Intervención educativa sobre asma bronquial en padres de niños con esta enfermedad en Anzoátegui, Venezuela / Educational intervention on bronchial asthma in parents of asthmatic children in Anzoátegui, Venezuela

Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, prospectivo de corte transversal, con el objetivo de implementar una intervención educativa sobre asma bronquial en padres de niños asmáticos del consultorio 23 de Enero, municipio Pedro María Freites estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela, en el período entre mayo a diciembre de 2016. El universo lo constituyeron todos los casos con diagnóstico de asma bronquial en edades de 2 a 6 años. La muestra se seleccionó por un representante del niño que cumpliera los criterios de selección y quedó representada por 46 padres previo consentimiento informado, se aplicó una encuesta antes y después de la intervención. En los resultados prevaleció el nivel de severidad moderada persistente y el sexo femenino más afectado. El nivel de conocimiento sobre el cuidado del niño ante el síntoma fue inadecuado, tenían conocimientos adecuados sobre la conducta a seguir ante la crisis, sobre tratamiento y estilos de vida saludables fue inadecuado. Estos mejoraron favorablemente después de la intervención educativa(AU)

A prospective, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of implementing an educational intervention. Bronchial Asthma in Parents of Asthmatic Children of the Clinic January 23, Pedro María Freites Municipality of Anzoategui, Venezuela, from May to December of 2016. The universe was constituted by all the cases with diagnosis of Bronchial Asthma in ages of 2 to 6 years. The sample was selected by a representative of the child who met the selection criteria and was represented by 46 parents with prior consent and applied a pre- and post-intervention survey. In the results, the level of persistent moderate severity and the most affected female gender prevailed. The level of knowledge about the child's care of the symptom was inadequate, had adequate knowledge about the behavior to follow the crisis and about healthy treatments and lifestyles was inadequate. These improved favorably after the educational intervention(AU)

Family-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention for Smoking Fathers and Nonsmoking Mothers with a Child: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a family-based intervention targeting both smoking fathers and nonsmoking mothers in well-child health clinics is effective in increasing fathers' abstinence from cigarette smoking. STUDY DESIGN: This parallel 2-arm randomized controlled trial recruited a total of 1158 families with a daily-smoking father, a nonsmoking mother, and a child aged 0-18 months from the 22 maternal and child health centers in Hong Kong. The intervention group received the family-based intervention, including 6 nurse-led individual face-to-face and telephone counseling sessions within 1 month after recruitment and a voluntary face-to-face family counseling session (FCS). The control group received a leaflet, a self-help booklet, and brief quitting advice only. Father-reported 7-day and 6-month abstinence, smoking reduction, quit attempts, mother-reported help and support, and child salivary cotinine level were assessed at 12 months. Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare these outcomes between the 2 study groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the intervention group reported a greater prevalence of 7-day (13.7% vs 8.0%; OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.16-3.17; P < .01) and 6-month self-reported abstinence (13.4% vs. 7.5%; OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.30-3.40; P < .01). Within the intervention group, compared with receipt of individual counseling only, participation in the FCS was associated with increases in fathers' self-reported abstinence (20.2% vs 12.3%; P = .02), mothers' help (66.1% vs 43.8%; P < .01), and support to the fathers (55.0% vs 45.4%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The family-based smoking cessation intervention for the families in the well-child healthcare setting was effective in increasing the fathers' self-reported abstinence. Additional participation in the FCS increased mothers' help and support to the fathers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-trials.com: ISRCTN99111655; Hkuctr.com: HKUCTR-465.

[Individual, social and environmental determinants of overweight and obesity among Chilean adolescents]. / Determinantes individuales, sociales y ambientales del sobrepeso y la obesidad adolescente en Chile.

BACKGROUND: In Chile, overweight and obesity are pressing issues in public health. AIM: To identify individual, social and environmental factors that affect the likelihood of adolescents to become overweight or obese. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used physical condition data of a sample of 900 urban eighth grade students from Santiago, obtained in the 2011 National Study of Physical Education. This information was complemented with georeferenced data from the place of residence of students and the environment in which they live. We used three logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between individual, social and environmental factors and the likelihood of being overweight or obese. RESULTS: Men and students of high socioeconomic status (SES) have a lower probability of being overweight (-6 percentage points (pp.) and -12 pp. respectively). Furthermore, the determinants that affect overweight depend on SES. Namely, only men of middle and low SES have a lower probability of being overweight (-7 pp.). Participation in school sporting activities reduces the likelihood of being overweight only for students of middle and low SES (-5,5 pp.). For adolescents of high SES, the distance between their school and the nearest fast food restaurant decreases the likelihood of being overweight (-4.7 pp. per km.). CONCLUSIONS: The determinants of overweight differ by SES. Public policy design should consider socioeconomic inequalities that characterize the Chilean reality.

