Single mothers by choice - experiences of single women seeking treatment at a public fertility clinic in Denmark: A pilot study.

PROBLEM: There has been an increase in the number of single women deciding to have children through the use of medically assisted reproduction (MAR). These women are referred to as 'single mothers by choice' (SMC). BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown how SMC can feel stigmatised. AIM: Explore if single women seeking fertility treatment in Denmark feel stigmatised. METHODS: Six single women undergoing MAR at a public fertility clinic in Denmark were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped, anonymised, and transcribed in full, after provided written consent by the participants to take part in the study. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. FINDINGS: The women would have preferred to have a child in a relationship with a partner. Despite their dream of the nuclear family meaning a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more), the women choose to become SMC because motherhood was of such importance, and they feared they would otherwise become too old to have children. The participants did not experience stigma or negative responses to their decision, but they all had an awareness of the prejudices other people might have towards SMC. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the understanding of the experiences of single women seeking fertility treatment in a welfare state where there are no differences in the possibilities for different social classes to seek MAR.

Parenting Students and Indicators of Financial Stability, Health, and Academic Success: Findings from a Population-Based Sample of Public Urban University Students.

Parenting students constitute a significant portion of the college population, with 22% of undergraduate students nationwide managing the dual responsibilities of parenthood and education. Single-parenting students face disproportionate challenges to achieving academic success. This study examines the health, financial, and academic aspects of parenting students attending a large, urban public university, specifically comparing single parents to their married or cohabiting counterparts and non-parenting students in New York City. We collected data from 2104 participants, including 142 single parents and 119 married or cohabiting parents, through a cross-sectional survey. Using adjusted regression models, we evaluated the associations between parenting status and financial, health, and academic factors. Our findings reveal that, in comparison to non-parents, single parents are significantly more likely to carry debt (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.81), rely on food assistance (aOR 5.03), and achieve slightly lower GPAs (ß - 0.11). Single parents also work more hours (aOR 1.66) and have an increased likelihood of facing debt (aOR 2.66), housing difficulties (aOR 2.80), food insecurity (aOR 2.21), and lower GPAs (ß - 0.22) compared to their married or cohabiting peers. The disaggregation of single and married or cohabiting parents reveals significant disparities, emphasizing the vulnerability of single-parenting students in higher education. Targeted interventions addressing issues like food security and housing are essential to support the academic success of single parents.

Rising nonmarital first childbearing among college-educated women: Evidence from three national studies.

Levels of nonmarital first childbearing are assessed using recent administrations of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort; the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; and the National Survey of Family Growth. Results confirm that the higher a woman's educational attainment, the less likely she is to be unmarried at the time of her first birth. A comparison over time shows increases in nonmarital first childbearing at every educational level, with the largest percentage increase occurring among women with college degrees at the BA or BS level or higher. This article projects that 18 to 27% of college-educated women now in their thirties who have a first birth will be unmarried at the time. In addition, among all women who are unmarried at first birth, women with college degrees are more likely to be married at the time of their second birth, and, in a majority of cases, the other parent of the two children was the same person. A growing proportion of well-educated women, and their partners, may therefore be pursuing a family formation strategy that proceeds directly to a first birth, and then proceeds, at a later point, to marriage, followed by a second birth. Possible reasons for the increase in nonmarital first births among the college-educated include the stagnation of the college wage premium; the rise in student debt; decreasing selectivity; and the growing acceptability of childbearing within cohabiting unions, which have become a common setting for nonmarital childbearing, and among single parents.

Factors associated with behavioral adjustment among school-age children of gay and heterosexual single fathers through surrogacy.

