Orofacial myofunctional and polysomnographic characteristics of children with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study. / Características miofuncionais orofaciais e polissonográficas de crianças com Síndrome de Down e apneia obstrutiva do sono: estudo piloto.

PURPOSE: To investigate oropharyngeal structures and functions in a pediatric population with Down Syndrome (DS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to correlate with the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and sleep questionnaires. METHODS: 12 Children with DS and OSA, between the age of 4 and 12 years old, underwent polysomnography (PSG); sleep questionnaires, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 (OSA-18); and speech-language evaluation using the Short Evaluation of Orofacial Myofunctional Protocol (ShOM). RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between ShoM higher scores and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and between ShoM and the number of hypopneas. The orofacial myofunctional alterations observed in the studied group were: oral breathing, alteration in lip tonus and competence, tongue posture at rest and in swallowing, and occlusal alteration. There was also an increased risk for OSA according to the sleep questionnaires, as well as the presence of obesity and overweight, but without correlation with the severity of OSA. CONCLUSION: All DS children show alterations in orofacial characteristics, higher scores being associated to severe OSA. Orofacial myofunctional evaluation may help to identify different phenotypes in Down syndrome children with Obstructive sleep Apnea, enhancing the need for a multidisciplinary approach.

OBJETIVO: Investigar as estruturas e funções orofaríngeas de uma população pediátrica com Síndrome de Down (SD) e apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e correlacionar com o índice de apneia/hipopneia (IAH) e questionários do sono. MÉTODO: 12 Crianças com SD e AOS, entre 4 e 12 anos, foram submetidas à polissonografia (PSG); questionários do sono, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) e Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 (OSA-18); e triagem fonoaudiológica por meio do Short Evaluation of Orofacial Myofunctional Protocol (ShOM). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre pontuações mais elevadas no ShOM e o índice de apneia hipopneia (IAH) e entre o ShOM e número de hipopneias. As alterações miofuncionais orofaciais observadas no grupo estudado foram: respiração oral, alteração no tônus e competência labial, na postura de língua em repouso e na deglutição e alteração oclusal. Verificou-se também, um risco aumentado para AOS conforme os questionários do sono, bem como presença de obesidade e sobrepeso, mas sem correlação com a gravidade da AOS. CONCLUSÃO: Todas as crianças apresentaram alterações miofuncionais orofaciais, sendo que escores mais altos no ShOM, ou seja, um maior comprometimento miofuncional orofacial, estavam associados à maior gravidade de AOS, sugerindo que a avaliação miofuncional orofacial dentro de uma abordagem multidisciplinar pode auxiliar na identificação de fatores de risco para AOS em crianças com SD.

Predictors associated with malocclusion in children with and without sleep disorders: a cross-sectional study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate predictors of malocclusion in Brazilian schoolchildren eight to ten years of age based on a causal directed acyclic graph model. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 schoolchildren eight to ten years of age. Parents/guardians provided information on sleep disorders of the child (Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children) and family characteristics (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale). The diagnosis of malocclusion was performed by four trained examiners using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Control variables were selected using a directed acyclic graph. Descriptive analysis was performed, followed by robust logistic regression analysis for complex samples (α = 5%). The following variables were associated with malocclusion in the final model: sleep disorders (OR = 2.61; 95%CI: 2.43-2.86), mouth breathing (OR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02-1.99), non-nutritive sucking habits (OR = 2.45; 95%CI: 2.37-4.85), and obesity (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.02-2.33). Sociodemographic characteristics, family functioning, and premature tooth loss did not remain associated with malocclusion. Sleep disorders, mouth breathing, sucking habits, and obesity are predictors of malocclusion in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age.