Experiência paterna no primeiro ano de vida da criança: revisão integrativa de pesquisas qualitativas / Paternal experience during the child's first year of life: integrative review of qualitative research

As transformações sociais têm suscitado a reflexão sobre o papel paterno e apontado para novas paternidades, caracterizadas pelo envolvimento mais efetivo do pai no cotidiano familiar e nos cuidados com a criança. A presente revisão integrativa de pesquisas qualitativas teve como objetivo sintetizar as evidencias da literatura sobre a experiência paterna ao longo do primeiro ano de vida da(o) filha(o), com atenção às questões de gênero. Vinte e três artigos integram este estudo. Observou-se que os pais vivenciaram interações positivas com seus bebês e, ainda, almejaram mais tempo e espaço para se dedicarem à família. No entanto, a desigualdade entre os gêneros, a contínua exigência da provisão financeira do lar e sua inaptidão para o momento da amamentação impediram que houvesse maior envolvimento paterno. Concluiu-se que o movimento das novas paternidades faz-se presente na vivência do pai e as tendências contemporâneas de gênero são desafios no apoio à parentalidade.

Social transformations have raised reflection about the paternal role and pointed to new fatherhoods, characterized by more effective involvement of the father in the family routine and in childcare. The present integrative review of qualitative studies aimed to synthetize the literature evidence about fatherhood experience throughout the first year of the child's life, attentive to gender questions. Twenty three studies integrated this review. It was observed that fathers had positive experience with their babies and, still, craved for more time and space to dedicate to the family. However, inequality between genders, continuous requirement of financial provision at home and their inaptitude for breastfeeding moment impeded more paternal involvement. We concluded that new fatherhoods movement is present in the father experience and contemporary gender tendencies are challenges for parenting support.

Determinantes individuales, sociales y ambientales del sobrepeso y la obesidad adolescente en Chile / Individual, social and environmental determinants of overweight and obesity among Chilean adolescents

Background: In Chile, overweight and obesity are pressing issues in public health. Aim: To identify individual, social and environmental factors that affect the likelihood of adolescents to become overweight or obese. Material and Methods: We used physical condition data of a sample of 900 urban eighth grade students from Santiago, obtained in the 2011 National Study of Physical Education. This information was complemented with georeferenced data from the place of residence of students and the environment in which they live. We used three logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between individual, social and environmental factors and the likelihood of being overweight or obese. Results: Men and students of high socioeconomic status (SES) have a lower probability of being overweight (-6 percentage points (pp.) and -12 pp. respectively). Furthermore, the determinants that affect overweight depend on SES. Namely, only men of middle and low SES have a lower probability of being overweight (-7 pp.). Participation in school sporting activities reduces the likelihood of being overweight only for students of middle and low SES (-5,5 pp.). For adolescents of high SES, the distance between their school and the nearest fast food restaurant decreases the likelihood of being overweight (-4.7 pp. per km.). Conclusions: The determinants of overweight differ by SES. Public policy design should consider socioeconomic inequalities that characterize the Chilean reality.

Factors associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables by preschoolers of low socio-economic level, / Fatores associados ao baixo consumo de frutas e verduras entre pré-escolares de baixo nível socioeconômico,

Objective: To evaluate factors associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables among preschoolers from families treated at basic health centers in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Methods: This was a cohort study nested in a randomized field trial. Data collection was performed through structured questionnaires to obtain demographic and dietary data, combined with two 24-hour recalls in the age groups 12–16 months and again at 2–3 years of age. Data on the consumption of one daily serving of fruits (80 g) and vegetables (60 g) were evaluated, as well as consumption of non-recommended foods such as candy, chocolate, and soft drinks. Statistical analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust estimation. Results: A total of 388 children aged 2-3 years were evaluated; of these, 58% and 87.4% did not consume one daily serving of fruits and vegetables, respectively. The following factors were negatively associated with fruit consumption: family income higher than four minimum wages, (p = 0.024), lower paternal educational level (p = 0.03), and lower fruit consumption at 12–16 months (p = 0.002). Factors negatively associated with the consumption of vegetables were low paternal educational level (p = 0.033) and consumption of high-sugar content beverages at 12–16 months (p = 0.014). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of children who consumed less than one daily serving of fruit and vegetables; early feeding practices, parental education, and family income were associated with this process. .

Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados ao baixo consumo de frutas e verduras entre pré-escolares de famílias usuárias da rede básica de saúde de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de coorte aninhado a ensaio de campo randomizado. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionários estruturados para obtenção de dados dietéticos e sociodemográficos, além de dois recordatórios de 24 horas nas faixas etárias de 12–16 meses e novamente aos 2-3 anos de idade. Foram avaliados os dados de consumo de uma porção diária de frutas (80 g) e verduras (60 g), além de consumo de alimentos não recomendados, como balas, chocolates e refrigerantes. As análises estatísticas foram feitas por regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 388 crianças de 2-3 anos, destas 58% e 87,4% não consumiram uma porção de frutas e verduras, respectivamente. Os fatores que se mostraram negativamente associados ao consumo de frutas foram: renda familiar superior a 4 salários mínimos, (p = 0,024), menor escolaridade paterna (p = 0,03) e menor consumo de frutas aos 12–16 meses (p = 0,002). Os fatores negativamente associados à ingestão de verduras foram a menor escolaridade paterna (p = 0,033) e consumo de refrigerante aos 12–16 meses (p = 0.014). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostraram alta prevalência de crianças que consumiram menos de uma porção de frutas e verduras ao dia e sugerem que práticas alimentares precoces, escolaridade paterna e renda estão associadas a esse processo. .

Factors associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables by preschoolers of low socio-economic level.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables among preschoolers from families treated at basic health centers in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cohort study nested in a randomized field trial. Data collection was performed through structured questionnaires to obtain demographic and dietary data, combined with two 24-hour recalls in the age groups 12-16 months and again at 2-3 years of age. Data on the consumption of one daily serving of fruits (80 g) and vegetables (60 g) were evaluated, as well as consumption of non-recommended foods such as candy, chocolate, and soft drinks. Statistical analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust estimation. RESULTS: A total of 388 children aged 2-3 years were evaluated; of these, 58% and 87.4% did not consume one daily serving of fruits and vegetables, respectively. The following factors were negatively associated with fruit consumption: family income higher than four minimum wages, (p=0.024), lower paternal educational level (p=0.03), and lower fruit consumption at 12-16 months (p=0.002). Factors negatively associated with the consumption of vegetables were low paternal educational level (p=0.033) and consumption of high-sugar content beverages at 12-16 months (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of children who consumed less than one daily serving of fruit and vegetables; early feeding practices, parental education, and family income were associated with this process.

Cluster-randomized trial of infant nutrition training for caries prevention.

The objective of this study was to estimate the caries impact of providing training in infant feeding guidelines to workers at Brazilian public primary care clinics. In a cluster-randomized controlled trial (n = 20 clinics), health care workers either were trained in guidelines for infant nutrition, stressing healthful complementary feeding, or were assigned to a 'usual practices' control, which allowed for maternal counseling at practitioner discretion. Training occurred once; the amount of counseling provided to mothers was not assessed. Eligible pregnant women were enrolled to follow health outcomes in their children. Early childhood caries (ECC) was measured at age three years (n = 458 children). The overall reductions in ECC (relative risk, 0.92; 95%CI, 0.75, 1.12) and severe ECC (RR, 0.87; 95%CI, 0.64, 1.19) were not statistically significant. There was a protective effect among mothers who remained exclusively at the same health center (S-ECC RR, 0.68; 95%CI, 0.47, 0.99) and among those naming the health center as their principal source of feeding advice (S-ECC RR, 0.53; 95%CI, 0.29, 0.97). Health care worker training did not yield a statistically significant reduction in caries overall, although caries was reduced among children of mothers more connected to their health centers.

Educational inequality by race in Brazil, 1982-2007: structural changes and shifts in racial classification.

