Radish residue carbon dots-based novel starch/chitosan film with high antioxidant, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activities for salmon fillets' active packaging.

The corruption of refrigerated marine fish results in global economic losses exceeding 25 billion euros annually. However, conventional preservatives present challenges, including singular functionality, potential toxicity, and high cost. In response, we developed multifunctional, safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly carbon dots derived from radish residues (R-CDs) by using the one-pot hydrothermal method. The surface of R-CDs is enriched with hydroxyl groups, conferring broad-spectrum antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics. R-CDs exhibited a notable 72.92 % inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation, surpassing the effectiveness of vitamin C (46 %). Additionally, R-CDs demonstrated impressive scavenging rates of 93.8 % for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and 99.36 % for 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid-free radicals. In combating spoilage bacteria such as Aeromonas sobria and Hafnia alvei, R-CDs disrupted cell structures and influenced intracellular substance content. Importantly, co-cultivation with R-CDs showed no significant cytotoxicity. Further incorporating R-CDs into films using starch and chitosan (S/CS/R-CDs films) for efficient and convenient use in salmon fillets preservation. S/CS/R-CDs films effectively inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria, lipid oxidation, and protein decomposition in salmon fillets, thereby extending shelf life by 4 days. This combination of antioxidant and antibacterial properties in R-CDs, along with the functional films, presents a promising approach for enhancing salmon fillet preservation.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish.

Minimization of heavy metal toxicity in radish (Raphanus sativus) by strigolactone and biochar.

Due to the high solubility of Cd in water, it is considered a potential toxin which can cause cancer in humans. In plants, it is associated with the development of oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. To overcome this issue, the roles of different plant hormones are vital. Strigolactones, one of such natural plant hormones, show promise in alleviating cadmium toxicity by mitigating its harmful effects. Acidified biochar (AB) can also effectively mitigate cadmium toxicity via ion adsorption and pH buffering. However, the combined effects of strigolactone and AB still need in-depth investigations in the context of existing literature. This study aimed to assess the individual and combined impacts of SLs (0 and 25 µM) and AB (0 and 0.75% w/w) on radish growth under Cd toxicity, i.e., 0 and 20 mg Cd/kg soil. Using a fully randomized design (CRD), each treatment was administered in four replicates. In comparison to the control under 20 mg Cd/kg soil contamination, the results showed that 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB significantly improved the following: radish shoot length (~ 17%), root length (~ 47%), plant fresh weight (~ 28%), plant dry weight (~ 96%), chlorophyll a (~ 43%), chlorophyll b (~ 31%), and total chlorophyll (~ 37%). It was also noted that 0.75% AB was more pronounced in decreasing antioxidant activities than 25 µM strigolactone under 20 mg Cd/ kg soil toxicity. However, performing 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB was far better than the sole application of 25 µM strigolactone and 0.75% AB in decreasing antioxidant activities in radish plants. In conclusion, by regulating antioxidant activities, 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB can increase radish growth in cadmium-contaminated soils.

Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Properties of Raphanus sativus L. Leaf and Root Kombucha-Fermented Extracts.

In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1ß and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time.

Whole-Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Tumour-Forming Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Line.

Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish.

Sequence and epigenetic variations of R2R3-MYB transcription factors determine the diversity of taproot skin and flesh colors in different cultivated types of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

KEY MESSAGE: This study found that three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors exhibit functional divergence among different subspecies and cultivated types in radish. Cultivated radish taproots exhibit a wide range of color variations due to unique anthocyanin accumulation patterns in various tissues. This study investigated the universal principles of taproot color regulation that developed during domestication of different subspecies and cultivated types. The key candidate genes RsMYB1 and RsMYB2, which control anthocyanin accumulation in radish taproots, were identified using bulked segregant analysis in two genetic populations. We introduced the RsMYB1-RsF3'H-RsMYB1Met genetic model to elucidate the complex and unstable genetic regulation of taproot flesh color in Xinlimei radish. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression patterns of three R2R3-MYB transcription factors in lines with different taproot colors and investigated the relationship between RsMYB haplotypes and anthocyanin accumulation in a natural population of 56 germplasms. The results revealed that three paralogous RsMYBs underwent functional divergence during radish domestication, with RsMYB1 regulating the red flesh of Xinlimei radish, and RsMYB2 and RsMYB3 regulating the red skin of East Asian big long radish (R. sativus var. hortensis) and European small radish (R. sativus var. sativus), respectively. Moreover, RsMYB1-H1, RsMYB2-H10, and RsMYB3-H6 were identified as the primary haplotypes exerting regulatory functions on anthocyanin synthesis. These findings provide an understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating anthocyanin synthesis in radish and offer a potential strategy for early prediction of color variations in breeding programs.

