Outcome of intentional replantation of endodontically treated teeth with periapical pathosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of the present review was to examine success, survival and failure following intentional replantation of endodontically treated teeth with existing periapical pathosis and to determine the factors that might affect the outcome of replantation. Clinical trials, longitudinal studies, case series with >10 cases and at least 1-year follow-up were included. The average rate of success following intentional replantation was 77.23%. Meta-analysis revealed the mean weighted survival to be 85.9% (95% CI: 79.6-91.2) Common complications include inflammatory root resorption (0%-27%) and ankylosis (0%-25%). Variables influencing successful outcome include extra alveolar dry time <15 min; root-end resection (2-3 mm) and cavity preparation (3 mm); manipulation of the tooth using the crown only; and use of an appropriate storage media. The review concludes that intentional replantation is a viable treatment option with acceptable survival rates for endodontically treated teeth with periapical pathosis.

Tooth transplantation and replantation: Biological insights towards therapeutic improvements.

Transplantation and replantation of teeth are effective therapeutic approaches for tooth repositioning and avulsion, respectively. Transplantation involves transplanting an extracted tooth from the original site into another site, regenerating tissue including the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, around the transplanted tooth. Replantation places the avulsed tooth back to its original site, regenerating functional periodontal tissue. In clinical settings, transplantation and replantation result in favorable outcomes with regenerated PDL tissue in many cases. However, they often result in poor outcomes with two major complications: tooth ankylosis and root resorption. In tooth ankylosis, the root surface and alveolar bone are fused, reducing the PDL tissue between them. The root is subjected to remodeling processes and is partially replaced by bone. In severe cases, the resorbed root is completely replaced by bone tissue, which is called as "replacement resorption." Resorption is sometimes accompanied by infection-mediated inflammation. The molecular mechanisms of ankylosis and root resorption remain unclear, although some signaling mechanisms have been proposed. In this mini-review, we summarized the biological basis of repair mechanisms of tissues in transplantation and replantation and the pathogenesis of their healing failure. We also discussed possible therapeutic interventions to improve treatment success rates.

Cell-Based Therapy for Tooth Replantation Following Avulsion: A Systematic Review.

The management of avulsed teeth undergoing delayed replantation remains a clinical challenge as there are currently no effective interventions that can improve periodontal healing and prevent replacement root resorption. While several preclinical studies have reported varied success using cell-based tissue engineering to improve periodontal healing, a consensus is required before further clinical translation. Therefore, this systematic review seeks to evaluate the efficacy of cell-based therapy in promoting periodontal healing following delayed replantation in animal models. MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase were searched on September 27, 2020. Ten studies involving rodent and dog models met the inclusion criteria. Cell sources included gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), bone marrow, and adipose tissues. Generally, cell-based therapy had increased the proportion of root surfaces displaying periodontal healing and concomitantly reduced the proportion presenting with replacement root resorption and ankylosis. The best outcomes were observed following treatment with PDL-derived cells of various potency. Future preclinical studies will benefit from adopting measures to minimize bias during the conduct of animal experiments and the standardization of the outcome measures reporting. This will facilitate future reviews with possible pooling of results in the form of meta-analyses, allowing a consensus to be obtained from the literature. In addition, further research will be required to shed light on the implications of using allogeneic cells as well as the optimization of cell delivery protocols. The findings of this systematic review demonstrated the therapeutic potential of certain cell-based therapies in promoting periodontal healing following delayed replantation, thus highlighting their prospective clinical benefits and translational value. Impact statement Current therapies cannot predictably promote periodontal healing following delayed replantation of an avulsed tooth, especially when there is already significant root surface damage. This review systematically assessed the literature for preclinical studies employing cell-based therapies to promote periodontal healing following delayed replantation. The results showed that certain cell-based therapies significantly increased the formation of new periodontal ligament and reduced adverse healing outcomes of replacement root resorption and ankylosis. This highlights the potential clinical benefits and translational value of cell-based therapy for the replantation of avulsed teeth.