Despite overwhelming improvements in educational levels and opportunity during the past three decades, educational disadvantages associated with race still persist in Brazil. Using the nationally representative Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílio (PNAD) data from 1982 and 1987 to 2007, this study investigates educational inequalities between white, pardo (mixed-race), and black Brazilians over the 25-year period. Although the educational advantage of whites persisted during this period, I find that the significance of race as it relates to education changed. By 2007, those identified as blacks and pardos became more similar in their schooling levels, whereas in the past, blacks had greater disadvantages. I test two possible explanations for this shift: structural changes and shifts in racial classification. I find evidence for both. I discuss the findings in light of the recent race-based affirmative action policies being implemented in Brazilian universities.

Assessment of caries experience in 12-year-old adolescents in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to analyse the association between socioeconomic and behavioural factors and the presence of active non-cavitated caries lesions in 12-year-old adolescents in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1001, 12-year-old adolescents who were selected by the cluster sampling method. A modified version of the World Health Organization criteria for identifying lesions including white lesions (WL) in enamel was used. Information on behavioural and socioeconomic factors was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. The outcome variables were DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL. The data obtained were analysed using the chi-square test and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The mean DMFS was 1.87 (SD = 3.05) and DMFS+WL was 2.27 (SD = 3.66). The logistic regression model showed that income was statistically significantly associated with DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL, whereas educational level of the father, number of residents in the house and number of dental visits were associated with DMFS and DMFS+WL. The onset of toothbrushing was associated with WL. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that economic factors are associated with all stages of caries development. In addition to these factors, family size, number of dental visits, educational level of the father and onset of toothbrushing could be considered markers of dental health risk.

Sugar consumption and dental health: Is there a correlation?

This study investigated the correlation between sugar consumption and dental caries in a random sample of 184 schoolchildren (all 12 years of age) from public and private schools in Piracicaba, Brazil. A seven-day diet record was administered in a cross-sectional survey. Diet records were used to determine the frequency of sugar consumption both during and between meals. Socioeconomic and behavioral variables were collected in a semi-structured questionnaire. Using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probes and mirrors and following WHO recommendations, a calibrated dentist assessed the number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) on permanent teeth, the CPI, and the number of noncavitated (NC) carious lesions. Data analysis demonstrated significant correlations between NC carious lesions and sugar consumption during morning snack (p = 0.0282; r = 0.1618), NC carious lesions and sugar consumption during lunch (p = 0.0539; r = 0.1425), monthly family income and sugar consumption during dinner (p < 0.001; r = 0.2970), father's education and sugar consumption during dinner (p = 0.0027; r = 0.2430), and onset of toothbrushing and sugar consumption during dinner (p = 0.0159; r = 0.1786). A high consumption of sweet foods/beverages occurred between meals (mean = 17.48; standard deviation = 14.68). Although there was no correlation between DMFS and sugar consumption, there was a correlation between NC carious lesions and sugar consumption, indicating that the rational use of sugar is an important factor in caries prevention.

Relationship between breast- and bottle-feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to assess the persistence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its relationship with breastfeeding, as well as to establish the influence of sociodemographic factors on these habits among children aged 3 to 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 1107 children from public and private daycare centres in Natal, Brazil: 450 in the case group (312 pacifier suckers and 138 thumb suckers) and 657 in the control group (habit-free). Data regarding sociodemographic conditions and duration of breastfeeding were obtained using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Breastfeeding for a duration of > 6 months (adjusted odds ratio = 0.311; 95% confidence interval = 0.226 to 0.428) was an independent protective factor against persistent pacifier sucking. The use of pacifiers was more frequent among 3-year-old children and among those from a higher income family and a higher level of schooling of parents. The relation between duration of breastfeeding and thumb sucking was not statistically significant (P = 0.087). There was an association between the thumb sucking habit with sex (female), low level of schooling of father and the child being born as the last male child in the birth order. No relation was found between breastfeeding and habit frequency (day/night and night) (P = 0.301). An association with habit frequency was found with the age of 3 years, female, the family income group that ranged between US $176 and US $875, and those attending private institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding for a duration of > 6 months was a protective factor against the persistence of pacifier sucking, but the subjectivity of the mother-child relationship must be investigated further.

