In situ microemulsion-gel obtained from bioadhesive hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for transdermal administration of zidovudine.

This study aims to develop in situ microemulsion-gel (ME-Gel) obtained from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films for transdermal administration of Zidovudine (AZT). Firstly, HPMC films containing propylene glycol (PG) and eucalyptus oil (EO) were obtained and characterized. Later, a pseudo-ternary phase diagram composed of water, EO, tween 80 and PG was obtained and one microemulsion (ME) with a similar proportion of the film components was obtained. ME was transformed in ME-Gel by the incorporation of HPMC. Finally, HPMC films were hydrated with Tween 80 solution to yield in situ ME-Gel and its effect on AZT skin permeation was compared with HPMC film hydrated with water (F5hyd). The results showed that the ME and ME-Gel presented a droplet size of 16.79 and 122.13 µm, respectively, polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.39 and pH between 5.10 and 5.40. The incorporation of HPMC resulted in viscosity about 2 times higher than the use of ME. The presence of AZT did not alter the formulation properties. The in situ ME-Gel promoted a two-fold increase in the permeated amount of AZT compared to F5hyd. The results suggest that it was possible to obtain an ME-Gel in situ from HPMC films and that its effect on transdermal permeation of AZT was significant.

Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes.

INTRODUCTION: Free radicals and carbonyls produced by electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have the potential to inflict oxidative stress. Recently, Juul e-cigs have risen drastically in popularity; however, there is no data on nicotine and oxidant yields from this new e-cig design. METHODS: Aerosol generated from four different Juul flavors was analyzed for carbonyls, nicotine, and free radicals. The e-liquids were analyzed for propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) concentrations. To determine the effects of e-liquid on oxidant production, Juul pods were refilled with nicotine-free 30:70 or 60:40 PG:GLY with or without citral. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in nicotine (164 ± 41 µg/puff), free radical (5.85 ± 1.20 pmol/puff), formaldehyde (0.20 ± 0.10 µg/puff), and acetone (0.20 ± 0.05 µg/puff) levels between flavors. The PG:GLY ratio in e-liquids was ~30:70 across all flavors with GLY being slightly higher in tobacco and mint flavors. In general, when Juul e-liquids were replaced with nicotine-free 60:40 PG:GLY, oxidant production increased up to 190% and, with addition of citral, increased even further. CONCLUSIONS: Juul devices produce free radicals and carbonyls, albeit, at levels substantially lower than those observed in other e-cig products, an effect only partially because of a low PG:GLY ratio. Nicotine delivery by these devices was as high as or higher than the levels previously reported from cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS: These findings suggest that oxidative stress and/or damage resulting from Juul use may be lower than that from cigarettes or other e-cig devices; however, the high nicotine levels are suggestive of a greater addiction potential.

Inclusion of propylene glycol in the diet of sheep and its effect on their lambs protein and mineral metabolites / Inclusão de propilenoglicol na dieta de ovelhas e efeito nos metabólitos proteicos e minerais de suas crias

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of propylene glycol (PG) added to the water sheep drank during lactation on protein and mineral metabolites of their suckling lambs. We assessed 24 lambs born to sheep fed levels of propylene glycol in the water (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%). The sheep were subdivided according to a completely randomized design, in a split-plot scheme. There was no interaction effect between lamb age and amount of PG provided to the sheep on the concentration of protein and mineral metabolites of the lambs. The concentration of total protein, globulin, and albumin: globulin ratio, uric acid and creatinine in the lambs was not affected by the inclusion of PG (p > 0.05). The concentration of urea and magnesium in the lambs presented a quadratic response as a function of the addition of PG; there was linear response for albumin concentration. The addition of PG to the sheeps diet and the lambs age affect the concentration of protein and mineral metabolites in the lambs. However, using PG to feed lactating sheep does not have negative effects on the lambs blood parameters, as evidenced by the absence of nutritional deficiency (protein and minerals) in the suckling lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do propilenoglicol na água de ovelhas durante a lactação sobre os metabólitos proteicos e minerais de suas crias. Foram avaliados 24 cordeiros (as), filhos (as) de ovelhas que receberam níveis de propilenoglicol (0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%) na água. As ovelhas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcela subdividida. Não houve efeito de interação entre a idade dos cordeiros (a)s e a quantidade(s) de propilenoglicol oferecido para as mães na concentração dos metabólitos proteicos e minerais dos cordeiros. A concentração de proteínas totais, globulinas, relação albumina:globulinas, ácido úrico e creatinina nos cordeiros não foi afetada pela inclusão de propilenoglicol na água das matrizes. A concentração de ureia e magnésio nos cordeiros apresentou resposta quadrática em função da inclusão de propilenoglicol na dieta das ovelhas, sendo que para a concentração de albumina houve resposta linear. A inclusão de propilenoglicol na dietadas ovelhas e a idade dos cordeiros alteram a concentração dos metabólitos proteicos e minerais nas crias. Contudo, a utilização do propilenoglicol na alimentação de ovelhas lactantes não proporciona efeitos negativos nos parâmetros sanguíneos dos cordeiros, o que é evidenciado pela ausência de déficit nutricional (proteína e minerais) nos cordeiros lactentes.