Complications following replantation of primary teeth: a case report / Complicações após reimplante de dentes decíduos: um relato de caso clínico

Abstract Introduction: the avulsion of primary teeth is a disturbing and unexpected event. Description: this report describes the clinical case of a three-year-old child who suffered an avulsion and replantation of the primary upper central incisors at the site of the injury. The guardians sought treatment for the child at the Federal University of Minas Gerais after the replantation. Four months later, the child suffered a new trauma and the replanted teeth presented advanced mobility, root resorption and fistula. The clinical conduct was extraction and rehabilitation with a fixed esthetic maintainer. Discussion: the literature describes two treatment options for avulsion of primary incisors: replantation and non-replantation. According to a recent systematic review, the difficulty in obtaining a consensus regarding the best clinical conduct is due, in part, to the scarcity of publications that present not only follow-ups with clinical success, but also with failures. The outcomes of replantation can be influenced by several factors. The time elapsed between replantation and splinting, and the new episode of trauma, negatively influenced the prognosis in the present case, leading to failure. Replantation of primary incisors is not yet evidence-based treatment. Therefore, this option must be chosen with caution and in ideal situations. It requires constant clinical and radiographic monitoring for evaluation of outcomes.

Resumo Introdução: a avulsão de dentes decíduos é um evento perturbador e inesperado. Descrição: o presente relato descreve o caso clínico de uma criança de três anos que sofreu avulsão e reimplante dos incisivos centrais superiores decíduos no local do acidente. Os responsáveis procuraram atendimento para a criança na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais após reimplante. Quatro meses depois, a criança sofreu novo trauma e os dentes reimplantados apresentavam mobilidade avançada, reabsorção radicular e fístula. A conduta clínica foi extração e reabilitação com mantenedor estético fixo. Discussão: a literatura descreve duas opções de tratamento para avulsão de incisivos decíduos: o reimplante e o não reimplante. De acordo com revisão sistemática recente, a dificuldade de se obter um consenso sobre a melhor conduta clínica se deve, em parte, à escassez de publicações que apresentem não apenas acompanhamentos com sucesso clínico, mas também com falhas. O reimplante pode ser influenciado por vários fatores. O tempo decorrido entre o reimplante e a contenção, e o novo episódio de trauma, influenciaram negativamente o prognóstico do presente caso, levando ao insucesso. O reimplante de incisivos decí- duos ainda não é um tratamento baseado em evidências. Portanto, essa opção deve ser escolhida com cautela e em situações ideais. Requer monitoramento clínico e radiográfico para constante avaliação do desfecho.

Abordagem endodôntica em transplante dentário autógeno em indivíduo com fissura labiopalatina / Abordaje endodóntica en reimplante dental autógeno en individuo con labio-paladar hendido / Endodontic approach for an autogenous dental reimplantation in an individual with cleft palate and lip

Introdução: o transplante dentário autógeno é uma alternativa às terapias protética, ortodôntica e/ou implantodôntica para a reabilitação dentária; consiste na extração do órgão dentário e reposicionamento imediato em outro alvéolo. O sucesso é determinado pela adaptação tecidual; na ausência desta ou presença de sintomas é necessária a terapia endodôntica. Objetivo: descrever o tratamento endodôntico em dentes transplantados, destacando as peculiaridades da terapia apropriada e a importância do tratamento multidisciplinar. Relato de caso clínico: trata-se do dente pré-molar inferior esquerdo que foi transplantado na posição do incisivo central superior esquerdo em indivíduo de 11 anos, com fissura labiopalatina. Após 2 meses do transplante, a paciente referiu dor espontânea, sendo encaminhada para avaliação endodôntica. Radiograficamente observou-se imagem sugestiva de lesão periapical, realizados os testes diagnósticos, planejou-se o tratamento endodôntico, biomecânica associada à medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio. Foram realizadas 3 trocas de medicação bimestralmente; frente a ausência de sinais e sintomas, os canais foram obturados. Exames de proservação foram realizados a cada 6 meses no primeiro ano e depois, anualmente. Após 17 anos, se observou ausência de sintomatologia e de alterações periapicais, indicando o sucesso da terapia. Conclusões: nos casos de transplante dentário autógeno onde existe elevada ocorrência de reabsorção externa, o tratamento endodôntico associado à medicação com hidróxido de cálcio, é uma conduta clínica adequada para o sucesso da terapia instituída(AU)