Thirty-one children of gay single fathers and 28 children of heterosexual single fathers, all born through surrogacy, were compared with 31 children of gay partnered fathers through surrogacy and 30 children of heterosexual partnered fathers through in-vitro fertilization on their perceptions of self-worth and their father- and caregiver-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors. For children of single fathers, the study also examined associations between aspects related to their surrogacy conception, feelings about their family arrangement, and behavioral adjustment. All children (47.5% girls) were aged 6-12 years (Mmonths = 97.84, SD = 20.50) and living in Italy; all fathers (Myears = 43.79; SD = 6.42) identified as cisgender, reported a medium-to-high socioeconomic status, and were White (with the exception of one gay partnered father). No differences were found across the four family groups in any behavioral outcome, with children demonstrating, on average, high levels of self-worth and low levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. In single-father families, regardless of the father's sexual orientation, children with a weaker understanding of surrogacy, lower satisfaction with their contact with the gestational carrier, and lower comfort with their family arrangement were associated with more externalizing problems. Furthermore, children's female gender and lower satisfaction with their contact with the gestational carrier were associated with more internalizing problems, whereas children's male gender and greater understanding of surrogacy were associated with higher self-worth. Taken together, these findings do not support the commonly held assumption that the combination of surrogacy conception and single fatherhood is detrimental for children's behavioral adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Same-sex male couples and single men having children using assisted reproductive technology: a quantitative analysis.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How do same-sex male couples (SSMC) and single men perceive their experience of using assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Canada; what factors contribute to their experience and the decisions made throughout the ART process? DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used an anonymous online survey to gather exploratory data (between August 2018 and August 2019) about participant experience and decision-making considerations, for SSMC and single men internationally who had undergone ART in Canada. The survey was accessed by 145 individuals; 98 participants were included in the final analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Four out of five participants had a positive overall experience of using ART in Canada. Having the social support of knowing others who had previously pursued ART, and needing to work with multiple egg donors, were found to affect overall experience significantly. Agencies were the most common way for intended parents to connect with third parties. Major factors men considered when choosing an egg donor included medical history, physical attributes, personality and temperament, ethnicity, and education; they tended to select gestational surrogates who had similar lifestyle values to themselves. Most coupled survey respondents created embryos using each partner's spermatozoa (73.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study expands on limited knowledge of the current topic, identifying key areas for future research. Most SSMC and single men, domestic and internationally, had a positive experience pursuing ART in Canada to have children. Research on the experiences of SSMC and single men and decision-making considerations should continue.

Use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis in late adolescence: roles of family living arrangement and socioeconomic group.

BACKGROUND: France has one of the highest levels in Europe for early use of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. We investigate in this country disparities in adolescent problematic substance use by family living arrangement and parental socioeconomic group. METHODS: The data used were from the 2017 nationally-representative ESCAPAD survey, conducted among 17-year-olds in metropolitan France (N = 39,115 with 97% response rate). Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Adolescents living in non-intact families (44%) reported daily smoking, binge drinking and regular cannabis use (respectively ≥3 episodes and ≥ 10 uses in the last 30 days) much more frequently than those living in intact families (for example, the PR estimates for father single parent families were respectively 1.69 (1.55-1.84), 1.29 (1.14-1.45) and 2.31 (1.95-2.74)). Socioeconomic differences across types of families did little to explain the differential use. Distinctive socioeconomic patterns were found: a classical gradient for smoking (PR = 1.34 (1.22-1.47) for the most disadvantaged group relative to the most privileged); an inverse association for binge drinking (PR = 0.72 (0.64-0.81) for the most disadvantaged relative to the most privileged), and no significant variation for cannabis use. CONCLUSION: Our findings shed light on the consistency of the excess use of adolescents from non-intact families and on the substance-specific nature of the association with parental socioeconomic group. Preventive approaches at the population level should be complemented by more targeted strategies.

Household Composition and Gender Differences in Parental Time Investments.

Recent research has documented the relatively poor performance of boys, especially those from single-mother households, on a number of outcomes. Differences in noncognitive skills are often cited as a main contributing factor. However, we still know little about the underlying mechanisms driving differences in noncognitive skills and other outcomes. This article provides empirical evidence that parental time investments, defined as the amount of time that parents spend participating in activities with their child, change differentially by child gender following a transition from a two-parent to single-mother household. Boys experience larger investment reductions following the change in household structure, which may help facilitate previously documented gender gaps in noncognitive skills for those in single-mother households. Boys lose an estimated additional 3.8 hours per week in fathers' time investments, nearly 30% of average weekly paternal investments across the sample. The difference is increasing with age, concentrated in leisure and entertainment activities, with little to no evidence that mothers increase investments in boys relative to girls after such transitions.