Comparative study between photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in the reduction of halitosis in mouth breathing children: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Halitosis is a term that defines any odor or foul smell the emanates from the oral cavity, the origin of which may be local or systemic. One of the causes of local or oral halitosis is low salivary flow and dry mouth, which is also one of the complaints of individuals with the mouth-breathing habit. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and the use of probiotics for the treatment of halitosis in mouth-breathing children. METHODS: Fifty-two children between 7 and 12 years of age with a diagnosis of mouth breathing and halitosis determined through an interview and clinical examination will be selected. The participants will be divided into 4 groups: Group 1-treatment with brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2-brushing, dental floss and aPDT applied to the dorsum and middle third of the tongue; Group 3-brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4-brushing, dental floss, aPDT and probiotics. The use of a breath meter and microbiological analysis of the tongue coating will be performed before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after treatment. The quantitative analysis will involve counts of colony-forming bacteria per milliliter and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric data will be submitted to analysis of variance and nonparametric data will be compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of each treatment in the different periods of the study will be compared using the Wilcoxon test. DISCUSSION: Due to the low level of evidence, studies are needed to determine whether treatment with aPDT using annatto as the photosensitizer and blue led as the light source is effective at diminishing halitosis in mouth-breathing children.

Association Between Mouth Breathing and Asthma: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between asthma and mouth breathing. We performed a systematic search in the PubMed, SCOPUS, Lilacs, Web of Science, Google Scholar and OpenThesis databases. RECENT FINDINGS: Asthma is defined as a heterogeneous disease characterized by variable symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest oppression and/or cough, and limitation of expiratory airflow. Although several studies have examined the association between asthma and mouth breathing, there are no systematic reviews or meta-analyses that synthesize the available bodies of evidence. We used the odds ratio as a measure of the association between asthma and mouth breathing. Summary estimates were calculated using random-effects models, and the risk of bias was estimated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies and the National Institutes of Health tool for cross-sectional studies. Nine studies were included in the present systematic review. Data from 12,147 subjects were analyzed, of which 2083 were children and adolescents and 10,064 were adults. We found an association between mouth breathing and asthma in children and adolescents (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.78-3.39) and in adults (OR 4.60, 95% CI 1.49-14.20). However, limitations were found in the methodological description of the included studies, as well as high heterogeneity among studies evaluating adult populations. This meta-analysis showed an association between mouth breathing and asthma in children, adolescents and adults, but the results should be interpreted with caution. Further studies with standardized criteria for the investigation of mouth breathing are needed.

Conhecimento dos professores sobre a respiração oral antes e após programa de orientação / Teachers knowledge of the effects of mouth breathing before and after an orientation program

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o conhecimento dos professores da educação infantil e ensino fundamental I a respeito da respiração oral, assim como verificar a ampliação do conhecimento dos professores sobre o tema, após a aplicação do programa de orientação fonoaudiológica. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 150 professores de escolas públicas e particulares. A promoção do conhecimento sobre a respiração oral foi realizada por meio do Programa de Orientação Fonoaudiológica, que abordou sobre a fisiologia da respiração, as causas e as consequências da respiração oral e os profissionais envolvidos no tratamento. Antes e após o programa, foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados, compostos por questões objetivas e discursivas a respeito das causas e consequências da respiração oral. Para a análise estatística entre os questionários pré e pós-programa, foi utilizado o teste McNemar. A comparação entre a média geral das respostas corretas foi realizada por meio do teste t-Student. Todas as diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Observaram-se diferenças estatísticas (p<0,05) em todas as questões dos questionários pré e pós-programa de orientação. Conclusão Os professores apresentaram conhecimento prévio sobre a respiração oral, porém, o Programa de Orientação Fonoaudiológica mostrou-se eficaz e promoveu a ampliação do conhecimento sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT Purpose To ascertain primary and secondary school teachers knowledge of mouth breathing, as well as to gauge teachers improvements in knowledge of the subject area after the speech therapy guidance program. Methods 150 teachers from both public and private schools participated in the program. The promotion of information about mouth breathing was carried out as part of the Speech Therapy Program, which addressed areas such as the physiology of breathing, causes and consequences of mouth breathing and the professionals involved in the treatment. Before and after the program semi-structured questionnaires were given out, the questionnaires contained objective and discursive questions about the causes and consequences of mouth breathing. The McNemar test was used for statistical analysis of the pre and post program questionnaires. The comparison between the general average of correct answers was ascertained by using the t-Student test. All differences were considered statistically significant at a significance level of 5%. Results Statistical differences (p<0.05) were found in all questions in the pre and post-orientation program questionnaires. Conclusion The teachers showed they had some previous knowledge about mouth breathing, however the Speech Therapy Orientation Program proved to be effective and resulted in the teachers showing a greatly increased knowledge about the subject.