Introducción: el reimplante dental autógeno es una alternativa de las terapias protésica, ortodóntica y/o implantología para rehabilitación dental; consiste en la extracción del órgano dentario y reposición inmediata en otro alvéolo. El éxito es determinado por la adaptación de los tejidos; en ausencia de esta o presencia de síntomas es necesaria la terapia endodóntica. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento endodóntico en diente reimplantado, destacando las peculiaridades de la terapia apropiada y la importancia del tratamiento multidisciplinar. Presentación del caso: se trata de un diente premolar inferior izquierdo que fue reimplantado en la posición del incisivo central superior izquierdo en un individuo de 11 años, con labio y paladar hendido. Después de 2 meses del reimplante, la paciente refirió dolor espontáneo, quien fue referida para evaluación endodóntica. Radiográficamente se observó imagen sugestiva de lesión periapical. Una vez realizadas las pruebas diagnósticas, se planeó el tratamiento endodóntico, preparo biomecánico asociado a medicación intraconducto con hidróxido de calcio. Fueron realizados tres cambios de medicación bimestralmente; frente a ausencia de señales y síntomas, los conductos fueron obturados. Exámenes de controles clínicos fueron realizados cada 6 meses en el primer año y después, anualmente. Luego de 17 años de control, se observa ausencia de sintomatología y de alteraciones periapicales, lo que indica el éxito del tratamiento. Conclusiones: en los casos de reimplante dental autógeno donde existe elevada ocurrencia de resorción externa, el tratamiento endodóntico asociado a medicación con hidróxido de calcio, es una conducta clínica adecuada para el éxito da terapia ejecutada(AU)

Introduction: autogenous dental reimplantation is an alternative of prosthetic, orthodontic and/or implantologic therapies for dental rehabilitation; it consists in the extraction of the dental organ and its immediate replacement into another alveolus. Success is determined by the adaptation of tissues; in the absence of this or the presence of symptoms, endodontic therapy is necessary. Objective: to describe the endodontic treatment in reimplanted tooth, highlighting the peculiarities of the appropriate therapy and the importance of the multidisciplinary treatment. Case presentation: this is a lower left premolar tooth that was reimplanted at the position of the upper left central incisor in an 11-year-old individual with cleft lip and palate. After two months of reimplantation, the patient reported spontaneous pain, and who was referred for endodontic evaluation. An image suggestive of periapical lesion was radiographically observed. Once the diagnostic tests were performed, the endodontic treatment was planned, a biomechanical preparation associated with intraconductive medication with calcium hydroxide. Three medication changes were made bimonthly; in the absence of signs and symptoms, the ducts were blocked. Clinical control exams were performed every six months in the first year and then annually. After 17 years of control, there is an absence of symptoms and periapical alterations, which indicates the success of the treatment. Conclusions: in cases of autogenous dental reimplantation where there is high occurrence of external resorption, the endodontic treatment associated with medication with calcium hydroxide is an appropriate clinical behavior for the success of the therapy performed(AU)

Abordagem endodôntica em transplante dentário autógeno em indivíduo com fissura labiopalatina / Abordaje endodóntica en reimplante dental autógeno en individuo con labio-paladar hendido / Endodontic approach for an autogenous dental reimplantation in an individual with cleft palate and lip

Introdução: o transplante dentário autógeno é uma alternativa às terapias protética, ortodôntica e/ou implantodôntica para a reabilitação dentária; consiste na extração do órgão dentário e reposicionamento imediato em outro alvéolo. O sucesso é determinado pela adaptação tecidual; na ausência desta ou presença de sintomas é necessária a terapia endodôntica. Objetivo: descrever o tratamento endodôntico em dentes transplantados, destacando as peculiaridades da terapia apropriada e a importância do tratamento multidisciplinar. Relato de caso clínico: trata-se do dente pré-molar inferior esquerdo que foi transplantado na posição do incisivo central superior esquerdo em indivíduo de 11 anos, com fissura labiopalatina. Após 2 meses do transplante, a paciente referiu dor espontânea, sendo encaminhada para avaliação endodôntica. Radiograficamente observou-se imagem sugestiva de lesão periapical, realizados os testes diagnósticos, planejou-se o tratamento endodôntico, biomecânica associada à medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio. Foram realizadas 3 trocas de medicação bimestralmente; frente a ausência de sinais e sintomas, os canais foram obturados. Exames de proservação foram realizados a cada 6 meses no primeiro ano e depois, anualmente. Após 17 anos, se observou ausência de sintomatologia e de alterações periapicais, indicando o sucesso da terapia. Conclusões: nos casos de transplante dentário autógeno onde existe elevada ocorrência de reabsorção externa, o tratamento endodôntico associado à medicação com hidróxido de cálcio, é uma conduta clínica adequada para o sucesso da terapia instituída(AU)