Inoculation of chromium-tolerant bacterium LBA108 to enhance resistance in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and combined remediation of chromium-contaminated soil.

Cr(VI) has been a carcinogen for organisms and a hazard to human health throughout the food chain. To explore a cost-effective and efficient method for removing Cr(VI), a Cr-resistant strain named LBA108 was isolated from the soil of a molybdenum-lead mining area. It was identified as Microbacterium through biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Following 48 hours of incubation in LB culture medium containing 60 mg L-1 Cr(VI), the LBA108 strain exhibited reduction and adsorption rates for Cr(VI) at 96.64% and 15.86%, respectively. The removal mechanism was subsequently confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In an experimental setup, radish seedlings were cultivated as test crops under varying levels of Cr stress (ranging from 0 to 7 mg L-1) in a hydroponic experiment. With the inoculation of the LBA108 strain, the fresh weight of radish seedlings increased by 2.05 times and plant length increased by 34.5% under 7 mg L-1 Cr stress. In addition, the plant produced more antioxidant enzymes/enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase and catalase to prevent oxidative stress. Under Cr stress (6 mg L-1), the accumulation of Cr in rhizomes of radish seedlings increased compared to the control group by 91.44%, while the absorption of Cr by leaves decreased by 52.10%. These findings suggest that the LBA108 strain possesses bioremediation capabilities as a microbial-phytoremediation option for Cr-contaminated soil.

Heavy metal immobilization and radish growth improvement using Ca(OH)2-treated cypress biochar in contaminated soil.

Heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to soil quality, plant growth, and food safety, and directly affects multiple UN SDGs. Addressing this issue and offering a remediation solution are vital for human health. One effective approach for immobilizing heavy metals involves impregnating cypress chips with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to enhance the chemical adsorption capacity of the resulting woody charcoal. In the present study, un-treated cypress biochar (UCBC) and calcium-treated cypress biochar (TCBC), were introduced into pristine and contaminated soil, at rates of 3, 6, and 9% (w/w). Both BCs were alkaline (UCBC pH: 8.9, TCBC pH: 9.7) with high specific surface area, which improved the soil properties (pH, EC, and OM). Radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivated in pots revealed that both UCBC and TCBC demonstrated significant improvements in growth attributes and heavy metal immobilization compared to the control, with TCBC exhibiting superior effects. The TCBC surface showed highly active nanosized precipitated calcium carbonate particles that were active in immobilizing heavy metals. The application of TCBC at a rate of 9% resulted in a substantial reduction in Zn and Cu uptake by radish roots and shoots. In contaminated soil, Zn uptake by radish roots decreased by 55% (68.3-31.0 mg kg-1), and shoots by 37% (49.3-31.0 mg kg-1); Cu uptake decreased by 40% (38.6-23.2 mg kg-1) in roots and 39% (58.2-35.2 mg kg-1) in shoots. Uptake of Pb was undetectable after TCBC application. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the potential of TCBC over UCBC in reducing heavy metal concentrations and promoting radish growth. Future research should consider the long-term effects and microbial interactions of TCBC application.

Chemical composition analysis and transcriptomics reveal the R2R3-MYB genes and phenol oxidases regulating the melanin formation in black radish.