Growth and mouth breathers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between mouth breathing and growth disorders among children and teenagers. DATA SOURCE: Search on MEDLINE database, over the last 10 years, by using the following terms: "mouth breathing", "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", "allergic rhinitis", "sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment", "growth hormone", "failure to thrive", "short stature", or "failure to thrive". DATA SUMMARY: A total of 247 articles were identified and, after reading the headings, this number was reduced to 45 articles, whose abstracts were read and, of these, 20 were deemed important and were included in the review. In addition of these articles, references mentioned in them and specific books on mouth breathing deemed important were included. Hypertrophy of palatine and/or pharyngeal tonsils, whether associated with allergic rhinitis, as well as poorly controlled allergic rhinitis, are the main causes of mouth breathing in children. Respiratory sleep disorders are frequent among these patients. Several studies associate mouth breathing with reduced growth, as well as with reduced growth hormone release, which are reestablished after effective treatment of mouth breathing (clinical and/or surgical). CONCLUSIONS: Mouth breathing should be considered as a potential cause of growth retardation in children; pediatricians should assess these patients in a broad manner.

Alterações sensoriais em respiradores orais: revisão sistemática baseada no método prisma / Sensory changes in mouth breathers: systematic review based on the prisma method

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar, na literatura, estudos que abordem alterações nos sistemas sensoriais apresentadas por respiradores orais. Fonte de dados: A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, Web of Science e Scopus. A busca foi realizada independentemente por dois pesquisadores, seguindo os critérios de seleção. Foram selecionados artigos originais que abordaram a respiração oral e as alterações nos sistemas sensoriais publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Os artigos de revisão da literatura, as dissertações, os capítulos de livros, os estudos de caso e os editoriais foram excluídos. Síntese dos dados: Foram encontrados 719 artigos, dos quais 663 foram excluídos pelo título e 22 pelo resumo. Trinta e quatro manuscritos foram analisados, dos quais 23 estavam repetidos e 8 foram excluídos pelo texto lido na íntegra. Assim, três artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão. Conclusões: A maioria dos estudos apresenta a ocorrência de alterações dos sistemas sensoriais em crianças respiradoras orais. Contudo, observa-se maior preocupação na avaliação da recepção sensorial. Além disso, a avaliação dos sistemas sensoriais foi realizada de forma não padronizada, o que pode ter acarretado resultados menos precisos na população estudada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review, in the literature, information regarding changes in the sensory systems of mouth breathers. Data sources: The search was conducted in the following databases PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus. The search was independently carried out by two researchers, following the selection criteria. Original articles that approached mouth breathing and changes in sensory systems published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were published. Literature review of articles, dissertations, book chapters, case studies and editorials were excluded. Data synthesis: We found 719 articles. Among them, 663 were excluded by the title and 22 by the summary. Among the 34 analyzed manuscripts, 23 were repeated and 8 were excluded by reading the full text. Thus, 3 articles were selected for this review. Conclusions: Most studies presents the occurrence of changes in sensory systems in mouth breathing children. However, sensory reception is a matter of more concern. Besides, the evaluation of sensory systems was not standardized, which may have led to less precise results in the studied population.

SENSORY CHANGES IN MOUTH BREATHERS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW BASED ON THE PRISMA METHOD. / ALTERAÇÕES SENSORIAIS EM RESPIRADORES ORAIS: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA BASEADA NO MÉTODO PRISMA.