Introducción: el reimplante dental autógeno es una alternativa de las terapias protésica, ortodóntica y/o implantología para rehabilitación dental; consiste en la extracción del órgano dentario y reposición inmediata en otro alvéolo. El éxito es determinado por la adaptación de los tejidos; en ausencia de esta o presencia de síntomas es necesaria la terapia endodóntica. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento endodóntico en diente reimplantado, destacando las peculiaridades de la terapia apropiada y la importancia del tratamiento multidisciplinar. Presentación del caso: se trata de un diente premolar inferior izquierdo que fue reimplantado en la posición del incisivo central superior izquierdo en un individuo de 11 años, con labio y paladar hendido. Después de 2 meses del reimplante, la paciente refirió dolor espontáneo, quien fue referida para evaluación endodóntica. Radiográficamente se observó imagen sugestiva de lesión periapical. Una vez realizadas las pruebas diagnósticas, se planeó el tratamiento endodóntico, preparo biomecánico asociado a medicación intraconducto con hidróxido de calcio. Fueron realizados tres cambios de medicación bimestralmente; frente a ausencia de señales y síntomas, los conductos fueron obturados. Exámenes de controles clínicos fueron realizados cada 6 meses en el primer año y después, anualmente. Luego de 17 años de control, se observa ausencia de sintomatología y de alteraciones periapicales, lo que indica el éxito del tratamiento. Conclusiones: en los casos de reimplante dental autógeno donde existe elevada ocurrencia de resorción externa, el tratamiento endodóntico asociado a medicación con hidróxido de calcio, es una conducta clínica adecuada para el éxito da terapia ejecutada(AU)

Introduction: autogenous dental reimplantation is an alternative of prosthetic, orthodontic and/or implantologic therapies for dental rehabilitation; it consists in the extraction of the dental organ and its immediate replacement into another alveolus. Success is determined by the adaptation of tissues; in the absence of this or the presence of symptoms, endodontic therapy is necessary. Objective: to describe the endodontic treatment in reimplanted tooth, highlighting the peculiarities of the appropriate therapy and the importance of the multidisciplinary treatment. Case presentation: this is a lower left premolar tooth that was reimplanted at the position of the upper left central incisor in an 11-year-old individual with cleft lip and palate. After two months of reimplantation, the patient reported spontaneous pain, and who was referred for endodontic evaluation. An image suggestive of periapical lesion was radiographically observed. Once the diagnostic tests were performed, the endodontic treatment was planned, a biomechanical preparation associated with intraconductive medication with calcium hydroxide. Three medication changes were made bimonthly; in the absence of signs and symptoms, the ducts were blocked. Clinical control exams were performed every six months in the first year and then annually. After 17 years of control, there is an absence of symptoms and periapical alterations, which indicates the success of the treatment. Conclusions: in cases of autogenous dental reimplantation where there is high occurrence of external resorption, the endodontic treatment associated with medication with calcium hydroxide is an appropriate clinical behavior for the success of the therapy performed(AU)

Types of External Root Resorption of Replanted Teeth: Analysis of the Clinical Aspects and of Interleukin-4 Gene Polymorphisms Involvement.

INTRODUCTION: The absence or presence of root resorption on the surface of a replanted tooth indicates an immune-inflammatory reaction. Recent research even suggests the participation of host predominant immunologic profile on types of resorptions detected on the root surface. Because interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, this study aimed to investigate the association of clinical variables and polymorphisms in IL4 with types of resorption of replanted teeth after 1 year of follow-up. METHODS: One hundred twenty-seven avulsed teeth that were replanted were selected. Periapical radiographs were taken after replantation and for 1 year to detect the types of root resorption. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to genotype IL4 polymorphisms. The χ2 and Z tests were performed to verify the association of clinical and genetic variables with the outcomes of replanted teeth (P < .05). RESULTS: An association was observed of extra-alveolar time, storage medium, and development of the root (P < .05), but not of IL4 polymorphisms, with the outcomes of replanted teeth (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Extraoral time, storage medium, and development of the root, but not IL4 polymorphisms, may influence the types of resorption of avulsed and replanted teeth in the first year after trauma.

Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Replanted Permanent Teeth with External Root Resorption.