O método mãe canguru em uma maternidade do Rio de Janeiro 200-2002: necessidades da criança e demanda de educação em saúde para os país / The kangaroo mother method at on maternity center in Rio de Janeiro 2000-2002: children's needs and parent's demands for health education

A implementação do Método Mãe Canguru (MMC) em uma maternidade pública do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2000-2002, foi investigada com o objetivo de caracterizar os neonatos participantes das etapas intra-hospitalares e analisar as necessidades de cuidados especiais na alta hospitalar e as demandas dos pais para a educação em saúde. Este estudo exploratório-descritivo teve como fonte de dados os prontuários de 116 neonatos. Participaram do MMC neonatos prematuros e de baixo peso (87,9). O tempo de internação variou de 8 a 56 dias nas etapas intra-hospitalares. A amamentação exclusiva atingiu 51,7 na primeira etapa, 93 na segunda e 15,1 na terceira (ambulatório). O menor peso para iniciar a segunda etapa correspondeu a 1.250g e a terceira a 1.800g; 84,9 apresentaram necessidades de cuidados especiais (de desenvolvimento, tecnológico e medicamentoso), os quais apontaram, na terceira etapa, para uma demanda de educação familiar sobre aleitamento materno e cuidados relativos às necessidades da criança...

This study investigated the implementation of the Kangaroo Mother Method (KMM), at a Maternity Center in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil from 2000 to 2002. The aims of this studywere to characterize the neonate participants, and analyze their special healthcare needs and the parentsÆdemands for health education. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted and the data was gathered from charts of 116 neonates. The results showed that 87.9 were premature with very low birth weight; their length of hospital stay was from 8 to 56 days in neonatal intensive care and kangaroomother unit; 51.7 were breastfeeding in the first stage, 93 in the second, and 15.1 in the third. The smallest weight for initiating the KMM first stage was 1,250g, and in the third one, 1,800 g; 84.9 of them required medication, developmental, technology, and an adaptation of everyday care. Thus, thedemands for developing parentsÆ health education should center on these childrenÆs healthcare needs...

The transition to fatherhood: the role of formal and informal support structures during the post-partum

The transition to fatherhood is a period in an individualÆs life that calls upon his/her adaptive capacities. The quality of social support available to parents is an important factor in theiradjustment to their new role. The purpose of this correlative study among 160 first-time fathers and 160 first-time mothers in Quebec, Canada was to determine which sources of support are most valued by mothers and fathers during the post-partum period, the characteristics of this support and to examine the nature of the relationships between perceptions of social support, parenting efficacy and parentalanxiety. Multivariate analyses revealed that, for these parents, social support did not act as a protective factor for perceived parenting efficacy. However, nurses care-giving practices contributed to parentsÆ perceptions of support and to their perceptions of parenting efficacy...

A transição para a paternidade é um momento na vida de um indivíduo que solicita suas capacidades de adaptação. A qualidade do suporte social da qual dispõem os pais é um elemento importante em sua adaptação a seu novo papel. O objetivo deste estudo correlacional, realizado com 160 casais de pais de primeira viagem do Quebec, foi compreender as fontes de apoio promovidas pelos pais e pelas mães, em período pós-natal, suas características, e examinar a natureza das relações entre as percepções de suporte social, a eficácia parental e a ansiedade parental. Análises multivariadas revelaram que o suporte social, para estes pais, não agia como fator de proteção das percepções de eficácia parental. Entretanto, as práticas de auxílio das enfermeiras contribuíam para as percepções de apoio dos pais, assim como para suas percepções da eficácia parental...