OBJECTIVE: To review, in the literature, information regarding changes in the sensory systems of mouth breathers. DATA SOURCES: The search was conducted in the following databases PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus. The search was independently carried out by two researchers, following the selection criteria. Original articles that approached mouth breathing and changes in sensory systems published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were published. Literature review of articles, dissertations, book chapters, case studies and editorials were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: We found 719 articles. Among them, 663 were excluded by the title and 22 by the summary. Among the 34 analyzed manuscripts, 23 were repeated and 8 were excluded by reading the full text. Thus, 3 articles were selected for this review. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies presents the occurrence of changes in sensory systems in mouth breathing children. However, sensory reception is a matter of more concern. Besides, the evaluation of sensory systems was not standardized, which may have led to less precise results in the studied population.

OBJETIVO: Revisar, na literatura, estudos que abordem alterações nos sistemas sensoriais apresentadas por respiradores orais. FONTE DE DADOS: A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, Web of Science e Scopus. A busca foi realizada independentemente por dois pesquisadores, seguindo os critérios de seleção. Foram selecionados artigos originais que abordaram a respiração oral e as alterações nos sistemas sensoriais publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Os artigos de revisão da literatura, as dissertações, os capítulos de livros, os estudos de caso e os editoriais foram excluídos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram encontrados 719 artigos, dos quais 663 foram excluídos pelo título e 22 pelo resumo. Trinta e quatro manuscritos foram analisados, dos quais 23 estavam repetidos e 8 foram excluídos pelo texto lido na íntegra. Assim, três artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos estudos apresenta a ocorrência de alterações dos sistemas sensoriais em crianças respiradoras orais. Contudo, observa-se maior preocupação na avaliação da recepção sensorial. Além disso, a avaliação dos sistemas sensoriais foi realizada de forma não padronizada, o que pode ter acarretado resultados menos precisos na população estudada.

Growth and mouth breathers / Crescimento e respiradores orais

Abstract Objective: To assess the relationship between mouth breathing and growth disorders among children and teenagers. Data source: Search on MEDLINE database, over the last 10 years, by using the following terms: "mouth breathing", "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", "allergic rhinitis", "sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment", "growth hormone", "failure to thrive", "short stature", or "failure to thrive". Data summary: A total of 247 articles were identified and, after reading the headings, this number was reduced to 45 articles, whose abstracts were read and, of these, 20 were deemed important and were included in the review. In addition of these articles, references mentioned in them and specific books on mouth breathing deemed important were included. Hypertrophy of palatine and/or pharyngeal tonsils, whether associated with allergic rhinitis, as well as poorly controlled allergic rhinitis, are the main causes of mouth breathing in children. Respiratory sleep disorders are frequent among these patients. Several studies associate mouth breathing with reduced growth, as well as with reduced growth hormone release, which are reestablished after effective treatment of mouth breathing (clinical and/or surgical). Conclusions: Mouth breathing should be considered as a potential cause of growth retardation in children; pediatricians should assess these patients in a broad manner.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre respiração oral e distúrbios do crescimento entre crianças e adolescentes. Fonte de dados: Busca na base de dados do MEDLINE, nos últimos 10 anos, com o emprego dos seguintes termos: "mouth breathing" ou "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", ou "allergic rhinitis" ou sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment" ou "growth hormone" ou "failure to thrive" ou "short stature" ou "failure to thrive". Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 247 artigos, que após a leitura dos títulos foram reduzidos a 45, cujos resumos foram lidos e desses 20 foram considerados de importância e integraram a revisão. Além desses, referências por eles citadas e livros-texto específicos sobre respiração oral considerados importantes foram incluídos. A hipertrofia de tonsilas palatinas e/ou faríngeas, associada ou não à rinite alérgica, assim como a rinite alérgica mal controlada, é a principal causa de respiração oral na criança. Distúrbios respiratórios do sono são frequentes entre esses pacientes. Vários estudos associam a respiração oral à redução do crescimento, bem como à redução de liberação de hormônio do crescimento, que são restabelecidos após o tratamento efetivo da respiração oral (clínico e/ou cirúrgico). Conclusões: A respiração oral deve ser cogitada como possível causa de retardo de crescimento em crianças e cabe ao pediatra a tarefa de investigar esses pacientes de forma mais abrangente.