The Dynamics of U.S. Household Economic Circumstances Around a Birth.

With the arrival of an infant, many households face increased demands on resources, changes in the composition of income, and a potentially heightened risk of income inadequacy. Changing household economic circumstances around a birth have implications for child and family well-being, women's economic security, and public program design, yet have received little research attention in the United States. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study provides new descriptive evidence of month-to-month changes in household income adequacy and the composition of household income in the year before and after a birth. Results show evidence of significant declines in household income adequacy in the months around a birth, particularly for single mothers who live without other adults. Income from public benefit programs buffers but does not eliminate declines in income adequacy. Results have implications for policies targeted at this period, including public benefit and parental leave programs.

Healthcare services and medication use among widowed partners of patients deceased due to cancer - results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the effect of a cancer death on healthcare and medication use among widowed individuals (Widowed-Cancer), by comparing this population with partnered individuals and with widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cardiovascular diseases (Widowed-CVD). METHODS: Data were retrieved from the Sixth Wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - SHARE, conducted in 2015, in 18 countries. Widowed-Cancer were matched by country, sex, age and educational level with currently partnered individuals (1:2; n = 901 and n = 1802, respectively) and with Widowed-CVD (1:1; n = 606 and n = 606, respectively). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 1.42, 95%CI:1.12-1.80) and anxiety or depression (OR = 1.56, 95%CI:1.20-2.03) was more common among Widowed-Cancer than in partnered individuals; a tendency towards higher odds of being hospitalised in the previous year was also observed in Widowed-Cancer (OR = 1.20, 95%CI:0.98-1.47). Among participants whose partners were deceased in 2015, Widowed-Cancer were more likely than Widowed-CVD to report ≥10 contacts with medical doctors or nurses in the previous year (OR = 3.32, 95%CI:1.20-9.24; P for interaction = .042) and a higher use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 14.43, 95%CI:1.74-119.84; P for interaction = .027). CONCLUSION: Widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cancer had a higher use of healthcare, which highlights the importance of improving the quality of end-of-life care, even during widowhood.

Determinants for early introduction of complementary foods in Australian infants: findings from the HSHK birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the timing of introduction of complementary (solid) foods among infants in South Western Sydney, Australia, and describe the maternal and infant characteristics associated with very early introduction of solids. METHODS: Mother-infant dyads (n = 1035) were recruited into the "Healthy Smiles Healthy Kids" study by Child and Family Health Nurses at the first post-natal home visit. Data collected via telephone interviews at 8, 17, 34 and 52 weeks postpartum included timing of introduction of solids and a variety of maternal and infant characteristics (n = 934). Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with the risk of introducing solids very early, which for the purpose of this study was defined as being before 17 weeks. RESULTS: The median age of introduction of solids was 22 weeks. In total, 13.6% (n = 127) of infants had received solids before 17 weeks and 76.9% (n = 719) before 26 weeks of age. The practice of introducing solids early decreased with older age of the mother. Compared to women < 25 years of age, those who were 35 years or older were 72% less likely to introduce solids very early (OR = 0.28, CI95 0.14-0.58). Single mothers had more than twice the odds of introducing solids before the age of 17 weeks compared to married women (OR = 2.35, CI95 1.33-4.16). Women who had returned to work between 6 to 12 months postpartum were 46% less likely to introduce solids very early compared with those who were not working at the child's first birthday (OR = 0.54, CI95 0.30-0.97). Women born in Vietnam and Indian sub-continent had lower odds of introducing solids very early compared to Australian born women (OR = 0.42, CI95 0.21-0.84 and OR = 0.30, CI95 0.12-0.79, respectively). Infants who were exclusively formula-fed at 4 weeks postpartum had more than twice the odds of receiving solids very early (OR = 2.34, CI95 1.49-3.66). CONCLUSIONS: Women who are younger, single mothers, those not working by the time of child's first birthday, those born in Australia, and those who exclusively formula-feed their babies at 4 weeks postpartum should be targeted for health promotion programs that aim to delay the introduction of solids in infants to the recommended time.