Inclusion of propylene glycol in the diet of sheep and its effect on their lambs protein and mineral metabolites / Inclusão de propilenoglicol na dieta de ovelhas e efeito nos metabólitos proteicos e minerais de suas crias

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of propylene glycol (PG) added to the water sheep drank during lactation on protein and mineral metabolites of their suckling lambs. We assessed 24 lambs born to sheep fed levels of propylene glycol in the water (0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5%). The sheep were subdivided according to a completely randomized design, in a split-plot scheme. There was no interaction effect between lamb age and amount of PG provided to the sheep on the concentration of protein and mineral metabolites of the lambs. The concentration of total protein, globulin, and albumin: globulin ratio, uric acid and creatinine in the lambs was not affected by the inclusion of PG (p > 0.05). The concentration of urea and magnesium in the lambs presented a quadratic response as a function of the addition of PG; there was linear response for albumin concentration. The addition of PG to the sheeps diet and the lambs age affect the concentration of protein and mineral metabolites in the lambs. However, using PG to feed lactating sheep does not have negative effects on the lambs blood parameters, as evidenced by the absence of nutritional deficiency (protein and minerals) in the suckling lambs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do propilenoglicol na água de ovelhas durante a lactação sobre os metabólitos proteicos e minerais de suas crias. Foram avaliados 24 cordeiros (as), filhos (as) de ovelhas que receberam níveis de propilenoglicol (0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%) na água. As ovelhas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcela subdividida. Não houve efeito de interação entre a idade dos cordeiros (a)s e a quantidade(s) de propilenoglicol oferecido para as mães na concentração dos metabólitos proteicos e minerais dos cordeiros. A concentração de proteínas totais, globulinas, relação albumina:globulinas, ácido úrico e creatinina nos cordeiros não foi afetada pela inclusão de propilenoglicol na água das matrizes. A concentração de ureia e magnésio nos cordeiros apresentou resposta quadrática em função da inclusão de propilenoglicol na dieta das ovelhas, sendo que para a concentração de albumina houve resposta linear. A inclusão de propilenoglicol na dietadas ovelhas e a idade dos cordeiros alteram a concentração dos metabólitos proteicos e minerais nas crias. Contudo, a utilização do propilenoglicol na alimentação de ovelhas lactantes não proporciona efeitos negativos nos parâmetros sanguíneos dos cordeiros, o que é evidenciado pela ausência de déficit nutricional (proteína e minerais) nos cordeiros lactentes.(AU)

Potential of Non-aqueous Microemulsions to Improve the Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs to the Skin.

In this study, non-aqueous microemulsions were developed because of the challenges associated with finding pharmaceutically acceptable solvents for topical delivery of drugs sparingly soluble in water. The formulation irritation potential and ability to modulate the penetration of lipophilic compounds (progesterone, α-tocopherol, and lycopene) of interest for topical treatment/prevention of skin disorders were evaluated and compared to solutions and aqueous microemulsions of similar composition. The microemulsions (ME) were developed with BRIJ, vitamin E-TPGS, and ethanol as surfactant-co-surfactant blend and tributyrin, isopropyl myristate, and oleic acid as oil phase. As polar phase, propylene glycol (MEPG) or water (MEW) was used (26% w/w). The microemulsions were isotropic and based on viscosity and conductivity assessment, bicontinuous. Compared to drug solutions in lipophilic vehicles, MEPG improved drug delivery into viable skin layers by 2.5-38-fold; the magnitude of penetration enhancement mediated by MEPG into viable skin increased with drug lipophilicity, even though the absolute amount of drug delivered decreased. Delivery of progesterone and tocopherol, but not lycopene (the most lipophilic compound), increased up to 2.5-fold with MEW, and higher amounts of these two drugs were released from MEW (2-2.5-fold). Both microemulsions were considered safe for topical application, but MEPG-mediated decrease in the viability of reconstructed epidermis was more pronounced, suggesting its higher potential for irritation. We conclude that MEPG is a safe and suitable nanocarrier to deliver a variety of lipophilic drugs into viable skin layers, but the use of MEW might be more advantageous for drugs in the lower range of lipophilicity.

Efficacy of a fixed combination of 0.09 % xanthan gum/0.1 % chondroitin sulfate preservative free vs polyethylene glycol/propylene glycol in subjects with dry eye disease: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dry eye disease (DED) is multifactorial, affecting 5-34 % of the global adult population and reducing quality of life. The artificial tears or lubricants are the therapy most used for the treatment of DED, due to their low side effect profile, which attempt to modify the properties of the tear film. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a fixed combination of xanthan gum and chondroitin sulfate preservative free on the ocular surface of patients with dry eye disease during 60 days of intervention. METHODS: A phase III, double-blind, masked, controlled, multicenter, clinical trial of 148 subjects, randomized to either a fixed combination of xanthan gum 0.09 % and chondroitin sulfate 0.1 % (XG/CS) ophthalmic solution (n = 76) or a fixed combination of polyethylene glycol 400 0.4 % and propylene glycol 0.3 % (PEG/PG) (n = 72). Subjects self-dosed four times daily during 60 days. Follow-up was set on days 2, 7, 15, 30 and 60. Assessments of anterior/posterior segment ocular signs were performed. The outcome measures included Schirmer test, tear film break-up time and OSDI score. Security variables included intraocular pressure, lisamine green and fluorescein ocular surface stains. RESULTS: The primary efficacy endpoints were similar between groups at baseline. After intervention time Schirmer test increased in both groups compared to baseline, XG/CS (6.4 ± 2.2 vs 11.0 ± 6.6; p = 0.002) and PEG/PG (6.5 ± 2.5 vs 10.5 ± 5.6; p = 0.019) respectively. Similar results were reported in the tear film break-up time in XG/CS (5.5 ± 2.1 vs 7.4 ± 2.9; p = 0.027) and PEG/PG (5.2 ± 2.0 vs 7.4 ± 2.7; p = 0.046) respectively. The OSDI score decreased to normal values in both groups, XG/CS (19.3 ± 7.4 vs 7.3 ± 5.9; p = 0.001) and PEG/PG (19.3 ± 7.5 vs 7.9 ± 8.2; p = 0.001) respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments for any parameter. Moreover, both groups decreased the presence of burning sensation, tearing, foreign body sensation, conjunctival hyperemia and photophobia. The adverse events were not related to the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Xanthan gum/chondroitin sulfate preservative free showed similar clinical efficacy, evaluated with OSDI score, TBUT and Schirmer test compared to polyethylene glycol/propylene glycol in the treatment of dry eye disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01657253 . Date of registration May 19, 2014.