INTRODUCTION: The progressive forms of inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) and replacement external root resorption (RERR) are serious complications and the main causes of tooth loss after replantation. This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of inflammatory molecules in extracted human teeth presenting with external root resorption (ERR) after replantation. METHODS: Root fragments from 22 teeth showing IERR and 20 teeth with RERR were triturated using a homogenizer to extract inflammatory molecules. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-1Ra, transforming growth factor beta, IL-8/CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 were measured using double-ligand enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and IL-17A detection was performed using the multiplex Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytometric Bead Array kit (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were compared in the RERR and IERR groups corrected by patients' age at the moment of extraction, survival time after replantation, and index of ERR, adopting a generalized estimation equation model. RESULTS: The IERR group showed higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha than the RERR group, even after correction for the index of ERR (P < .05). IL-1Ra levels were higher in the IERR group for moderate cases but higher in the RERR group for severe cases (P < .05). IL-4 concentration became higher with the increase of patients' age in the RERR group but did not vary in the IERR group (P < .05). CCL2 levels decreased with the increase of the patients' age at the moment of extraction irrespective of the type or index of ERR (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The present results showed differences in the immunologic profile of IERR and RERR that may be relevant to understanding the biological mechanisms underlying ERR.

Survival Rate of Teeth with a C-shaped Canal after Intentional Replantation: A Study of 41 Cases for up to 11 Years.

INTRODUCTION: Teeth with a C-shaped canal have been regarded as a challenge for nonsurgical root canal treatment (RCT) and apical microsurgery because of their anatomic variations and low accessibility. For such teeth, intentional replantation might be a treatment option. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors for the clinical outcome of intentionally replanted teeth with a C-shaped canal. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients who had undergone intentional tooth replantation at the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea, from June 2002 to November 2015. Consequently, 41 intentionally replanted teeth with C-shaped canals were identified. The cumulative survival rate and related prognostic factors were assessed based on clinical and radiographic examination using survival analysis. RESULTS: The cumulative survival rate of intentionally replanted teeth with a C-shaped canal was 83.4% at 4 years and 73.0% at 11 years postoperatively. Based on Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, extraoral time (≤15 minutes vs >15 minutes) and retrofilling material (ProRoot MTA [Dentsply, Tulsa, OK] vs others) were significantly associated with tooth survival (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Extraoral time exceeding 15 minutes and the use of ProRoot MTA as a retrofilling material were significantly associated with a lower survival of intentionally replanted teeth with C-shaped canals. With improved clinical procedures based on an understanding of the prognostic factors, intentional replantation would be a favorable treatment option for treating teeth with a C-shaped canal.

Conservative management of external root resorption after tooth reimplantation: a 3-year follow-up.

The aim of this case report is to describe the treatment of a 9-year-old patient who suffered external root resorption of the permanent maxillary left lateral incisor following reimplantation of the avulsed left central and lateral incisors. Sixteen days after reimplantation and splinting of the incisors in a hospital emergency department, the patient was brought to the pediatric department of a dental school for further treatment. Root canal access was created in the maxillary left lateral and central incisors, and calcium hydroxide paste was used as intracanal dressing. At the 5-month follow-up, a radiograph revealed extensive external root resorption, a communicating root canal, and a periodontal lesion affecting the left lateral incisor. Management of the root resorption included obturation of the apical third of the canal with gutta percha and the middle third with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). At the 3-year recall examination, the patient was asymptomatic, and no mobility or soft tissue alterations were observed clinically. There was no radiographic sign that resorption had progressed. Despite the success of treatment, observation is still required. The use of MTA may be considered an alternative treatment for external root resorption after tooth reimplantation. The technique may allow tooth preservation in children until skeletal growth and development are completed and implant treatment may be considered.

Retention and Healing Outcomes after Intentional Replantation.