Dental considerations and recommendations in Eisenmenger syndrome: A report of an unusual paediatric case.

BACKGROUND: Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is a heart cyanotic condition characterised by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and an intra-cardiac right-to-left shunting of blood through a systemic-to-pulmonary circulation connection. Affected children usually exhibit severe hypoxia, clubbing of fingers/toes, haemoptysis, anaemia, and organ damage. CASE REPORT: During autumn 2015, the patient and her parents arrived at the paediatric dentistry clinic. The patient presented with the main complaint of generalised inflamed gingival tissues, severely protruded upper incisors, and evident abnormal mouth breathing. TREATMENT: This was performed under local analgesia, rubber-dam isolation, and antimicrobial prophylaxis with amoxicillin (50 mg/kg). The patient's parents agreed to the treatment plan through a signed informed consent. This treatment consisted of the placement of pit and fissure sealants on the four permanent first molars (which included enamel preparation with fissurotomy burs), in-depth gingiva/dental frequent cleanings, local fluoride varnish applications, and an exhaustive programme of at-home oral hygiene (brushing, flossing, and chlorhexidine mouth rinses), including adequate nutrition. Gingivoplasty surgery to remove residual enlarged tissues was indicated for the near future. FOLLOW-UP: The child did not return to the clinic. When contacted, the parents reported that their daughter's systemic condition worsened significantly. She was confined to a bed at home under palliative care, with a life-span expectation of only a few months. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive dental care of children with ES requires careful consideration of their medical condition, and dental care delivery should be coordinated with the paediatric cardiologist. General analgesia should be considered only in strictly selected cases, due to the high peri-operative mortality reported.

Mouth breathing in children and its impact in dental malocclusion: a systematic review of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing in childhood can compromise the dental occlusion and, consequently, the functions performed by the stomatognathic system. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate which is the highest prevalence of dental malocclusion in mouth breathing children. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Bibliographic searches of observational studies were performed in five electronic databases (PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus and Open Grey) without language restriction, from 2007 to 2014. Were selected cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of the past seven years that described the prevalence of malocclusions of Angle Class I and Class II, division 1. After the selection, the studies were evaluated for their methodological quality. Subsequently, the description of the selected articles was made. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: From 125 records, seven articles were selected (5.6%), with a majority of Brazilian authors (71.43%). There seems to be a higher prevalence of malocclusion in mouth breathers when related to gender. The prevalence of malocclusion of Angle Class II, division 1, was higher than Class I malocclusion in mouth breathers, according to most studies in the sample. Interdisciplinary and controlled studies deserve more attention from researchers of the area, given the need for researches with greater methodological strength. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the results, the prevalence of malocclusion of Angle Class II, division 1 tends to be higher than Class I malocclusion in mouth breathing children.

Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children.

INTRODUCTION:: Maxillary constriction is a dentoskeletal deformity characterized by discrepancy in maxilla/mandible relationship in the transverse plane, which may be associated with respiratory dysfunction. OBJECTIVE:: The objective of this study was to evaluate the skeletal effects of RME on maxillary and nasal transverse dimensions and compare the differences between males and females. METHODS:: Sixty-one mouth-breathers patients with skeletal maxillary constriction (35 males and 26 females, mean age 9.6 years) were included in the study. Posteroanterior (PA) radiographs were taken before expansion (T1) and 3 months after expansion (T2). Data obtained from the evaluation of T1 and T2 cephalograms were tested for normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. The Student's t-test was performed for each measurement to determine sex differences. RESULTS:: RME produced a significant increase in all linear measurements of maxillary and nasal transverse dimensions. CONCLUSIONS:: No significant differences were associated regarding sex. The RME produced significant width increases in the maxilla and nasal cavity, which are important for treatment stability, improving respiratory function and craniofacial development.

Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maxillary constriction is a dentoskeletal deformity characterized by discrepancy in maxilla/mandible relationship in the transverse plane, which may be associated with respiratory dysfunction. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the skeletal effects of RME on maxillary and nasal transverse dimensions and compare the differences between males and females. Methods: Sixty-one mouth-breathers patients with skeletal maxillary constriction (35 males and 26 females, mean age 9.6 years) were included in the study. Posteroanterior (PA) radiographs were taken before expansion (T1) and 3 months after expansion (T2). Data obtained from the evaluation of T1 and T2 cephalograms were tested for normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. The Student's t-test was performed for each measurement to determine sex differences. Results: RME produced a significant increase in all linear measurements of maxillary and nasal transverse dimensions. Conclusions: No significant differences were associated regarding sex. The RME produced significant width increases in the maxilla and nasal cavity, which are important for treatment stability, improving respiratory function and craniofacial development.

RESUMO Introdução: a constrição maxilar é uma alteração dentoesquelética relacionada à diminuição transversal da arcada superior, que pode correlacionar-se com problemas respiratórios. O tratamento nos pacientes em crescimento inclui a expansão rápida da maxila (ERM). A correção precoce resulta em maiores alterações esqueléticas e estabilidade dos resultados, podendo evitar desvios de crescimento facial. Objetivo: avaliar comparativamente, por meio de telerradiografias posteroanteriores (PA), as alterações dimensionais da cavidade nasal pré- e pós-ERM em pacientes respiradores bucais dos sexos masculino e feminino. Métodos: realizou-se o estudo de medidas lineares em telerradiografias PA pré- e pós-ERM de uma amostra composta por 61 pacientes (35 do sexo masculino e 26 do feminino), com média de idade de 9,6 anos. Todos os pacientes eram respiradores bucais com constrição maxilar esquelética, e foram tomadas radiografias PA pré- e pós-ERM (3 meses). Os dados obtidos foram avaliados nos tempos T1 e T2 a normalidade dos dados foi confirmada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste t de Student foi aplicado para cada mensuração, para determinar diferenças entre os sexos. Resultados: a ERM promoveu aumento significativo em todas as medidas lineares maxilares e das dimensões da cavidade nasal. Conclusão: nenhuma diferença significativa foi associada ao sexo. A ERM produziu aumentos significativos na largura maxilar e volume da cavidade nasal, que são importantes na estabilidade do tratamento Nos pacientes em crescimento e respiradores bucais com constrição maxilar esquelética da maxila, a ERM promoveu aumento do volume da cavidade nasal que melhorou o fluxo aéreo e possibilitou reconduzir o crescimento facial. As alterações transversais não foram significativas quando relacionadas ao sexo.

Pulmonary hypertension evaluation by Doppler echocardiogram in children and adolescents with mouth breathing syndrome / Avaliação de hipertensão pulmonar pela ecodopplercardiografia em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome do respirador oral

Abstract Introduction: Adenotonsillar hyperplasia (ATH) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are the most common causes of upper airway obstruction in children. Such diseases, by affecting the upper airways, can cause chronic alveolar hypoventilation, pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension, which in some cases, are irreversible. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in two groups of mouth-breathing (MB) 2-12 years old children with ATH and isolated allergic rhinitis, through Doppler echocardiography. Methods: 54 patients with ATH and indications for adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy and 24 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis were selected and submitted to Doppler echocardiography. The Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (SPAP) was determined by tricuspid regurgitation and the Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (MPAP) was calculated from the SPAP. Similar measurements were carried out in 25 nasal breathing (NB) individuals. Results: The mean MPAP and SPAP were higher in the MB than in the NB group (17.62 ± 2.06 [ATH] and 17.45 ± 1.25 [AR] vs. 15.20 ± 2.36 [NB] mmHg, p < 0.005, and 25.61 ± 3.38 [ATH] and 25.33 ± 2.06 [AR] vs. 21.64 ± 3.87 [NB] mmHg, p < 0.005, respectively) and the mean acceleration time of pulmonary flow trace (Act) was higher in the NB than in the MB group (127.24 ± 12.81 [RN] vs. 114.06 ± 10.63 ms [ATH] and 117.96 ± 10.28 [AR] MS [AR]; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: None of the MB children (ATH and AR) met the PH criteria, although individuals with both ATH and isolated AR showed significant evidence of increased pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography in relation to NB individuals. No differences were observed between the ATH and AR groups.

