Adaptación del nuevo Grado en Medicina al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. ¿Cuál ha sido la aportación de Bolonia? / Adaptation of the new medical degree to the European Space for Higher Education. What has been the contribution of Bologna?

En los tres últimos años, el desarrollo de una profunda reordenación de las enseñanzas universitarias ha permitido cumplir con los compromisos de la Declaración de Bolonia y adaptar todas las enseñanzas para la nueva estructura de grado que se implantará en octubre del año 2010. En esta línea, (ORDEN ECI/332/2008) se han establecido los requisitos que deberán cumplir los títulos de grado que habiliten para el ejercicio de la profesión de médico. En los nuevos planes de estudio se prioriza la adquisición de competencias por parte de los estudiantes, y se hace énfasis en los métodos de aprendizaje de dichas competencias, así como en los procedimientos para evaluar su adquisición. Los créditos europeos (European Credit Transfer System [ECTS], entre 25 y 30h), constituyen la unidad de medida que refleja los resultados del aprendizaje. Además, se impulsa la adquisición de habilidades clínicas mediante la realización obligatoria de prácticas preprofesionales, en forma de un periodo de rotación clínico independiente y con una evaluación final de competencias, en los centros de salud, hospitales y otros centros asistenciales. En los próximos años se comprobará si esta modernización curricular de los planes de estudios mejora el ejercicio profesional de los nuevos médicos(AU)

In the last three years, the development of a profound reorganization of university teachings has made it possible to comply with the commitments of the Declaration of Bologna and to adapt all teaching to the new structure of the degree program that will be introduced in October 2010. Along these lines (Order ECI/332/2008), the requirements that must be fulfilled by the university degrees to be able to practice the medical profession have been established. In the new study plans, acquisition of skills by the students is given priority and emphasis is placed on the learning methods of these skills, and on the procedures to evaluate their acquisition. The European Credit Transfer System (ACTS), (between 25 and 30h), is the measurement unit that reflects the learning results. Furthermore, acquisition of clinical skills is promoted through the obligatory performance of pre-professional practices, in form of a period of independent clinical rotation and with a final evaluation of the skills, in health care centers, hospitals, and other care centers. In the upcoming years, it will be verified if this curriculum modernization of the study plans improves the professional practice of the new physicians(AU)

[A history of primary health care policy in the Federal District, Brazil (1960-2007): an analysis based on the theoretical framework of historical neo-institutionalism]. / Trajetória da política de atenção básica à saúde no Distrito Federal, Brasil (1960 a 2007): análise a partir do marco teórico do neo-institucionalismo histórico.

This article analyzes the history of primary health care policy in the Federal District, Brazil, based on the theoretical framework of historical neo-institutionalism, identifying the predominant configurations and trends in the various administrations of the State Health Secretariat (SES-DF) from 1960 to 2007. The study indicates that the characteristics of the Federal District's health policy are dependent on the history of the original health system plans for setting priorities and goals, as well as for the health system's implementation. This influence, in addition to the centralization of decision-making processes and limited political participation, can contribute to making primary care ancillary to hospital care, thus jeopardizing its potential to produce change in the health care model.

Trajetória da política de atenção básica à saúde no Distrito Federal, Brasil (1960 a 2007): análise a partir do marco teórico do neo-institucionalismo histórico / A history of primary health care policy in the Federal District, Brazil (1960-2007): an analysis based on the theoretical framework of historical neo-institutionalism

Este artigo analisa a trajetória da política de atenção básica à saúde no Distrito Federal, Brasil, a partir do marco teórico do neo-institucionalismo histórico, identificando as conformações e as tendências predominantes nas gestões da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SES-DF) no período de 1960 a 2007. O estudo sinaliza que a política de saúde do Distrito Federal apresenta características de dependência da trajetória dos planos de saúde originais na definição de prioridades e metas, bem como na implementação do sistema de saúde. Essa influência, agregada à centralização dos processos decisórios e à limitada participação política, pode contribuir para situar a atenção básica como acessória ao atendimento hospitalar, destituindo-a do seu potencial de produzir mudança no modelo assistencial.

This article analyzes the history of primary health care policy in the Federal District, Brazil, based on the theoretical framework of historical neo-institutionalism, identifying the predominant configurations and trends in the various administrations of the State Health Secretariat (SES-DF) from 1960 to 2007. The study indicates that the characteristics of the Federal District's health policy are dependent on the history of the original health system plans for setting priorities and goals, as well as for the health system's implementation. This influence, in addition to the centralization of decision-making processes and limited political participation, can contribute to making primary care ancillary to hospital care, thus jeopardizing its potential to produce change in the health care model.

El Sistema Nacional de Salud 20 años después / The National Health System 20 years later

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Plan moderno de asistencia a los alienados (1926)

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O enfermeiro e o sistema unico de saude / Nurse an unique health system

A reorganizacao dos servicos de saude visando aspectos de universalizacao, integralidade, hierarquizacao, descentralizacao e participacao popular numa otica que contemple aspectos individuais e coletivos criou a necessidade de se refletir sobre a pratica da enfermagem. Atraves de uma breve retrospectiva, as autoras apresentam alguns aspectos referentes a formacao e ao exercicio da enfermagem considerando as perspectivas de mudanca diante do papel que o enfermeiro devera assumir frente ao Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS)

[Origin, development, and perspectives of public health institutions in Chile]. / Origen, desarrollo y perspectivas de las instituciones de salud pública en Chile.

This review gives information about the origin and development of the Public Health organisms in Chile, particularly the National Health Service, outstanding governmental health institution created in 1952, whose achievements were favored by the coordinated support of the University and the Chilean Medical Association. At the present time, their work is carried on by the National System of Health Services. The National Health systems have contributed to the improvement of population's health conditions, specially of the most vulnerable groups. Among other accomplishments, the life expectancy of the Chilean population has increased from 57 years in 1960 to 1972 years in 1990, and the general and infant mortality rates decreased from 12.6 to 6/1000 and from 120.5 to 16/1000 respectively. In the same period, the system has increased the coverage of its programs, specially those addressed to technical assistance of delivery, responsible parenthood, healthy child control, vaccinations, complementary feeding and sanitary education. The main limitation to the system's actions has been the restricted availability and the unequal distribution of resources assigned to health (about US$ 100 per capita). It is postulated that the implementation of a new Health and Social Welfare System (in study at the present time) should improve the efficiency and solidarity of health care.