Excess Early (< 34 weeks) Preterm Rates Among Non-acknowledged and Acknowledged Low Socioeconomic Position Fathers: The Role of Women's Selected Pregnancy-Related Risk Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of the excess early preterm birth (< 34 weeks, PTB) rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low socioeconomic position (SEP) fathers attributable to White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB. METHODS: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were performed on the Illinois transgenerational birth-file of infants (1989-1991) and their parents (1956-1976) with appended U.S. census income information. The neighborhood income of father's place of residence at the time of his birth and at the time of his infant's birth were used to measure lifetime SEP. RESULTS: Among non-Latina White women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 3260), acknowledged low SEP (n = 1430), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 9141) fathers equaled 4.02%, 1.82%, and 1.19, respectively; p < 0.001. White women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB (inadequate prenatal usage, suboptimal weight gain, and/or cigarette smoking) were responsible for 19.3% and 41.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers, respectively. Among African-American women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 22,727), acknowledged low SEP (n = 4426), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 365) fathers equaled 6.72%, 4.34%, and 3.29%, respectively; p < 0.001. African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB were responsible for 21.4% and 20.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low SEP fathers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Non-Latina White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB explain a significant percentage of excess early PTB rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers.

Caregiving of offspring with intellectual developmental disabilities in Israeli Jewish and Arab households: Financial and psychosocial differences.

BACKGROUND: This research responds to the lack of evidence-based knowledge regarding the psychosocial and financial gaps among caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities living in Jewish and Arab households. It examines the financial gaps and explores whether caregivers' social economic status and households' affiliation (Jewish vs. Arab) can explain the psychosocial variables such as levels of stress, social participation types and rates, and use of public services. METHOD: One hundred and twenty-five Jewish and Arab caregivers completed an income and expenditure survey, including out-of-pocket expenditures, a services use survey, a questionnaire regarding resources and stress levels, and a social participation scale. RESULTS: Arab households are more likely to have a low socioeconomic status (SES) than Jewish ones, characterized by lower per capita income, less spending, fewer out-of-pocket expenditures, and less ability to deal with an unexpected expense. In respect to psychosocial measures, Arab caregivers report lower use of public services than Jewish caregivers and lean more toward contact with relatives and religious participation than do Jewish caregivers. Caregivers' social economic status and households' affiliation do not have any interaction effect on psychosocial variables. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are discussed regarding research and practice.

Inequalities in Poverty and Income between Single Mothers and Fathers.

BACKGROUND: The American family structure has changed in the past few decades due to a rise in the divorce rate and unmarried women with children. Research suggests a salary disparity between men and women, especially for those women after pregnancy. However, these studies were confined to individuals within traditional families, and there is a lack of information of income disparity and poverty status between single mothers and fathers. The current study explored the disparities in single-parent families based on the household income and the poverty status using a set of nationwide censor data. METHODS: The current study used data from the 2011 and 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N = 1135). Multivariate regression models were used in the analysis. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the weighted population showed that taxable income, total income, and poverty status were higher for single fathers than mothers, while non-work income was higher for single mothers than fathers. Single mothers were much more likely to be at the crisis category than single fathers. Multivariate analyses showed that gender, age, marital status, years of experience, and geographic region had effects on taxable income, and only gender, marital status, and region had effects on poverty status. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that vulnerable group of single mothers was acknowledged according to income and poverty status. Age, marital status, years of experience, and region would be the critical factors for predicting the income and poverty status for single parenthood.