Evaluation of a fibrate, specific stimulant of PPARα, as a therapeutic alternative to the treatment of clinical ovine pregnancy toxaemia.

Ovine pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder affecting sheep in their last 6 weeks of pregnancy as a result of their inability to maintain adequate energy homoeostasis. Different alternative treatments are available with variable results. The aim of this research was to evaluate a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) stimulant as an alternative to treat clinical pregnancy toxaemia. Thirty-three adult sheep, with known gestation date and carrying a single foetus, were fasted from day 130 of gestation until animals showed clinical disease. From that moment onwards, sheep were treated during 6 days with three different therapeutic alternatives: 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid; 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid + 100 mL of propylene glycol oral; or 100 mL of propylene glycol oral. Glycaemia and serum ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHOB) were determined daily. Liver biopsies were taken at day 130 of gestation, at the beginning and end of treatments and at 5 days postpartum, evaluating the extent and degree of the steatosis lesion. Even though in sheep treated with 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid, serum concentrations of glucose and BHOB recovered more slowly, we conclude that 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid alone or combined with propylene glycol can be used as an alternative to effectively treat fatty liver, and therefore pregnancy toxaemia.

Verificação da interferência do solvente propilenoglicol sobre o efeito da própolis na produção de lagartas de Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado ao extrato alcoólico de própolis / Interference of propyleneglycol solvent on the effect of propolis in the production of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) compared to propolis alcoholic extract / Verificación de la interferencia del solvente propilenoglicol sobre el efecto de propóleos en la producción de gusano de seda Bombyx mori L. (lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado al extracto alcohólico de propóleos

Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L.). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato glicólico de própolis, diluído em 500mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 25mL, 30mL, 35mL e 40mL compondo os tratamentos: controle, T1 , T2 , T3 e T4 respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas não interferiram no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes, no peso da casca sérica e crisálidas, quando comparado ao tratamento controle, mas quando se compara o Controle e T4 do ensaio da primavera, respectivamente, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido, há resultados significativos. Portanto, verificou-se que o extrato glicólico de própolis, em dosagens de 40mL, pode prejudicar o teor líquido de seda em uma produção de casulos, trazendo resultados pouco apreciados dentro da sericicultura...

This experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Sericulture, at the main campus of University Paranaense (UNIPAR), in the city of Umuarama, from February to October 2011, in order to verify the effect of different doses of propolis in feeding during the biological development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The method used in the experiment was the spraying of propolis glycolic extract dissolved in 500-mL distilled water on the mulberry leaves in the following water- -control dosages: 25mL, 30mL, 35mL and 40mL related to the treatment controls T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Mulberry leaves were provided five times a day for feeding management. The results obtained showed that the different dosages of propolis used did not affect the weight gain of the larvae, the weight of green cocoons, shells and pupae when compared to the control treatment. However, when comparing the control and T4 from the Spring assay, respectively, to the levels of crude and net silk, significant results were noted. Thus, it can be concluded that propolis glycolic extract in 40-ml dosages may impair the net silk content in a cocoon production, presenting negative results in sericulture...

: Este experimento se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Sericultura, Campus Sede de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, en el período de febrero a octubre de 2011, con el fin de verificar el efecto de propóleos en diferentes concentraciones en la alimentación durante el desarrollo biológico del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). El método utilizado en el experimento fue la pulverización de extracto glicólico de propóleos, disuelto en 500 ml de agua destilada en las hojas de morera, en las siguientes dosis, agua control, 25 mL, 30mL, 35 mL, y 40 mL componiendo los tratamientos: control T1 , T2 , T3 e T4 respectivamente. A las hojas de morera se les han dado cinco veces al día, durante el manejo alimentar. Se verificó, por los resultados obtenidos, que las diferentes dosis de propóleos utilizados no afectaron en la ganancia de peso de los gusanos, en el peso de los capullos verdes, en el peso de la cáscara sérica y crisálidas, en comparación con el tratamiento de control, pero cuando se compara el Control y T4 del ensayo de la primavera, respectivamente, para los niveles de seda cruda y líquida, hay resultados significativos. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el extracto glicólico de propóleos, en dosis de 40 mL, puede perjudicar la concentración líquida de seda en una producción de capullos, trayendo resultados poco apreciados dentro de la sericultura...

Consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de propilenoglicol na água / Intake, digestibility and physiological parameters of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of propylene glycol in water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility and physiologic parameters of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of propylene glycol. The research and data collection were performed in the Capim Branco experimental farm, which belongs to the Federal University of Uberlândia, lasting 75 days. Therefore, five sheep were used, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor, feeder and drinker. Corn silage and mineral core specific for the species were used as feed. The rations  were divided into two meals and offered to the animals at 08:00 h and at 16:00 h. Water was supplied ad libitum and already mixed with propylene glycol. The inclusion levels of propylene glycol were 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%. The variables studied were: feed intake, feeding behavior, water intake, propylene glycol consumption, fecal score, digestibility, physiologic parameters, ruminal pH and temperature of the rumen fluid. The inclusion of propylene glycol at increasing levels reduced water consumption and did not change the intake and digestibility of matter. Furthermore, the inclusion of propylene glycol did not alter the physiological parameters of sheep, such as ruminal movements, rectal temperature and respiratory rate, which shows that this compound may be added to the diet of sheep to the level of 6%.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de propilenoglicol. O ensaio experimental foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinos e Ovinos da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e teve duração de 75 dias. Foram utilizadas 5 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas, com piso ripado, bebedouro e comedouro. Foi utilizada como ração a silagem de milho e núcleo mineral específico para a espécie. As rações foram divididas em duas refeições e oferecidas aos animais às 08 horas e às 16 horas. A água foi ofertada ad libitum e misturada ao propilenoglicol. Os níveis de inclusão de propilenoglicol foram 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%. As variáveis estudadas foram: consumo de alimento, comportamento alimentar, consumo de água, consumo de propilenoglicol, escore fecal, digestibilidade, parâmetros fisiológicos, pH ruminal e temperatura do líquido ruminal. A inclusão de propilenoglicol em níveis crescentes na água reduz o consumo de água e não altera o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca. Ademais, a inclusão de propilenoglicol não altera os parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas, como movimentos ruminais, temperatura retal e frequência respiratória, o que evidencia que esse composto pode ser adicionado na dieta de ovelhas até o nível de 6%.

Consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de propilenoglicol na água / Intake, digestibility and physiological parameters of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of propylene glycol in water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility and physiologic parameters of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of propylene glycol. The research and data collection were performed in the Capim Branco experimental farm, which belongs to the Federal University of Uberlândia, lasting 75 days. Therefore, five sheep were used, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor, feeder and drinker. Corn silage and mineral core specific for the species were used as feed. The rations  were divided into two meals and offered to the animals at 08:00 h and at 16:00 h. Water was supplied ad libitum and already mixed with propylene glycol. The inclusion levels of propylene glycol were 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%. The variables studied were: feed intake, feeding behavior, water intake, propylene glycol consumption, fecal score, digestibility, physiologic parameters, ruminal pH and temperature of the rumen fluid. The inclusion of propylene glycol at increasing levels reduced water consumption and did not change the intake and digestibility of matter. Furthermore, the inclusion of propylene glycol did not alter the physiological parameters of sheep, such as ruminal movements, rectal temperature and respiratory rate, which shows that this compound may be added to the diet of sheep to the level of 6%.(AU)

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de propilenoglicol. O ensaio experimental foi conduzido no Setor de Caprinos e Ovinos da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e teve duração de 75 dias. Foram utilizadas 5 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas, com piso ripado, bebedouro e comedouro. Foi utilizada como ração a silagem de milho e núcleo mineral específico para a espécie. As rações foram divididas em duas refeições e oferecidas aos animais às 08 horas e às 16 horas. A água foi ofertada ad libitum e misturada ao propilenoglicol. Os níveis de inclusão de propilenoglicol foram 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%. As variáveis estudadas foram: consumo de alimento, comportamento alimentar, consumo de água, consumo de propilenoglicol, escore fecal, digestibilidade, parâmetros fisiológicos, pH ruminal e temperatura do líquido ruminal. A inclusão de propilenoglicol em níveis crescentes na água reduz o consumo de água e não altera o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca. Ademais, a inclusão de propilenoglicol não altera os parâmetros fisiológicos de ovelhas, como movimentos ruminais, temperatura retal e frequência respiratória, o que evidencia que esse composto pode ser adicionado na dieta de ovelhas até o nível de 6%.(AU)

Verificação da interferência do solvente propilenoglicol sobre o efeito da própolis na produção de lagartas de Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado ao extrato alcoólico de própolis / Interference of propyleneglycol solvent on the effect of propolis in the production of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) compared to propolis alcoholic extract / Verificación de la interferencia del solvente propilenoglicol sobre el efecto de propóleos en la producción de gusano de seda Bombyx mori L. (lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado al extracto alcohólico de propóleos

Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L.). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato glicólico de própolis, diluído em 500mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 25mL, 30mL, 35mL e 40mL compondo os tratamentos: controle, T1 , T2 , T3 e T4 respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas não interferiram no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes, no peso da casca sérica e crisálidas, quando comparado ao tratamento controle, mas quando se compara o Controle e T4 do ensaio da primavera, respectivamente, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido, há resultados significativos. Portanto, verificou-se que o extrato glicólico de própolis, em dosagens de 40mL, pode prejudicar o teor líquido de seda em uma produção de casulos, trazendo resultados pouco apreciados dentro da sericicultura.(AU)

This experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Sericulture, at the main campus of University Paranaense (UNIPAR), in the city of Umuarama, from February to October 2011, in order to verify the effect of different doses of propolis in feeding during the biological development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The method used in the experiment was the spraying of propolis glycolic extract dissolved in 500-mL distilled water on the mulberry leaves in the following water- -control dosages: 25mL, 30mL, 35mL and 40mL related to the treatment controls T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Mulberry leaves were provided five times a day for feeding management. The results obtained showed that the different dosages of propolis used did not affect the weight gain of the larvae, the weight of green cocoons, shells and pupae when compared to the control treatment. However, when comparing the control and T4 from the Spring assay, respectively, to the levels of crude and net silk, significant results were noted. Thus, it can be concluded that propolis glycolic extract in 40-ml dosages may impair the net silk content in a cocoon production, presenting negative results in sericulture.(AU)

: Este experimento se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Sericultura, Campus Sede de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, en el período de febrero a octubre de 2011, con el fin de verificar el efecto de propóleos en diferentes concentraciones en la alimentación durante el desarrollo biológico del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). El método utilizado en el experimento fue la pulverización de extracto glicólico de propóleos, disuelto en 500 ml de agua destilada en las hojas de morera, en las siguientes dosis, agua control, 25 mL, 30mL, 35 mL, y 40 mL componiendo los tratamientos: control T1 , T2 , T3 e T4 respectivamente. A las hojas de morera se les han dado cinco veces al día, durante el manejo alimentar. Se verificó, por los resultados obtenidos, que las diferentes dosis de propóleos utilizados no afectaron en la ganancia de peso de los gusanos, en el peso de los capullos verdes, en el peso de la cáscara sérica y crisálidas, en comparación con el tratamiento de control, pero cuando se compara el Control y T4 del ensayo de la primavera, respectivamente, para los niveles de seda cruda y líquida, hay resultados significativos. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el extracto glicólico de propóleos, en dosis de 40 mL, puede perjudicar la concentración líquida de seda en una producción de capullos, trayendo resultados poco apreciados dentro de la sericultura.(AU)

