RESUMO
Controlled manipulation of proteins and their function is important in almost all biological disciplines. Here, we demonstrate control of protein activity with light. We present two different applications-light-triggered transcription and light-triggered protease cleavage-both based on the same concept of protein mislocation, followed by optochemically triggered translocation to an active cellular compartment. In our approach, we genetically encode a photocaged lysine into the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the transcription factor SATB1. This blocks nuclear import of the protein until illumination induces caging group removal and release of the protein into the nucleus. In the first application, prepending this NLS to the transcription factor FOXO3 allows us to optochemically switch on its transcription activity. The second application uses the developed light-activated NLS to control nuclear import of TEV protease and subsequent cleavage of nuclear proteins containing TEV cleavage sites. The small size of the light-controlled NLS (only 20 amino acids) minimizes impact of its insertion on protein function and promises a general approach to a wide range of optochemical applications. Since the light-activated NLS is genetically encoded and optically triggered, it will prove useful to address a variety of problems requiring spatial and temporal control of protein function, for example, in stem-cell, developmental, and cancer biology.
Assuntos
Engenharia de Proteínas/métodos , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular/efeitos da radiação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Endopeptidases/genética , Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Endopeptidases/efeitos da radiação , Proteína Forkhead Box O3 , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/efeitos da radiação , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Luz , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/genética , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação à Região de Interação com a Matriz/efeitos da radiação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Sinais de Localização Nuclear/genética , Processos Fotoquímicos , Biologia SintéticaRESUMO
3-Aminobenzamide (3AB) is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme implicated in the maintenance of genomic integrity, which is activated in response to radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. cDNA macroarray membranes containing 1536 clones were used to characterize the gene expression profiles displayed by mouse BALB/3T3 fibroblasts (A31 cell line) in response to ionizing irradiation alone or in combination with 3AB. A31 cells in exponential growth were pre-treated with 3AB 4mM 1h before gamma-irradiation (4Gy), remaining in culture during 6h until harvesting time. A31 cells treated with 3AB alone presented a down-regulation in genes involved in protein processing and cell cycle control, while an up-regulation of genes involved in apoptosis and related to DNA/RNA synthesis and repair was verified. A31 cells irradiated with 4Gy displayed 41 genes differentially expressed, being detected a down-regulation of genes involved in protein processing and apoptosis, and genes controlling the cell cycle. Concomitantly, another set of genes for protein processing and related to DNA/RNA synthesis and repair were found to be up-regulated. A positive or negative interaction effect between 3AB and radiation was verified for 29 known genes. While the combined treatment induced a synergistic effect on the expression of LCK proto-oncogene and several genes related to protein synthesis/processing, a negative interaction effect was found for the expression of genes related to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix assembly (SATB1 and Anexin III), cell cycle control (tyrosine kinase), and genes participating in DNA/RNA synthesis and repair (RNA helicase, FLAP endonuclease-1, DNA-3 glycosylase methyladenine, splicing factor SC35 and Soh1). The present data open the possibility to investigate the direct participation of specific genes, or gene products acting in concert in the mechanism underlying the cell response to radiation-induced DNA damage under the influence of PARP inhibitor.