Caries status of children in eastern Trinidad, West Indies.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence, severity and caries burden among children residing in eastern Trinidad. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study comprising probability, stratified, and proportionate-to-size sampling. Seven hundred and eleven school children aged six, 12 and 15 years were examined between November 1999 and January 2000 by two calibrated dentists using World Health Organization (WHO) assessment criteria. RESULTS: Overall mean DMFT and dft scores were 1.29 +/- 2.3 and 1.78 +/- 3.1 while 30.4% were caries-free. At ages six, 12 and 15 years, mean DMFT scores were 0.08 +/- 0.38; 2.18 +/- 2.49; 2.66 +/- 3.0 while dft scores were 3.74 +/- 3.63; 0.14 +/- 2.65; 0. Significant Caries Indices (SiC) for permanent and primary teeth were 3.75 and 5.28. Children of parents/carers with university education had the lowest DMFT/dft scores (1.0 +/- 2.47/0.83 +/- 1.58), treatment need (23.8%), and comprised the highest proportion of caries-free (76.2%) population. The values for father/male carer were statistically significant (p < 0.005). All four first permanent molars were decayed in 8.76%. First permanent molars were most frequently decayed in 12-year-olds (55.4%) and 15-year-olds (50.0%). Untreated caries and first permanent molar decay among six-year-olds were 84% and 8.3% respectively. Tooth mortality was 0.978 and 0.964 in permanent and primary teeth. The Restorative Indices for permanent and primary teeth were 0.02134 and 0.0213. CONCLUSION: Based on WHO severity criteria for the respective ages, caries experience is low in Eastern Trinidad. The mean DMFT is much lower than recently reported country data for 12-year-olds. However, the incidence is increasing. The SiC suggests that a small proportion of the population accounts for most of the decayed teeth.

Conocimientos, creencias y actitudes de padres que influyen en el fomento y protección de la lactancia materna / Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of parents that have influence in the promotion and protection of breast feeding

Socialmente, se ha asignado a la mujer el papel exclusivo en la alimentación infantil; hoy se considera fundamental la presencia del padre en este desarrollo, es por eso que no basta considerarlo como el sustento económico familiar sino que también como agente importante en la vinculación del niño con su medio.El propósito de este estudio es describir al padre como agente de fomento y protección de la lactancia. La muestra consta de 40 padres que trabajan en una industria de alimentos de Santiago. La información fue recolectada durante Noviembre y Diciembre de 1999.La literatura muestra que en general los padres opinan que la LM reafirma el vínculo entre la familia; interfiere con las actividades sexuales en la pareja y que no siempre permite su participación. Los resultados muestran que se trata de un grupo de padres en edad madura (45.5 por ciento), con un nivel educacional que facilita la comprensión de instancias educativas. La mayoría de los padres inició su proceso de vinculación con el hijo antes del nacimiento y se incorpora de manera espontánea en la lactancia. Es tarea de los profesionales de la salud facilitar su inserción al binomio madre-hijo y fortalecer el núcleo familiar

Estudo das opiniöes do pai sobre o aleitamento materno e sua participaçäo neste processo / A study of the father's opinions about breast-feeding and his participation in this process

O presente trabalho trata das opiniöes do pai sobre o aleitamento materno e sua participaçäo neste processo na fase em que a esposa estava amamentando. Teve como propósito a obtençäo de subsídios para a elaboraçäo de programas educativos de incentivo ao aleitamento materno dirigidos ao pai da criança. Foram entrevistados 100 pais de crianças com idade entre um e doze meses que estavam sendo ou haviam sido amamentadas no peito, presentes no Ambulatório de Pediatria da Escola Paulista de Medicina, no município de Säo Paulo, no período de janeiro a março de 1992. O estudo mostrou que os pais reconhecem a importância da amamentaçäo natural, porém precisam ser melhor orientados sobre o tema e incentivados a participar mais ativamente do processo

Maternal education in relation to early and late child health outcomes: findings from a Brazilian cohort study.

In a population-based cohort of approximately 6000 Brazilian children, the associations between maternal education and a number of child health outcomes were studied while controlling for potentially confounding variables such as family income and education of the husband. In the crude analyses, maternal education was associated with perinatal and infant mortality, hospital admissions in the first 20 months of life and the three nutritional indicators (length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length) at mean age 20 months. After adjustment for confounding, the apparent associations with outcomes in early infancy--birthweight and perinatal mortality--were no longer present, while that with infant mortality persisted despite being reduced. Strong associations remained with later outcomes including hospital admissions, length-for-age and weight-for-age at mean age 20 months. Among infants born to women with little or no schooling, deaths due to diarrhoea, pneumonia and other infectious diseases were particularly common. These findings support the hypothesis that maternal education has an effect on child health which is partly independent from that of other socioeconomic factors; they also suggest that maternal care is more important than the biological characteristics of the mothers since stronger effects were observed for the late (postneonatal mortality, hospital admissions and nutritional status) than for the early (birthweight, perinatal mortality) outcomes.