Efeito da administração de propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 sobre o perfil metabólico e a atividade enzimática de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no periparto / Effect of propylene glycol, cobalt and vitamin B12 on the metabolic profile and enzymatic in Santa Inês ewes in peripartum

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da administração de propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 sobre o perfil metabólico e a atividade enzimática de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no período do periparto. Foram utilizadas 18 ovelhas prenhes, pesando em torno de 40kg. Aproximadamente 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto foram separadas de maneira aleatória em três grupos e administrados os suplementos conforme a seguir: (G1/n=6) grupo que recebeu propileno glicol (30mL por via oral diariamente); (G2/n=6) grupo que recebeu cobalto (1mg de cloreto de cobalto a 1%, via oral diariamente) associado a vitamina B12 (2mg via intramuscular, semanalmente) e (G3/n=6) grupo controle. As amostras de sangue das ovelhas para avaliação do perfil metabólico e enzimático (glicose, β-hidroxibutirato-BHB, NEFA, proteína total, albumina, uréia, creatinina, AST, GGT, FA e CK) foram colhidas 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto, uma semana antes (ante-parto), no parto, às 24h, 72h, 5 dias, 15 dias e 30 dias após o parto. Não foi observado cetonúria nos momentos que antecederam ao parto. A administração dos suplementos não influenciou sobre o perfil metabólico, protéico e energético, assim como não houve comprometimento hepático das ovelhas no período do periparto.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the administration of propylene glycol and cobalt associated with vitamin B12 on the metabolic profile and enzymatic activity of Santa Inês ewes in the peripartum period. A total of 18 pregnant ewes, weighing around 40kg were used. Approximately 30 days before the expected date of delivery were randomly separated into three groups and administered supplements as follows: (G1/n = 6) group received propylene glycol (30mL orally daily); (G2/n = 6) group receiving cobalt (1mg cobalt chloride 1%, orally daily) associated with vitamin B12 (2mg intramuscular weekly) and (G3/n = 6) control group. Blood samples from ewes to evaluate the enzymatic and metabolic profile (glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, BHB, NEFA, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, ALP and CK) were taken 30 days before the date set for delivery, one week before (ante partum), delivery at 24h, 72h, 5 days, 15 days and 30 days after delivery. ketonuria was not observed in pre partum. The administration of supplements had no effect on the metabolic profile, protein and energy, and no liver disorders was observed in peripartum.(AU)

Intrathecal dihydroergotamine inhibits capsaicin-induced vasodilatation in the canine external carotid circulation via GR127935- and rauwolscine-sensitive receptors.

It has been suggested that during a migraine attack trigeminal nerves release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), producing central nociception and vasodilatation of cranial arteries, including the extracranial branches of the external carotid artery. Since trigeminal inhibition may prevent this vasodilatation, the present study has investigated the effects of intrathecal dihydroergotamine on the external carotid vasodilatation to capsaicin, α-CGRP and acetylcholine. Anaesthetized vagosympathectomized dogs were prepared to measure blood pressure, heart rate and external carotid conductance. A catheter was inserted into the right common carotid artery for the continuous infusion of phenylephrine (to restore the carotid vascular tone), whereas the corresponding thyroid artery was cannulated for one-min intracarotid infusions of capsaicin, α-CGRP and acetylcholine (which dose-dependently increased the external carotid conductance). Another cannula was inserted intrathecally (C(1)-C(3)) for the administration of dihydroergotamine, the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine or the serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist GR127935 (N-[4-methoxy-3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl) phenyl]-2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)[1,1-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide hydrochloride monohydrate). Intrathecal dihydroergotamine (10, 31 and 100µg) inhibited the vasodilatation to capsaicin, but not that to α-CGRP or acetylcholine. This inhibition was: (i) unaffected by 10µg GR127935 or 100µg rauwolscine, but abolished by 31µg GR127935 or 310µg rauwolscine at 10µg dihydroergotamine; and (ii) abolished by the combination 10µg GR127935+100µg rauwolscine at 100µg dihydroergotamine. Thus, intrathecal (C(1)-C(3)) dihydroergotamine seems to inhibit the external carotid vasodilatation to capsaicin by spinal activation of serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) (probably 5-HT(1B)) receptors and α(2) (probably α(2A/2C))-adrenoceptors.

Congelação lenta de tecido ovariano ovino utilizando 1, 2- propanodiol (PROH) seguida de incubação de curta duração / Sheep ovarian tissue slow freezing using 1, 2-propanediol (PROH) as cryoprotectant followed by short-term in vitro culture