Analysis of gestational surrogates' birthing experiences and relationships with intended parents during pregnancy and post-birth.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the surrogates' birth experiences, their levels of emotional struggle at relinquishment, how often they thought about the surrogacy children, and the surrogate-parent relationship dynamics during pregnancy and post-birth. METHODS: Data were collected from 06/2016 to 02/2017 using an anonymous questionnaire. Participants were Canadian gestational surrogates who had completed the process with or without a successful live birth, and who were at various stages of an ongoing surrogacy. For this paper, only a subgroup of cases with a successful live birth was selected for analysis. RESULTS: The data set included 131 births involving 90 surrogates who delivered 157 babies (105 singletons and 26 sets of twins). Their mean age at the time of surrogacy was 31.7 ± 5 years (range: 21-47y). More than one-third (37.4%) of the cases were for intended parents who were same-sex male couples and single men. Surrogates assisting Canadian-resident intended parents had an overall better birthing experience compared with those assisting nonresidents. There was none or very little struggle with the relinquishment of the baby in 96.9% of cases. Continued contact with parents after the births was reported in 93.0% of cases. Surrogates were significantly more likely to have frequent post-birth contact with same-sex and single fathers compared with heterosexual parents and single mothers (76.6% vs 54.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Same-sex male couples and single men can develop a long-lasting relationship with their surrogates even when no intended female partners are involved. The development of institutional practice guidelines in standardizing surrogacy birth practice is paramount in optimizing surrogates' care.

Single Mothers and Female Sex Workers in Zambia Have Similar Risk Profiles.

The aim of the study was to compare reproductive health and high-risk behaviors in female sex workers (FSWs) and single mothers (SMs) in Zambia's two largest cities, Lusaka and Ndola. FSWs were invited from known community hot spots, and sexually active HIV- SMs were referred from infant vaccination services for free and anonymous screening and treatment for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and long acting reversible contraception. A subset completed an interviewer-administered survey. From 2012 to 2016, 1,893 women (1,377 FSWs and 516 HIV- SMs) responded to referrals. HIV prevalence was 50% in Lusaka and 33% in Ndola FSWs. Positive syphilis serology (rapid plasmin reagin) was found in 29%-31% of HIV+ FSWs and 9%-12% of HIV- FSWs and SMs. Trichomonas was more common in Ndola (11%-12%), compared with Lusaka (3%-7%). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) use among HIV+ FSWs was 9%-15%. In all groups, consistent condom use (8%-11%) and modern contraceptive use (35%-65%) were low. Low literacy and reported coercion at first sexual intercourse were common in both FSWs and SMs, as was alcohol use during sex among FSWs. Zambian FSWs and SMs have low condom use and high HIV/STI and unplanned pregnancy risk. Many FSWs and half of SMs are ≥25 years of age, and thus too old for HIV prevention services targeting "adolescent girls and young women" (aged 15-24). Tailored and targeted reproductive health services are needed to reduce HIV, STI, and unplanned pregnancy in these vulnerable women.

The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Housing and Living Arrangements.

As rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last 15 years, impacting the housing and living arrangements of low-income families. Housing subsidies improve the housing situations of low-income families, but less than one in four eligible families receive a voucher. In this article, we analyze whether one of the largest anti-poverty programs in the United States-the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)-affects the housing (eviction, homelessness, and affordability) and living arrangements (doubling up, number of people in the household, and crowding) of low-income families. Using the Current Population Survey, the American Community Survey/decennial census, and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we employ a parameterized difference-in-differences strategy to examine whether policy-induced expansions to the EITC affect the housing and living arrangements of single mothers. Results suggest that a $1,000 increase in the EITC improves housing by reducing housing cost burdens, but it has no effect on eviction or homelessness. Increases in the EITC also reduce doubling up (living with additional, nonnuclear family adults)-in particular, doubling up in someone else's home-and reduce three-generation/multigenerational coresidence, suggesting that mothers have a preference to live independently. We find weak evidence for a reduction in overall household size, yet the EITC does reduce household crowding. Although the EITC is not an explicit housing policy, expansions to the EITC are generally linked with improved housing outcomes for single mothers and their children.

A gender-focused analysis of structural and social precipitators to child institutionalization in Azerbaijan: A qualitative study.