Melanins are dark-brown to black-colored biomacromolecules which have been thoroughly studied in animals and microorganisms. However, the biochemical and molecular basis of plant melanins are poorly understood. We first characterized melanin from the black radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger) 'HLB' through spectroscopic techniques. p-Coumaric acid was identified as the main precursor of radish melanin. Moreover, a joint analysis of transcriptome and coexpression network was performed for the two radish accessions with black and white cortexes, 'HLB' and '55'. A set of R2R3-type RsMYBs and enzyme-coding genes exhibited a coexpression pattern, and were strongly correlated with melanin formation in radish. Transient overexpression of two phenol oxidases RsLAC7 (laccase 7) or RsPOD22-1 (peroxidase 22-1) resulted in a deeper brown color around the infiltration sites and a significant increase in the total phenol content. Furthermore, co-injection of the transcriptional activator RsMYB48/RsMYB97 with RsLAC7 and/or RsPOD22-1, markedly increased the yield of black extracts. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that these extracts are similar to the melanin found in 'HLB'. Our findings advance the understanding of structural information and the transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying melanin formation in radish.

Ambient mass spectrometry imaging of food natural products by angled direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Direct surface analysis in ambient conditions provides information on the position and chemical composition of an object at the time of investigation. An angled sampling probe is developed in this work for direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. The DART ion source and the interface were modified for improved surface resolution, increased ion transfer efficiency, as well as enabling two-dimensional surface scanning. The angled probe DART-MS system was used for investigating a variety of food samples including fruit peels, ginseng root, plant leaves and sections of radish. Abundant signals and distinct chemical profiles are obtained in seconds, and spatial distribution of different molecules across the sample surfaces can be observed. In addition, the developed system can quickly identify the chemical changes when the surfaces were treated. The method is capable of directly evaluating food sample surfaces with different shapes, hardness, and conditions, without any sample pretreatments.

Non-target metabolomics approach for the investigation of the hidden effects induced by atrazine and its degradation products on plant metabolism.

Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) plants grown under laboratory conditions were individually exposed to the same doses of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine, ATR) or its main degradation products: either 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (DEA) or 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine (DIA) or desethyl-desisopropyl-atrazine (DEDIA) or 4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (HA), respectively. One week after treatment in plants exposed to ATR, DIA, and DEA, their concentrations were 7.8 µg/g, 9.7 µg/g, and 14.5 µg/g, respectively, while those treated with DEDIA and HA did not contain these compounds. These results were correlated with plant amino acid profile obtained by suspect screening analysis and metabolomic "fingerprint" based on non-target analysis, obtained by liquid chromatography coupled with QTRAP triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In all cases, both ATR and its by-products were found to interfere with the plant's amino acid profile and modify its metabolic "fingerprint". Therefore, we proved that the non-target metabolomics approach is an effective tool for investigating the hidden effects of pesticides and their transformation products, which is particularly important as these compounds may reduce the quality of edible plants.

Risk assessment of trace elements in vegetables grown in river Yamuna floodplain in Delhi.

Urban agriculture is common in fertile river floodplains of many developing countries. However, there is a risk of contamination in highly polluted regions. This study quantifies health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables grown in the floodplain of the urban river 'Yamuna' in the highly polluted yet data-scarce megacity Delhi, India. Six trace elements are analyzed in five kinds of vegetable samples. Soil samples from the cultivation area are also analyzed for elemental contamination. Ni, Mn, and Co are observed to be higher in leafy vegetables than others. Fruit and inflorescence vegetables are found to have higher concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Zn as compared to root vegetables. Transfer Factor indicates that Cr and Co have the highest and least mobility, respectively. Vegetable Pollution Index indicates that contamination levels follow as Cr > Ni > Pb > Zn. Higher Metal Pollution Index of leafy and inflorescence vegetables than root and fruit vegetables indicate that atmospheric deposition is the predominant source. Principal Component Analysis indicates that Pb and Cr have similar sources and patterns in accumulation. Among the analyzed vegetables, radish may pose a non-carcinogenic risk to the age group of 1-5 year. Carcinogenic risk is found to be potentially high due to Ni and Cr accumulation. Consumption of leafy vegetables was found to have relatively less risk than other vegetables due to lower Cr accumulation. Remediation of Cr and Ni in floodplain soil and regular monitoring of elemental contamination is a priority.