A criopreservação de tecido ovariano tem como principal objetivo, a manutenção deste tecido para sua posterior utilização, garantindo a preservação do material biológico de fêmeas de animais de alto valor genético. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos definir protocolo ótimo para criopreservação de tecido ovariano ovino utilizando PROH como agente crioprotetor e avaliar a resposta do tecido criopreservado incubado in vitro por curtos períodos. Para tanto, o tecido ovariano foi exposto (5, 10 ou 20 minutos) e/ou congelado utilizando PROH em duas diferentes concentrações (1,0 ou 1,5M). Em seguida, após a definição do protocolo mais adequado, realizouse a incubação deste tecido por 2 ou 4 horas. Em ambas as etapas, o tecido ovariano foi avaliado por Histologia Clássica ou viabilidade por inclusão em Azul de Tripan. Verificou-se que a exposição por 5 minutos seguida de criopresevação do tecido em solução de 1,5 M de PROH garantiu percentual de folículos viáveis significativamente semelhantes ao tecido fresco (P<0,05). Em seguida, o tecido congelado nessas condições foi cultivado por 2 ou 4 horas. Tal procedimento demonstrou que, com o decorrer do cultivo, os folículos sofrem perda gradual de sua normalidade morfológica em comparação ao tecido fresco, o que foi confirmado pela análise de viabilidade (P<0,05). Assim, o presente trabalho conclui que é possível congelar eficientemente o tecido ovariano ovino utilizando 1,5 M de PROH e exposição por 5 minutos e, que ocorre uma redução gradual na qualidade folicular do tecido criopreservado e submetido a curtos períodos de incubação.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation aims to maintain the tissue for later use, ensuring the preservation of biologic material from women and high genetic valuable animals. In this context, this work aimed to define an optimum sheep ovarian tissue cryopreservation protocol using PROH as crioprotectant and to evaluate the responsiveness of cryopreservated tissue to a short-term in vitro culture. Then, the ovarian tisse was exposed (5, 10 or 30 minutes) and/or cryopreservated using PROH (1,0 or 1,5M). After the definition of the most appropriate protocol, the tissue was cultures for 2 or 4 hours. In both stages, ovarian tissue was evaluated by Classic Histology and viability using Trypan blue staining. We observed that the exposure for 5 minutes followed by cryopreservation in 1,5M PROH maintained similar percentages of viable follicles than fresh tissue (P<0,05). Thereafter, cryopreserved tissue was cultured for 2 or 4 hours. This procedure showed that, as in vitro culture goes on, follicles suffer gradual loss in their morphology, what was confirmed by viability analysis (P<0,05) Thus, this work concludes that is possible to properly cryopreservate sheep ovarian tissue using 1,5M PROH and 5 minutes exposure. Moreover, it occurs a gradual quality reduction of follicles obtained from short-term cultured tissue after cryopreservation procedure.

Congelação lenta de tecido ovariano ovino utilizando 1, 2- propanodiol (PROH) seguida de incubação de curta duração / Sheep ovarian tissue slow freezing using 1, 2-propanediol (PROH) as cryoprotectant followed by short-term in vitro culture

A criopreservação de tecido ovariano tem como principal objetivo, a manutenção deste tecido para sua posterior utilização, garantindo a preservação do material biológico de fêmeas de animais de alto valor genético. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos definir protocolo ótimo para criopreservação de tecido ovariano ovino utilizando PROH como agente crioprotetor e avaliar a resposta do tecido criopreservado incubado in vitro por curtos períodos. Para tanto, o tecido ovariano foi exposto (5, 10 ou 20 minutos) e/ou congelado utilizando PROH em duas diferentes concentrações (1,0 ou 1,5M). Em seguida, após a definição do protocolo mais adequado, realizouse a incubação deste tecido por 2 ou 4 horas. Em ambas as etapas, o tecido ovariano foi avaliado por Histologia Clássica ou viabilidade por inclusão em Azul de Tripan. Verificou-se que a exposição por 5 minutos seguida de criopresevação do tecido em solução de 1,5 M de PROH garantiu percentual de folículos viáveis significativamente semelhantes ao tecido fresco (P<0,05). Em seguida, o tecido congelado nessas condições foi cultivado por 2 ou 4 horas. Tal procedimento demonstrou que, com o decorrer do cultivo, os folículos sofrem perda gradual de sua normalidade morfológica em comparação ao tecido fresco, o que foi confirmado pela análise de viabilidade (P<0,05). Assim, o presente trabalho conclui que é possível congelar eficientemente o tecido ovariano ovino utilizando 1,5 M de PROH e exposição por 5 minutos e, que ocorre uma redução gradual na qualidade folicular do tecido criopreservado e submetido a curtos períodos de incubação.(AU)

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation aims to maintain the tissue for later use, ensuring the preservation of biologic material from women and high genetic valuable animals. In this context, this work aimed to define an optimum sheep ovarian tissue cryopreservation protocol using PROH as crioprotectant and to evaluate the responsiveness of cryopreservated tissue to a short-term in vitro culture. Then, the ovarian tisse was exposed (5, 10 or 30 minutes) and/or cryopreservated using PROH (1,0 or 1,5M). After the definition of the most appropriate protocol, the tissue was cultures for 2 or 4 hours. In both stages, ovarian tissue was evaluated by Classic Histology and viability using Trypan blue staining. We observed that the exposure for 5 minutes followed by cryopreservation in 1,5M PROH maintained similar percentages of viable follicles than fresh tissue (P<0,05). Thereafter, cryopreserved tissue was cultured for 2 or 4 hours. This procedure showed that, as in vitro culture goes on, follicles suffer gradual loss in their morphology, what was confirmed by viability analysis (P<0,05) Thus, this work concludes that is possible to properly cryopreservate sheep ovarian tissue using 1,5M PROH and 5 minutes exposure. Moreover, it occurs a gradual quality reduction of follicles obtained from short-term cultured tissue after cryopreservation procedure.(AU)

Metabolic evaluation of dairy cows submitted to three different strategies to decrease the effects of negative energy balance in early postpartum / Avaliação metabólica de vacas leiteiras submetidas a três estratégias para diminuir os efeitos do balanço energético negativo no pós-parto inicial