INTRODUCTION: Intentional replantation is an alternative to tooth extraction and prosthetic replacement when conventional endodontic treatment modalities are unfeasible or contraindicated. This study assessed tooth retention and healing after intentional replantation and explored predictors of these outcomes. METHODS: Data of intentional replantation procedures performed between March 2000 and December 2010 were collected prospectively, excluding teeth with preoperative periodontal and root defects. A cohort of 159 teeth was followed up for 0.5-12 years. Retention and healed status without complications (periapical radiolucency, external root resorption, ankylosis, signs/symptoms, probing ≥6 mm) was recorded and analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression model (P < .05). RESULTS: Complications leading to extraction occurred in 8 of 159 teeth (5%). Kaplan-Meier survival function suggested 93% cumulative 12-year retention. Cumulative healed rates declined from 91% at 6 months to 77% at 3 years. The healed rate was significantly lower for maxillary teeth without preoperative periapical radiolucency, replanted in more than 15 minutes, and root-end filled with ProRoot MTA. Cox regression identified extraoral time ≤15 minutes as predictor of complication-free healing (P < .04; hazard ratio, 2.767; 95% confidence interval, 1.053-7.272). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective cohort study of contemporary intentional replantation suggested a cumulative 12-year retention rate of 93% and healed rate of 77% after 3 years. Healing occurred 1.7 times more frequently in teeth replanted within 15 minutes. Although most complications occurred within 1 year after replantation, follow-up should extend for at least 3 years to capture late complications.

Curcumin in Combination with Piperine Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro.

INTRODUCTION: The dietary pigment curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted from the Curcuma longa rhizomes native to South Asia. The antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities besides its unknown side effects suggest that curcumin could be a promising antiresorptive agent to prevent replacement resorption in replanted teeth after traumatic avulsion. Piperine, an alkaloid present in black pepper, seems to enhance the bioavailability and activity of curcumin. Therefore, this study evaluated the biocompatibility of curcumin and piperine in cultures of periodontal ligament cells as well as their effects in an in vitro osteoclastogenesis model of RAW 264.7 macrophages. METHODS: The cytotoxicity in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, human osteogenic sarcoma cells (SAOS-2), and murine osteoclastic precursors (RAW 264.7) was analyzed by using cell number determination and proliferation assays. The ability of curcumin and its conjugate to suppress the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis was assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and activity as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Curcumin at concentrations ≥ 10 µmol/L was cytotoxic in all cell types tested, whereas piperine showed only slight cytotoxicity at 30 µmol/L in RAW and SAOS cultures. Although curcumin caused already significant effects, the combination with piperine completely suppressed the osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the TRAP activity and inhibiting the expression of the specific osteoclast markers TRAP, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that curcumin combined with piperine suppressed the osteoclastogenesis in vitro without causing cytotoxic effects in periodontal ligament cells. These findings suggest its potential therapeutic application for the prevention and treatment of replacement resorption in replanted avulsed teeth.

Efeito da reposição com melatonina no processo de reparo após reimplante dentário em ratos pinealectomizados: análise histomorfométrica / Healing of tooth replantation after therapy with melatonin in pinealectomized rats: histomorphometric analysis

Com o intuito de melhorar o prognóstico dos dentes reimplantados, vários fatores locais foram estudados, culminando com a elaboração de um protocolo de tratamento. No entanto, pouco tem sido estudado em relação aos fatores sistêmicos. Uma dessas condições é a deficiência da melatonina, que pode ocorrer em pessoas com hábitos noturnos. Com o objetivo de estudar o processo de reparo do reimplante dentário em ratos pinealectomizados com ou sem reposição da melatonina, foram utilizados 40 ratos divididos em 4 grupos de 10 animais. Grupo 1 (C): animais não pinealectomizados e submetidos ao reimplante do incisivo superior direito. Grupo 2 (PNX): animais pinealectomizados e submetidos ao reimplante dentário. Grupo 3 (PNX-M): animais pinealectomizados, submetidos ao reimplante e com suplementação de melatonina. Grupo 4 (M): animais não pinealectomizados, submetidos ao reimplante e com suplementação de melatonina. Após 47 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados e as peças contendo os dentes foram processadas para obtenção de lâminas que foram coradas em hematoxilina e eosina para análise histológica e morfométrica. Analisou-se, quantificou-se e comparou-se a ocorrência de reabsorção inflamatória, reabsorção por substituição, anquilose e reparo por ligamento periodontal. Encontrou-se que os grupos C e PNX foram os mais acometidos por reabsorção radicular (reabsorção total) (p = 0,0001). O grupo M foi o menos acometido pela reabsorção inflamatória (p = 0,0001). O grupo PNX-M foi o menos acometido pela reabsorção por substituição (p = 0,0029). O grupo PNX foi o que apresentou a menor ocorrência de reparo por ligamento periodontal (p = 0,0001). O grupo M foi o que apresentou melhores resultados de reinserção do ligamento periodontal (p = 0,0001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os quatro grupos em relação à ocorrência de anquilose (p = 0,1083). Concluiu-se que a suplementação com melatonina em ratos pinealectomizados ou não repercutiu positivamente no...