Assessing pollution degree and human health risks from hazardous element distribution in soils near gold mines in a Colombian Andean region: Correlation with phytotoxicity biomarkers.

The assessment of human health risk due to the presence of hazardous elements in the environment is now necessary for environmental management and legislative initiatives. This study aims to determine the contamination by As, Cd, Pb, and Cr in soils near gold mines in three municipalities located in the Andean region of Colombia. One of the main objectives of the study is to explore possible correlations between the Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) and phytotoxicity biomarkers using a simple and rapid-response plant model, radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In the municipality of Yalí, Puerto Berrío, and Buriticá, the hazardous elements concentrations ranged from 8.1 to 35.5, 1.7 to 892, and 5.8 to 49.8 for As, 0.1 to 4.6, 0.1 to 65.2, and 0.5 to 18.2 for Cd, 18.5 to 201.3, 13.0 to 1908, and 189 to 2345 for Pb, and 5.4 to 118.4, 65.4 to 301, and 5.4 to 102.3 for Cr, respectively. The results showed that the biomarkers intracellular H2O2 concentration, antioxidant activity, and radicle elongation exhibited significant (P < 0.05) variations associated with the concentration of hazardous elements in the soils. Significant correlations (P < 0.05, r > 0.58) were found between the biomarkers and the LCR for Cd, Pb, and Cr, but not for As. The results using biomarkers reveal that soil pH and organic matter content are important variables that control the bioavailability of these elements in the soil. The use of indicators like LCR alone has limitations and should be accompanied by the use of biomarkers that allow for a better understanding of the biological system's response to exposure to potentially toxic elements. The results obtained show the urgent need to implement public policies to minimize exposure to hazardous substances in areas near gold mining projects.

Exploring the specialized metabolome of the plant pathogen Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2.

Streptomyces bacteria are notable for producing chemically diverse specialized metabolites that exhibit various bioactivities and mediate interactions with different organisms. Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2 is a plant pathogen that produces nigericin and geldanamycin, both of which display toxic effects against various plants. Here, the 'One Strain Many Compounds' approach was used to characterize the metabolic potential of Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2. Organic extracts were prepared from 11-1-2 cultures grown on six different agar media, and the extracts were tested in antimicrobial and plant bioassays and were subjected to untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking. Most extracts displayed strong bioactivity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast, and they exhibited phytotoxic activity against potato tuber tissue and radish seedlings. Several known specialized metabolites, including musacin D, galbonolide B, guanidylfungin A, meridamycins and elaiophylin, were predicted to be present in the extracts along with closely related compounds with unknown structure and bioactivity. Targeted detection confirmed the presence of elaiophylin in the extracts, and bioassays using pure elaiophylin revealed that it enhances the phytotoxic effects of geldanamycin and nigericin on potato tuber tissue. Overall, this study reveals novel insights into the specialized metabolites that may mediate interactions between Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2 and other bacteria and eukaryotic organisms.

Preparation of sodium alginate modified silver-metal organic framework and application in citric acid/PVA antimicrobial packaging.

Silver-metal organic framework (Ag@MOF) has exhibited outstanding antimicrobial activity in antimicrobial applications, and reducing the biotoxicity associated with silver has become a research priority. In this study, Ag@MOF was initially modified with sodium alginate (SA) to form SA-Ag@MOF. The results showed that SA could control the release of Ag+, reducing the release by about 8% at 24 h, and the biotoxicity was significantly reduced. Finally, SA-Ag@MOF was applied as an antimicrobial agent in citric acid-modified PVA film to develop a novel composite antimicrobial film. When added at 2 MIC, the CA3-M2 film can effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, and the inhibition rate has reached 98%. For white radish packaging applications, CA3-M2 film inhibited the growth of surface microorganisms, while ensuring moisture and tissue hardness to extend shelf-life up to 7 days. Overall, the strategy conceived here can be a theoretical basis for novel antimicrobial packaging.

Uptake of technetium-99 by food crops under field conditions.