In early lactation dairy cattle suffer metabolic alterations caused by negative energy balance, which predisposes to fatty liver and ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of high yielding dairy cows subjected to three treatments for preventing severe lipomobilization and ketosis in early lactation. Fifty four multiparous Holstein cows yielding >30 L/day were divided into four groups: control (CN= no treatment), glucose precursor (PG= propylene-glycol), hepatic protector (Mp= Mercepton®), and energy supplement with salts of linolenic and linoleic faty acids (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Treatments were administrated randomly at moment of calving until 8 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the same periods and milk yield was recorded at 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of lactation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, AST, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, total protein, urea and triglycerides were analyzed in blood samples. Cut-off points for subclinical ketosis were defined when BHBA >1.4 mmol/L and NEFA >0.7 mmol/L. General occurrence of subclinical ketosis was 24 percent during the period. An ascendant curve of cholesterol and glucose was observed from the 1st to the 8th week of lactation, while any tendency was observed with BHBA and NEFA, although differences among treatments were detected (p<0.05). BCS decreased from a mean of 3.85 at 1st week to 2.53 at 8th week of lactation (p=0.001). Milk yield was higher in the Mg-E group compared with the other treatment groups (p<0.05) Compared with the CN group, the treatments with Mp and PG did not show significant differences in blood biochemistry and milk yield. Cows receiving PG and Mg-E showed higher values of BHBA and NEFA (P<0.05), indicating accentuated lipomobilization. Supplementation with Mg-E also resulted in significant higher concentrations of cholesterol, BHBA, urea, AST and lower values of glycemia. This performance may be explained by the highest milk yield observed with this treatment. Treatments with PG and Mp did not improve milk yield, compared with control cows, but did not show metabolic evidence of ketosis, fat mobilization or fatty liver. These results suggest that treatment with Mg-E improves milk production but induces a higher negative energy balance leading to moderated lipomobilization and ketone bodies production, increasing the risk of fatty liver.

Durante o início da lactação as vacas leiteiras sofrem transtornos metabólicos causados pelo balanço energético negativo, o que predispõe a infiltração gordurosa hepática e cetose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o status metabólico de vacas leiteiras de alta produção submetidas a três tratamentos para prevenir severa lipomobilização e cetose no início da lactação. Cinquenta e quatro vacas de raça Holandesa multíparas produzindo >30 L/dia foram divididas em quatro grupos: controle (CN= sem tratamento), precursor de glicose (PG= propileno-glicol), protetor hepático (Mp= Mercepton®) e suplementação com sais de ácidos linolênico e linoléico (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 do pós-parto. A condição corporal foi avaliada nos mesmos períodos e a produção de leite foi registrada nas semanas 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 de lactação. As concentrações de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), albumina, AST, ß-hidroxibutirato (BHB), colesterol, glicose, proteína total, uréia e triglicerídeos foram determinadas nas amostras de sangue. Pontos de corte para diagnosticar cetose subclínica foram definidos quando BHB >1,4mmol/L e AGNE >0,7mmol/L. A ocorrência geral de cetose subclínica foi de 24 por cento durante o período. Uma curva ascendente de colesterol e de glicose foi observada desde a 1ª até a 8ª semana de lactação, enquanto que nenhuma tendência foi observada com BHB e AGNE, embora diferenças entre os tratamentos foram detectadas (p<0,05). A condição corporal diminuiu de uma media de 3,85 na 1ª semana até 2,53 na 8ª semana de lactação (p=0,001). A produção de leite foi superior no grupo de Mg-E comparado com os demais tratamentos. Comparado com o grupo CN, os tratamentos de Mp e PG não mostraram diferenças significativas na bioquímica sanguínea nem na produção de leite (p<0,05) As vacas que receberam PG e Mg-E mostraram maiores valores de AGNE, indicando uma acentuada lipomobilização. A suplementação com Mg-E também resultou em maiores concentrações de colesterol, BHB, uréia, AST e menores valores de glicemia. Este resultado pode ser explicado pela maior produção de leite observada com este tratamento. Os tratamentos com PG e Mp não melhoraram a produção de leite, comparados ao grupo CN, mas também não mostraram evidências metabólicas de cetose, alta lipomobilização nem infiltração gordurosa hepática. Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com Mg-E melhora a produção de leite, mas induz um balance energético negativo maior levando a moderada lipomobilização e produção de corpos cetônicos, aumentando o risco de fígado gorduroso.

Metabolic evaluation of dairy cows submitted to three different strategies to decrease the effects of negative energy balance in early postpartum / Avaliação metabólica de vacas leiteiras submetidas a três estratégias para diminuir os efeitos do balanço energético negativo no pós-parto inicial

In early lactation dairy cattle suffer metabolic alterations caused by negative energy balance, which predisposes to fatty liver and ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of high yielding dairy cows subjected to three treatments for preventing severe lipomobilization and ketosis in early lactation. Fifty four multiparous Holstein cows yielding >30 L/day were divided into four groups: control (CN= no treatment), glucose precursor (PG= propylene-glycol), hepatic protector (Mp= Mercepton®), and energy supplement with salts of linolenic and linoleic faty acids (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Treatments were administrated randomly at moment of calving until 8 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 postpartum. Body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the same periods and milk yield was recorded at 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of lactation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, AST, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, total protein, urea and triglycerides were analyzed in blood samples. Cut-off points for subclinical ketosis were defined when BHBA >1.4 mmol/L and NEFA >0.7 mmol/L. General occurrence of subclinical ketosis was 24 percent during the period. An ascendant curve of cholesterol and glucose was observed from the 1st to the 8th week of lactation, while any tendency was observed with BHBA and NEFA, although differences among treatments were detected (p<0.05). BCS decreased from a mean of 3.85 at 1st week to 2.53 at 8th week of lactation (p=0.001). Milk yield was higher in the Mg-E group compared with the other treatment groups (p<0.05) Compared with the CN group, the treatments with Mp and PG did not show significant differences in blood biochemistry and milk yield. Cows receiving PG and Mg-E showed higher values of BHBA and NEFA (P<0.05), indicating accentuated lipomobilization. Supplementation with Mg-E also resulted in significant higher concentrations of cholesterol, BHBA, urea, AST and lower values of glycemia. This performance may be explained by the highest milk yield observed with this treatment. Treatments with PG and Mp did not improve milk yield, compared with control cows, but did not show metabolic evidence of ketosis, fat mobilization or fatty liver. These results suggest that treatment with Mg-E improves milk production but induces a higher negative energy balance leading to moderated lipomobilization and ketone bodies production, increasing the risk of fatty liver.(AU)