Resumo Introdução: A hiperplasia adenotonsilar (HAT) e a rinite alérgica (RA) consistem nas causas mais comuns de obstrução de vias aéreas superiores em crianças. Tais afecções, ao comprometer a via aérea superior, podem ocasionar hipoventilação alveolar crônica, vasoconstrição pulmonar e hipertensão pulmonar, em alguns casos irreversível. Objetivo: Este estudo transversal objetivou avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial pulmonar em dois grupos de crianças respiradoras orais (RO): com HAT e rinite alérgica isolada, de 2 a 12 anos, por meio de exame ecodopplercardiográfico. Método: Foram selecionados e submetidos à ecodopplercardiografia 54 pacientes com HAT com indicação de adenoidectomia e/ou tonsilectomia e 24 pacientes com rinite alérgica persistente. A pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) foi determinada pela regurgitação tricúspide e a pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PMAP) foi calculada a partir da PSAP. Determinações similares foram feitas em 25 respiradores nasais (RN). Resultados: As médias da PMAP e da PSAP foram maiores nos grupos de RO do que nos RN (17,62 ± 2,06 [HAT] e 17,45 ± 1,25 [RA] vs. 15,20 ± 2,36 [RN] mmHg; p < 0,005; e 25,61 ± 3,38 [HAT] e 25,33 ± 2,06 [RA] vs. 21,64 ± 3,87 [RN] mmHg; p < 0,005; respectivamente) e a média do tempo de aceleração do traçado do fluxo pulmonar (TAc) foi maior nos RN que nos grupos de RO (127,24 ± 12,81 [RN] vs. 114,06 ± 10,63 ms [HAT] e 117,96 ± 10,28 [RA] MS [RA]; p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Nenhuma criança respiradora oral (HAT e RA) preencheu os critérios de HP, embora tanto os portadores de HAT quanto de RA isolada apresentaram evidências significativas de aumento da pressão arterial pulmonar pela ecodopplercardiografia em relação aos respiradores nasais. Não se observou diferença entre os grupos HAT e RA.

Repercusiones de la roncopatía y respiración bucal en el crecimiento facial / Impact of snoring and mouth breathing on facial growth

Los trastornos respiratorios obstructivos del sueño corresponden a un amplio espectro de patologías que incluyen a los roncadores primarios, el síndrome de resistencia de vía aérea superior y al síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). Dentro de sus manifestaciones clínicas se encuentra la roncopatía y la respiración bucal, las cuales generan alteraciones en el crecimiento craneofacial del niño pudiendo ser la causa de un SAOS residual. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las alteraciones del crecimiento craneofacial en niños generadas por la roncopatía y respiración bucal.

Obstructive sleep breathing disorders correspond to a broad spectrum of diseases that include primary snorers, upper airway resistance syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Its clinical manifestations include snoring and mouth breathing, which generates alterations in the craniofacial growth of the child that may be the cause of a residual OSAS. The objective of this review is to analyze the alterations of craniofacial growth generated by snoring and mouth breathing in children.

Association between possible sleep bruxism and sleep characteristics in children.

AIMS: To evaluate the relationship between possible sleep bruxism and sleep characteristics in children. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted through data collection of a pre-tested questionnaire answered by 111 parents on behalf of their children in the waiting room during their appointment at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of a public Brazilian university. The diagnosis of possible sleep bruxism was based on the international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD) criteria. The Chi-square test and logistic multinomial regression test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The final model of logistic multinomial regression demonstrated that children with muscle pain in the mouth region (OR = 19.70 95% IC = 1.82-212.69), snoring (OR = 8.25 95% IC = 2, 56-26, 54), and those with parents with possible sleep bruxism have more of a probability of sleep bruxism. CONCLUSION: Potential sleep bruxism tends to be hereditary. Muscle pain, snoring, and mouth breathing were important signals associated with possible sleep bruxism among children.