In order to improve the prognosis of tooth replantation, several local factors were studied, seeking the development of a treatment protocol. However, little is known with regard to systemic factors. One such condition is the absence of melatonin, which can occur in people with nocturnal habits. In order to study the repair process of tooth replantation in pinealectomized rats with or without replacement of melatonin, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals. Group 1 (C): no pinealectomized animals and underwent replantation of right upper incisor. Group 2 (PNX): pinealectomized animals and submitted to the dental replantation. Group 3 (PNX-M): pinealectomized animals, submitted to replantation and melatonin supplementation. Group 4 (M): no pinealectomized animals, submitted to replantation and melatonin supplementation. After 47 days, the animals were euthanized and specimens containing the teeth were processed for obtaining blades that are stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphological analysis. It was analyzed and quantified the occurrence of inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption, ankylosis and repair of periodontal ligament. It was found that the C and PNX groups were the most affected by root resorption (total resorption) (p = 0.0001). Group M was the least affected by inflammatory resorption (p = 0.0001). The PNX-M group was the least affected by the replacement resorption (p = 0.0029). The PNX group was presented the lower occurrence of periodontal ligament (p = 0.0001). Group M showed the best results of reintegration of the periodontal ligament (p = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference among the four groups in the occurrence of ankylosis (p = 0.1083). It was concluded that with replacement of melatonin in pinealectomized rats or not reflected positively in the repair process when compared to the groups that were not supplemented

Autotransplantation or replantation of cryopreserved teeth: a case series and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this report was to evaluate the outcome of autotransplantation or replantation of cryopreserved teeth clinically and radiographically. Donor teeth were slowly frozen in a controlled-rate freezer using 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) as protectants. Seven cryopreserved teeth, with duration of storage ranging from 4 to 36 months, were autotransplanted or replanted at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital. Endodontic treatment involving root canal debridement followed by interim root canal filling with calcium hydroxide was started 3 weeks after the operation and continued with replacement of the calcium hydroxide filling at 2-week to 3-month intervals. Three transplants showed periodontal regeneration clinically and radiographically, whereas replacement root resorption was observed in the remaining transplants. From the results, it can be concluded that cryopreserved tooth autotransplantation has potential for clinical use; however, the risk of replacement root resorption remains.

Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on root resorption after delayed autotransplantation of tooth in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) on root resorption after delayed autotransplantation in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Mandibular second and third premolars of beagle dogs were extracted to create sites for autotransplantation. After 2 months, in the experimental sites the first and fourth mandibular premolars were extracted and air dried before autotransplantation with the application of recombinant FGF-2; the control sites received teeth without FGF-2. At 2, 4, or 8 weeks after surgery, the animals were killed and specimens collected and processed for histologic examination. RESULTS: Autotransplantation with FGF-2 yielded formation of new periodontal ligament-like tissues with inserting collagen fibers, associated cementum, and bone. The occurrence of replacement resorption in the FGF-2 treated group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that topical application of FGF-2 reduced the occurrence of ankylosis and root resorption after delayed autotransplantation in this experimental model.

[Effect of orthodontic force on periodontal healing after autotransplantation: an experimental study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the continuous light force to the donor teeth on the periodontal healing after transplantation. METHODS: Thirty-two maxillary and mandibular incisors in four 10-month-old male Beagle dogs were autotransplanted. The pulps were removed in all teeth. The teeth were divided into four groups, one control and three experimental groups. In control group (group 1), the teeth were unloaded. In the other three experimental groups, continuous force (0.49 N) was applied in the 1st (group 2), 2nd (group 3) and 4th (group 4) week, respectively. The dogs were sacrificed in the 8th week. The tissue blocks were demineralized and sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth. The histological analysis was made. RESULTS: Histomophometric analysis revealed a significantly lower occurrence of replacement root resorption in the group 3 (2.1%) than in the control group (12.5%, P < 0.05). The significant lower incidence of replacement root resorption, and a higher surface and inflammatory root resorption were found in group 2 (6.3% and 68.8%) than in the control group (12.5% and 41.7%, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between group 4 and control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The orthodontic force promoted the regeneration of the periodontal ligament and prevented dentoalveolar ankylosis, whereas excessive initial force might cause root and bone resorption.

Central incisor loss after delayed replantation following avulsion: a contemporary restorative and adjunctive orthodontic management approach.

Delayed replantation of an avulsed tooth may result in rapid root resorption or, more frequently, dental ankylosis with subsequent bone substitution. If this process develop slowly, it is possible to observe that tooth loss is characterized by a well conserved alveolus with regard to bone preservation, particularly in vertical dimension. This clinical case reports a dental trauma of a central incisor in a young boy characterized by tooth avulsion and its delayed replantation. After 10 years, dental ankylosis of the incisor was recorded and the patient underwent a prosthetic-orthodontic rehabilitation using CAD-CAM technology and no-prep veneers.

Ultrasound stimulation attenuates root resorption of rat replanted molars and impairs tumor necrosis factor-α signaling in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A therapeutic protocol to minimize root resorption induced by tooth replantation has not yet been universally established. In this context, noninvasive modality such as ultrasound therapy have been a focus of increased interest. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ultrasound therapy on root resorption of replanted rat molars. In addition, the study aimed to promote insights into the mechanism through which ultrasound mediates the metabolism of periodontal cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental model of tooth replantation in rats, involving luxation and immediate replacement of the maxillary first molars, was used to assess the inhibitory effect of an ultrasound-therapy regimen (15 min of exposure to ultrasound, each day for 21 d) on root resorption. Moreover, the effect of ultrasound on osteoclastogenesis/cementoclastogenesis was examined in vitro using a mouse osteoblastic stromal cell line (ST2) and a mouse cementoblastic cell line (OCCM-30). RESULTS: The area of root resorption lacunae was statistically decreased (p < 0.01) in the ultrasound-treated sample. In addition, immunohistochemical staining, using murine TNF-α polyclonal antibody, failed to detect tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) protein in the ultrasound-treated sample compared with the control. An in vitro study showed that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of Tnfalpha mRNA was significantly reduced by ultrasound therapy in both osteoblastic and cementoblastic cells. Moreover, the TNF-α-induced up-regulation of Rankl mRNA was also inhibited by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound may contribute to the reduction of the trauma-induced inflammatory reaction through impairment of the TNF-α signaling pathway. It is therefore suggested that ultrasound shows potential as a therapeutic tool to optimize the regenerative potential of periodontal tissues on replanted teeth.

Treatment outcome of 42 replanted permanent incisors with a median follow-up of 2.8 years.

AIM: To evaluate the treatment outcome of avulsed and replanted permanent incisors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 avulsed and replanted permanent incisors in 37 individuals were followed over a median observation period of 2.8 years (range: one year to five years). The mean age was 16.3 years at the time of replantation, with 81% of patients being younger than 20 years. RESULTS: The tooth survival rate after replantation was 83.3% (35/42 teeth). Periodontal healing was observed in 20 teeth. External root resorption was the most frequent complication and was found in 22 of the 42 avulsed teeth: 21 teeth had replacement resorption. Of these 21 teeth, 14 teeth were still in situ at time of recall examination, seven teeth had to be extracted during the follow-up period due to progressive replacement resorption. One tooth had surface resorption. In contrast, infection-related resorption could not be observed in this sample. With regard to periodontal healing, no differences were found between teeth with short (less than 14 days) versus prolonged duration of splinting. Higher incidence of replacement resorption correlated with the extended duration of non-physiologic extraoral storage. CONCLUSION: Use of a strict endodontic treatment protocol after replantation minimized the risk of infection-related root resorption. The occurrence of replacement resorption was mainly influenced by the duration of the non-physiologic extraoral storage time and storage medium.

The use of laser Doppler flowmetry in paediatric dentistry.

BACKGROUND: An early determination of pulpal vitality is crucial with respect to a correct differential diagnosis of revascularisation or necrosis and its treatment. REVIEW: Sensibility tests (cold, heat, electrical pulp test) in combination with radiographs are commonly promoted. However these tests are arbitrary, based on sensations and therefore not always reliable. In such situations registration of pulpal blood flow will be advantageous. The most studied and well documented method for registration of blood circulation is laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) which is typified as a non-invasive technique with direct and objective registrations. In this article blood flow, LDF and its characteristics, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods and the latest developments regarding LDF is described. CONCLUSION: Despite there being a low implementation of LDF in dentistry to date, this should become one of the basic techniques for clinical use in paediatric dentistry.