Deinstitutionalization reforms in the post-Soviet region-the region with the highest rate of institutional care worldwide-are aimed at reducing the number of children in institutions. To develop context-specific gatekeeping strategies and prevent new cohorts of children from entering institutions, it is crucial to understand the local factors that contribute to institutional placement. Using a phenomenological approach, this qualitative study explores the contexts of institutional placement of children in Azerbaijan from their caregivers' perspectives. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews of the parents and primary caregivers (N = 26) of children placed in the institutional care system in Azerbaijan. Using systematic thematic analysis with inductive coding, we identified caregivers' reasons for placing children in the system, and inferred the life circumstances that led parents-women in particular-to be more likely to place their children in institutions. Our findings reveal multiple, gendered pathways that contribute to such placement. The majority of caregivers were single mothers, many of whom had divorced their husbands in response to domestic violence (often attributed to the husband's substance addiction). The strong stigma against divorce led women to be ostracized by close family members, often leaving them without economic and social support. Because of the limitations of public benefits available in the region, publicly-funded child institutions are often the only remaining way to provide education and care for their children. This qualitative study shows the importance of addressing the social and economic needs of parents, single mothers in particular, to prevent child institutional placement in the post-Soviet Caucasus region.

Advanced paternal age and the risk of spontaneous abortion: an analysis of the combined 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth.

BACKGROUND: Maternal and paternal age at first birth are increasing across the global population. Spontaneous abortion, one of the most common abnormal pregnancy outcomes, is known to occur more frequently with increasing maternal age. However, the relationship of advanced paternal age and spontaneous abortion is poorly understood, and previous results have yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of paternal age on the risk of spontaneous abortion among singleton pregnancies conceived without assisted reproductive technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, case-control study using combined pregnancy data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth. Spontaneous, singleton pregnancy data from women aged 15-45 years were analyzed. Ongoing pregnancies, induced abortions, ectopic pregnancies, preterm births, and intrauterine fetal deaths were excluded. Bivariate associations of pregnancy outcome (spontaneous abortion at <20 weeks and ≤12 weeks vs. live birth at ≥37 weeks) and paternal age were determined, along with those of maternal age and selected demographic and pregnancy characteristics. Significant associations were included in a multivariable logistic regression, which accounted for multiple pregnancies derived from the same respondent. RESULTS: A total of 12,710 pregnancies from 6979 women were analyzed, consisting of 2300 (18.2%) spontaneous abortions and 10,410 (81.8%) term live births. Median maternal and paternal ages were 25 and 28 years, respectively. After adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, marital status, and pregnancy intention, pregnancies resulting in spontaneous abortions had 2.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.20) times the odds of being from a father aged 50 years or older, vs. 25-29 years of age. These relationships remained significant when defining SABs at ≤12 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-4.52). CONCLUSION: Paternal age may increase the odds of spontaneous abortion, independent of selected factors, including demographics, pregnancy intention, and maternal age. This association was robust across several gestational age-based definitions of spontaneous abortion, even after adjustment.

Dual Versus Single Parental Households and Differences in Maternal Mental Health and Child's Overweight/Obesity.

Objectives Mothers report higher levels of psychological stress than fathers. s. Psychological stress is posited to influence parenting practices that could increase children's obesity risk. However, previous studies have not investigated several aspects of maternal mental health and the moderating role of household structure on children's obesity risk. The objective was to investigate associations of maternal mental health with child obesity risk, and whether these associations differed by household structure (single-parent vs. dual parent/multigenerational). Methods Mothers and their 8-12 year old children (N = 175 dyads) completed baseline questionnaires on mothers' mental health and child anthropometrics. Separate logistic regressions assessed associations of standardized maternal mental health indicators with the odds of child overweight/obesity, controlling for child age, and women's BMI, age, education, employment status, and annual income. Household structure was investigated as a moderator of these relationships.Results There were no statistically significant relationships between maternal mental health characteristics and odds of child overweight/obesity. Among single mothers only, greater anxiety was associated with higher risk of child overweight/obesity [OR (95% CI) = 3.67 (1.27-10.62); p = 0.0163]; and greater life satisfaction was marginally associated with lower risk of child overweight/obesity [OR (95% CI) = 0.44 (0.19-1.01); p = 0.0522]. Mothers' life satisfaction may lower risk for their children's overweight/obesity, whereas higher anxiety may increase this risk, particularly among children living in single-mother households. Conclusions for Practice Future interventions could increase resources for single mothers to buffer the effects of stress and lower pediatric obesity risk.