Durante o início da lactação as vacas leiteiras sofrem transtornos metabólicos causados pelo balanço energético negativo, o que predispõe a infiltração gordurosa hepática e cetose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o status metabólico de vacas leiteiras de alta produção submetidas a três tratamentos para prevenir severa lipomobilização e cetose no início da lactação. Cinquenta e quatro vacas de raça Holandesa multíparas produzindo >30 L/dia foram divididas em quatro grupos: controle (CN= sem tratamento), precursor de glicose (PG= propileno-glicol), protetor hepático (Mp= Mercepton®) e suplementação com sais de ácidos linolênico e linoléico (Mg-E= Megalac-E®). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 do pós-parto. A condição corporal foi avaliada nos mesmos períodos e a produção de leite foi registrada nas semanas 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 de lactação. As concentrações de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), albumina, AST, ß-hidroxibutirato (BHB), colesterol, glicose, proteína total, uréia e triglicerídeos foram determinadas nas amostras de sangue. Pontos de corte para diagnosticar cetose subclínica foram definidos quando BHB >1,4mmol/L e AGNE >0,7mmol/L. A ocorrência geral de cetose subclínica foi de 24 por cento durante o período. Uma curva ascendente de colesterol e de glicose foi observada desde a 1ª até a 8ª semana de lactação, enquanto que nenhuma tendência foi observada com BHB e AGNE, embora diferenças entre os tratamentos foram detectadas (p<0,05). A condição corporal diminuiu de uma media de 3,85 na 1ª semana até 2,53 na 8ª semana de lactação (p=0,001). A produção de leite foi superior no grupo de Mg-E comparado com os demais tratamentos. Comparado com o grupo CN, os tratamentos de Mp e PG não mostraram diferenças significativas na bioquímica sanguínea nem na produção de leite (p<0,05) As vacas que receberam PG e Mg-E mostraram maiores valores de AGNE, indicando uma acentuada lipomobilização. A suplementação com Mg-E também resultou em maiores concentrações de colesterol, BHB, uréia, AST e menores valores de glicemia. Este resultado pode ser explicado pela maior produção de leite observada com este tratamento. Os tratamentos com PG e Mp não melhoraram a produção de leite, comparados ao grupo CN, mas também não mostraram evidências metabólicas de cetose, alta lipomobilização nem infiltração gordurosa hepática. Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com Mg-E melhora a produção de leite, mas induz um balance energético negativo maior levando a moderada lipomobilização e produção de corpos cetônicos, aumentando o risco de fígado gorduroso.(AU)

Microscopic cleanliness evaluation of the apical root canal after using calcium hydroxide mixed with chlorhexidine, propylene glycol, or antibiotic paste.

This study evaluated cleaning of the dentinal wall after removal of different calcium hydroxide pastes. Sixty-eight single-rooted teeth were prepared using the step-back technique and randomly divided into 4 groups according to medication used: Ca(OH)2 with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution (Group 1), Ca(OH)2 with propylene glycol (Group 2), Ca(OH)2 with antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacin, metronidazole) and distilled water (Group 3), and Ca(OH)2 with antibiotic paste and propylene glycol (Group 4). The samples were stored at 37 °C and 100% relative humidity for 21 days. The medicaments were removed using 5 mL 1% NaOCl, instrumentation with master apical file, 5 mL 1% NaOCl, patency with the K-file #10, ultrasonic instrumentation, and 10 mL 17% EDTA-T. The specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis (α = 5%) test showed that were no differences between the experimental groups when comparing Ca(OH)2 removal (P = .0951). The chi-square test (α = 5%) indicated a predominance of Ca(OH)2 obstructing dental tubules in all groups. On the basis of the methodology applied, it was concluded that the apical dentine surface remained equally covered by Ca(OH)2, regardless of the vehicle used.

The mild stress of chronic prenatal injections may have additive effects on drugs administered during pregnancy to alter brain sexual differentiation.

OBJECTIVE: In order to clarify the effect of the prenatal (PN) treatment of the drug 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) which blocks the conversion of testosterone into estradiol on male sexual behavior of the rats offsprings, from the effect of the mild stress induced by the PN administration of the Propylene glycol (PG), the vehicle used to dissolve ATD. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The CON group did not receive any kind of treatment. The other two groups (PG and ATD) were injected i.p. during gestation (days 11-22) with 0 and 5 mg of ATD, dissolved in 0.1 ml of PG, respectively, doses reported by other authors. Sexual performance of the male pups was analyzed three months later in four successive tests. RESULTS: In the first sexual test of these naive rats, the percentage of males mounting, intromitting, ejaculating and the ejaculation frequency of the ATD group decreased significantly in comparison with the CON group. Also in the first and 4th tests, mounting, intromission and ejaculation latencies, as in the post-ejaculatory refractory period, ATD group, was significantly longer in comparison with the CON group. PG males showed a male sexual behavior (MSB) similar to that observed in the ATD group, but the differences did not reach statistical significance when they were compared with the CON group. CONCLUSION: We considered that the PN stress induced by the daily administration of PG and ATD, results in a slower execution of the MSB in both groups and avoid distinguish the effect of the ATD. Then chronic PN injections, as a route of administration, could act as mild stressor and may have additive effects on drugs affecting brain sexual differentiation.