptídeos Opioides/metabolismo , Infecções por Protozoários/imunologia , Infecções por Protozoários/metabolismo , Infecções por Protozoários/parasitologia , Receptores Opioides/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/imunologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/metabolismo
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