Long-term field experiments have been carried out in the Chornobyl Exclusion zone to determine parameters describing technetium (99Tc) transfer into five food plants (Lettuce, Radish, Wheat, Bean, and Potato) from four types of soil, namely Podzoluvisol, Greyzem, Phaeozem, and Chernozem. Technetium was added to the soils under field conditions in a pertechnetate form. In the first two years, soil type had little effect on Tc uptake by plants. In the first and second years after contamination, the concentration ratios (CR), defined as 99Tc activity concentration in the crop (dry weight) divided by that in the soil (dry weight), for radish roots and lettuce leaves ranged from 60 to 210. For potato tubers, the CR was d 0.4-2.3, i.e., two orders of magnitude lower than for radish and lettuce, and for summer wheat grain it was lower at 0.6 ± 0.1. After 8-9 years, root uptake of 99Tc by wheat decreased by 3-7 fold (CR from 0.016 ± 0.005 to 0.12 ± 0.034) and only 13-22 % of the total 99Tc added remained in the upper 20 cm soil layers. The time taken for half of the added 99Tc to be removed from the 20-cm arable soil layer due to vertical migration and transfer to plants was short at c. 2-3 years.

Macromolecules with predominant ß-pleated sheet proteins in extracellular vesicles released from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens induce DNA damage-mediated apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells.

Plant-derived bioactive macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) were prepared as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Plant-derived EVs are gaining pharmaceutical research interest because of their bioactive components and delivery properties. The spherical nanosized EVs derived from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens previously showed antiproliferative activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells from macromolecular compositions (predominantly proteins). To understand the mechanism of action, the biological activity studies, i.e., antiproliferation, cellular biochemical changes, DNA conformational changes, DNA damage, apoptotic nuclear morphological changes, apoptosis induction, and apoptotic pathways, were determined by neutral red uptake assay, synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, comet assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometry, and caspase activity assay, respectively. EVs inhibited HCT116 cell growth in concentration- and time-dependent manners, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 675.4 ± 33.8 µg/ml at 48 h and a selectivity index of 1.5 ± 0.076. HCT116 treated with EVs mainly changed the cellular biochemical compositions in the nucleic acids and carbohydrates region. The DNA damage caused no changes in DNA conformation. The apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were associated with the increased apoptotic cell population. The apoptotic cell death was induced by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. EVs have potential as antiproliferative bioparticles.

Impact of cobalt and proline foliar application for alleviation of salinity stress in radish.

Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That's why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO4 and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼ 20%), root length (∼ 23%), plant dry weight (∼ 19%), and plant fresh weight (∼ 41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings.

Comparative analysis of isothiocyanates in eight cruciferous vegetables and evaluation of the hepatoprotective effects of 4-(methylsulfinyl)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphene) from daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts.

The contributions of cruciferous vegetables to human health are widely recognised, particularly at the molecular level, where their isothiocyanates play a significant role. However, compared to the well-studied isothiocyanate 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphane) produced from broccoli sprouts, less is known about the pharmacological effects of other isothiocyanates and the stage of vegetables preferable to obtain their benefits. We analysed the quantity and quality of isothiocyanates produced in both the sprouts and mature stages of eight cruciferous vegetables using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of isothiocyanates in a mouse model of acute hepatitis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Furthermore, we explored the detoxification enzyme-inducing activities of crude sprout extracts in normal rats. Among the eight cruciferous vegetables, daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts produced the highest amount of isothiocyanates, with 4-(methylsulfinyl)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphene) being the dominant compound. The amount of sulforaphene in daikon radish sprouts was approximately 30 times that of sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts. Sulforaphene demonstrated hepatoprotective effects similar to sulforaphane in ameliorating CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice. A crude extract of 3-day-old daikon radish sprouts upregulated the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver, whereas the crude extract of broccoli sprouts showed limited upregulation. This study highlights that daikon radish sprouts and sulforaphene have the potential to serve as functional food materials with hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, daikon radish sprouts may exhibit more potent hepatoprotective effects compared to broccoli sprouts.

Biological and chemical characterization in relation to the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with humus from plant residues.

The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance.