Biological interaction, esthetics, handling, and loss rate of temporary luting cements - a clinical single-blind randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate three temporary luting cements in terms of their restoration loss rates, biological interactions, esthetic properties, and handling characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 75 adults requiring fixed prosthodontics voluntarily participated in a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. After preparation, temporary restorations were luted with a randomly selected temporary luting cement (either Provicol QM Plus (PQP), Bifix Temp (BT), or Provicol QM Aesthetic (PQA)). Clinical examinations were performed one to two weeks after cementation. The following criteria were evaluated: tooth vitality, percussion, hypersensitivity, gingival bleeding, odor formation, esthetics, cement handling, removability, cleanability, and retention loss. Antagonistic teeth served as controls. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact test, where appropriate. RESULTS: The overall loss rate of temporary restorations was 16.0%, showing no cement-specific differences. Postoperative hypersensitivity occurred in 8% of cases regardless of cement type. Esthetic impairment was reported by 31% of the PQP-fixed restorations, compared with 4.0% and 4.2% of the BT and PQA-bonded restorations. Cement application was reported to be easy in 100% of cases, excess removal in 88-96%, depending on the cement used. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of luting material affects the esthetic appearance of a temporary restoration and should be considered, particularly in restorations in esthetically demanding areas. No significant differences between the cements were identified regarding biocompatibility, handling, and loss rate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Translucent cements can help to reduce color interferences, resulting in a more appealing appearance of the temporary restoration.

Influence of fabrication method on the marginal fit of temporary restorations.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology allows the use of different manufacturing techniques. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the marginal fit of temporary restorations manufactured using conventional chairside methods, milling, and three-dimensional printing. Fifteen 3-element temporary restorations specimens were produced and categorized into three groups: non-digital, obtained using the conventional chairside method (GC); milled (GM); and three-dimensionally printed (GP). Marginal fit was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) performed under two conditions: one with only the central screw tightened, and the other with all three screws tightened. Horizontal misfit values were categorized as over-, equal-, and under-extended and qualitatively analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Tukey-Kramer test (α=0.05). In the vertical assessment, three-dimensionally printed restorations demonstrated greater misfit than restorations obtained by milling and the conventional chairside method (P<0.05). In the horizontal assessment, the misfit in the GP group was significantly higher than that in the GM and GC groups. Restorations obtained using the conventional chairside method and milled provisional restorations showed more favorable results than three-dimensionally printed restorations.

Transfer of Guided Emergence Profile Developed Using Customized Provisional Implant Restoration and Cementation Using an Abutment Replica Technique: A Case Report.

The long-term success of dental implants depends not only upon implant osseointegration, but also on the surrounding soft tissue health and profile. An ideal emergence profile contributes to the aesthetics of an implant restoration. It maintains long-term implant health by preventing potential food accumulation and forming a barrier against bacterial ingress. This article describes a method for obtaining an impression of implants that will capture the custom guided peri-implant soft tissue contours accurately, thus contributing to a final restoration with favorable aesthetics. We also describe a technique for reducing excess cement in a cement retained implant crown, thereby contributing to the health of the peri-implant tissues.

Transferring emergence profile and position of interim restorative implant fixture. A novel digital technique.

The present technical article describes a protocol to digitally reproduce the emergence profile of an interim implant prosthesis (IP) and to transfer its macrogeometry into the definitive restoration. The purpose of this protocol was to minimize alterations in the gingival architecture developed during the interim restorative phase of a single implant that could potentially jeopardize its esthetic outcome. The process included obtaining an intraoral scan with the interim IP in situ, a duplicate of this intraoral scan that was used to capture the exact position of the implant, and an extraoral scan of the prosthesis. These data could then be imported into IOS software to create a model where the patients' soft tissue was incorporated with precision, allowing for the fabrication of a definitive crown with an optimal soft tissue adaptation. As there are few articles in the scientific literature that have reported a consistent method to replicate the emergence profile of an interim IP, the present technical article aims to highlight the potential of utilizing the emergence profile of an interim IP created by IOS software.

A comparative in vitro analysis of various temporization materials with respect to pulp chamber temperature changes during polymerization.

AIM: (1) To compare the temperature rise in the pulp chamber with different resin materials used for making provisional fixed partial dentures in anterior and posterior region while using Polyvinylsiloxane impression materials as matrix. (2) To identify a superior provisionalization material based on the amount of heat dissipated suitable for anterior and posterior provisional fixed partial denture fabrication. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Temporary crowns and bridges are integral to Fixed Prosthodontics. It has been observed that conventional fixed prosthesis temporisation materials release heat due to the exothermic polymerisation reaction. When such a provisional material is directly let to set on a vital tooth, the heat transfer causes irreversible changes in the pulp tissue depending of the degree of change. Hence, this study observes amount of heat generation in various materials during temporisation procedure, by simulating similar conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two Models were fabricated, one simulating missing lateral incisor (Model A) and another simulating missing first molar (Model B). Intact maxillary central incisors and canine for Model A and intact mandibular Second Premolar and Second Molar were selected to act as abutments. These abutment teeth were fitted with the tip of a K-type Thermocouple inside their pulp chambers and these were connected to a digital thermometer. Five temporisation materials were chosen for fabrication of temporary crowns through Direct technique. (1) polymethy methacrylate (Self Cure acrylic), (2) bisacryl composite (Protemp 4), (3) visible light cure urethane dimethacrylate (Revotec LC), (4) barium glass and fumed silica infused methacrylate (Dentsply Integrity) and (5)nano-hybrid composite (VOCO Structur 3). Ten observations were made for each provisional material on each model. During each observation, temperature rise was recorded at 30s interval from the time of application, through the peak and till a decrease in temperature is observed. Polyvinyl siloxane was used as matrix for all except light cure resin, where polypropylene sheet was used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Anova test used for statistical. RESULTS: ANOVA test revealed that there was a significant difference in the temperature changes associated with the provisional restorative materials used. Among the five, polymethy methacrylate (self cure resin) showed the maximum rise in temperature, followed by bisacryl composite (Protemp 4), visible light cure urethane dimethacrylate (Revotec LC), barium glass and fumed silica infused methacrylate (Dentsply Integrity) and nano-hybrid composite (VOCO Structur 3). There was no comparable difference between Model A and B but an overall reduction of temperature rise was observed in model B. CONCLUSION: VOCO Structur 3 showed the least temperature rise in the pulp chamber, and overall temperature rise was less for model B which can be attributed to the residual dentin thickness.

Immediate implant placement with immediate or delayed provisionalization in the maxillary aesthetic zone: A 10-year randomized trial.

AIM: To compare the marginal bone level of immediately placed implants, with either immediate or delayed provisionalization (IP or DP), in the maxillary aesthetic zone after 10 years of function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants with a failing tooth in the maxillary aesthetic zone were randomly assigned to immediate implant placement with either IP (n = 20) or DP (n = 20) after primary wound closure with a free gingival graft. The final restoration was placed 3 months after provisionalization. The primary outcome was change in marginal bone level. In addition, implant survival, restoration survival and success, peri-implant tissue health, mucosa levels, aesthetic indices, buccal bone thickness and patient satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: After 10 years, the mean mesial and distal changes in marginal bone level were -0.47 ± 0.45 mm and -0.49 ± 0.52 mm in the IP group and -0.58 ± 0.76 mm and -0.41 ± 0.72 mm in the DP group (p = .61; p = .71). The survival rate was 100% for the implants; for the restorations, it was 88.9% in the IP group and 87.5% in the DP group. Restoration success, according to modified USPHS criteria, was 77.8% in the IP group and 75.0% in the DP group. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis was 38.9% and 35.7% and of peri-implantitis 0.0% and 6.3%, respectively, in the IP group and DP group (p = 1.0; p = .40). The Pink Esthetic Score and White Esthetic Score was 15.28 ± 2.32 in the IP group and 14.64 ± 2.74 in the DP group, both clinically acceptable (p = .48). The buccal bone thickness was lower in the DP group. Patient satisfaction was similar in both groups (p = .75). CONCLUSIONS: The mean marginal bone level changes after immediate implant placement with IP were similar to those after immediate placement with DP. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in the National Trial Register (NL9340).

Biodentine™ as a temporary filling in deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a prospective observational 33-month follow-up study.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate temporary fillings using Biodentine™ in asymptomatic deep carious lesions after 12, 24, and 36 months in school children from the remote village of Kerung, Nepal. METHODS: From November 2018 to November 2019, 91 temporary fillings were placed using Biodentine™ (a hydraulic calcium silicate cement) in permanent molars with deep carious lesions of schoolchildren in the remote district of Kerung, Nepal. These restorations were performed after selective caries removal in a non-dental setting with hand instruments and cotton roll isolation, as electric motors and saliva ejection systems were unavailable. In total, 78 single-surface and 13 multi-surface fillings were placed. Clinical and radiographic follow-up periods encompassed 12, 21, and 33 months, respectively. RESULTS: After 12 months, all single-surface fillings (100%) survived, whilst all multi-surface fillings were partially or entirely lost. The survival rate of single-surface restorations after 21 and 33 months was 67.6% and 50%, respectively. Radiographically, no pathology was observed. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Biodentine could be used in deep carious lesions as a temporary filling in single-surface lesions for at least up to 1 year and in a substantial number of cases for up to 21 and 33 months.

Timing implant provisionalization: Decision-making and systematic workflow.

OBJECTIVE: Provisionalization is an important step to achieve esthetic results in implant cases, and many different techniques for provisional restoration fabrication have been described. However, depending on the clinical scenario, the provisionalization strategy will require different approaches and timing. The clinician should modify the provisional restorations efficiently to reduce the number of disconnections from the implant, as repeated disconnections may have biological consequences. This article aims to schematize different scenarios requiring implant provisionalization and propose strategies to help the clinician condition the peri-implant tissues, respecting perio-prosthodontic fundamentals for soft tissue, biological, and esthetic stability. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The clinical outcomes of modern implant therapy aim to achieve results that emulate natural dentition. Different scenarios may require adjunct therapy, including hard- and soft-tissue grafting, which complicates treatment. The provisionalization strategy will vary depending on the initial condition of the tissues, the need for reconstructive procedures, and the timing of implant placement. Selecting the right strategy based on the case type is necessary to reduce treatment time and complications associated with inadequate prosthetic handling of the soft tissues. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Proper emergence profile conditioning through provisional restorations will allow for biologically sound and esthetically pleasing outcomes in implant restorations.

Fabrication of a Dual-Purpose Implant Surgical Guide.

While surgical guides have allowed for more highly accurate immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone, only a few techniques have been described to predictably position an immediate implant provisional. Even fewer techniques have addressed repositioning a patient's extracted tooth for use as the interim implant restoration. This article describes a workflow for the fabrication of a dual-purpose surgical guide that allows for guidance of implant placement as well as repositioning of a decoronated tooth that will serve as a provisional. While other provisional techniques aim to recreate proper gingival contour, the benefit of repositioning of the original tooth is the preservation of the existing gingival margin position and existing critical contour of the emergence profile.

Ceramic Dental Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of one- and two-piece ceramic implants regarding implant survival and success and patient satisfaction. Materials and Methods: This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines using PICO format and analyzed clinical studies of partially or completely edentulous patients. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords related to dental zirconia ceramic implants, and 1,029 records were received for detailed screening. The data obtained from the literature were analyzed by single-arm, weighted meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Forest plots were used to synthesize pooled means and 95% CI for the change in marginal bone level (MBL) for short-term (1 year), mid-term (2 to 5 years), and long-term (over 5 years) follow-up time intervals. Results: Among the 155 included studies, the case reports, review articles, and preclinical studies were analyzed for background information. A meta-analysis was performed for 11 studies for one-piece implants. The results indicated that the MBL change after 1 year was 0.94 ± 0.11 mm, with a lower bound of 0.72 and an upper bound of 1.16. For the mid term, the MBL was 1.2 ± 0.14 mm with a lower bound of 0.92 and an upper bound of 1.48. For the long term, the MBL change was 1.24 ± 0.16 mm with a lower bound of 0.92 and an upper bound of 1.56. Conclusion: Based on this literature review, one-piece ceramic implants achieve osseointegration similar to titanium implants, with a stable MBL or a slight bone gain after an individual initial design depending on crestal remodeling. The risk of implant fracture is low for current commercially available implants. Immediate loading or temporization of the implants does not interfere with the course of osseointegration. Scientific evidence for two-piece implants is rare.

Provisional restorations (Part 2).

This chapter will emphasise the need to: 1) Provide a provisional restoration following tooth preparation to protect the pulp; secure positional stability, function and aesthetics; and maintain gingival health; 2) Consider using long-term provisional restorations to assess aesthetic, occlusal and periodontal changes before embarking on definitive restorations; 3) Distinguish between preparations for conventional and adhesive restorations when providing provisional restorations; 4) Determine in advance the type of provisional restorations and materials to be used, ideally, while treatment planning; 5) Be aware of materials for making provisional restorations and how to control potential hazards; and 6) Make provisional restorations to a high standard to ensure a predictable restorative outcome.

Provisional restorations (Part 1).

This chapter will emphasise the need to: 1) Provide a provisional restoration following tooth preparation to protect the pulp; secure positional stability, function and aesthetics; and maintain gingival health; 2) Consider using long-term provisional restorations to assess aesthetic, occlusal and periodontal changes before embarking on definitive restorations; 3) Distinguish between preparations for conventional and adhesive restorations when providing provisional restorations; 4) Determine in advance the type of provisional restorations and materials to be used, ideally, while treatment planning; 5) Be aware of materials for making provisional restorations and how to control potential hazards; and 6) Make provisional restorations to a high standard to ensure a predictable restorative outcome.

Assessment of the effect of spacer material on gap and void formation in an endodontic temporary restoration using micro-computed tomography.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two spacer materials (cotton pellet and polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]) on gap and void formation in the Cavit restoration used for endodontic temporization. Thirty-four extracted human single-rooted premolars were matched and allocated into two groups (n = 17/group) according to the access cavity spacer (cotton pellet or PTFE). Standardized endodontic access cavities were prepared in all the teeth. Subsequently, the teeth were scanned by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to determine the volume of the access cavities. The teeth were then temporized by placing either cotton pellet or PTFE as spacer materials on the canal orifices, followed by the Cavit restoration. Following the temporization procedure, the teeth were subjected to a second micro-CT scan to determine the percentage volume of gaps and voids along the margins and within the Cavit restoration, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with a 5% significance level. The PTFE spacer was associated with significantly less gap formation between the Cavit restoration and the access cavity walls (P < 0.05) compared with the cotton pellet. No difference existed in void formation between the groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that the spacer material placed under the Cavit restoration can influence the quality of overlying restoration. PTFE was associated with less gap formation and, therefore, performed better than the cotton pellet as a spacer material beneath the Cavit restoration during endodontic treatment.

A Simple Technique to Create Accurate, Esthetic Immediate Implant Provisional Restorations: Hurricane Anti-rotation Wing.

Inserting a presurgically fabricated provisional restoration at the time of implant placement can be problematic if and when the provisional does not fit. The 3-dimensional position of the implant in the mouth typically is not as critical as the long-axis rotational orientation of the implant, which is known as "timing." During implant placement, it is often desirable to have one of the implant's internal hexagon flats in a specific rotational position (ie, timing) that enables the use of orientation-specific hexed abutments. Achieving timing with a high level of accuracy, however, is challenging. This article presents a proposed solution to this dilemma that eliminates any concern for implant timing during surgery by transferring the anti-rotation control from the implant's internal hex to the provisional restoration itself via the use of anti-rotational wing(s).

Knowledge and awareness of polycaprolactone and its applications as provisional material in prosthodontic practice: A questionnaire-based survey.

Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of different provisional materials, especially polycaprolactone (PCL) and their application in prosthodontic practice. Setting and Design: A questionnaire based survey was carried out to assess the knowledge and awareness of PCL and its applications as provisional material in prosthodontic practice. Materials and Method: A questionnaire-based descriptive study consisting of 10 questions related to different provisional materials and their applications in prosthodontic practice was formulated on Google Forms. The link was created and circulated among the prosthodontist faculty members of various dental institutes and private practitioners of India with the use of digital platforms such as E-mail and social media. The data were collected and examined using Microsoft Excel software for statistical evaluation. Statistical Analysis Used: For this descriptive type of study, knowledge and awareness among prosthodontists across India was evaluated using Microsoft Excel software. Results: The use of PCL was known only to 20.75% of prosthodontists. Moreover, its application and indications are known to only <1% of the study participants. Autopolymerizing resin was most commonly used for the custom tray and temporary base fabrication as well as temporization in crown and bridge prosthesis, while muscle deprogrammer and surgical template were commonly fabricated in heat-cure and clear acrylic resin, respectively. Pattern resin was found to be commonly used in splinting implant impression copings. Conclusion: The use of PCL as a temporary denture base, custom tray, muscle deprogrammer, implant impression splinting, and provisional for crown and bridge and templates should be encouraged and incorporated to get benefits of its characteristic properties. Considering the overall performance of PCL, its use should be incorporated into prosthodontic research and practice.

Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Prosthesis Veneered With Composite Resin for 4 Implant-Supported Fixed Provisional and Definitive Restorations.

This technical note describes the fabrication and benefits of fiberglass-reinforced hybrid prosthesis veneered with composite resin for 4 implant-supported fixed professional and final restorations. The described prosthesis reduces rehabilitation time, minimizes impression problems, and ensures a passive fit of professional restoration. The prosthesis provides immediate rehabilitation of 4 implants with ease of adjustments and repair during the entire provisional phase. Moreover, it can be easily converted to final restoration with minimal modifications, excellent esthetic results, and reduced costs.

Comparison of Fracture Resistance between Implant-supported Bis-acryl Interim 3-unit FDPs Using Six Different Strengthening Mechanisms: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: To investigate six different strengthening mechanisms for three-unit implant-supported provisional restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six techniques of provisional fixed prostheses (PFP) reinforcement were investigated and were assigned to different groups (n = 10): group (ZP) zirconia powder, group (SK8) silk thread wrapped as a figure-of-8 pattern around middle third of abutment, group (RC8) size 00 retraction cord wrapped as a figure-of-8 pattern around middle third of abutment, group (RF8) Resin impregnated glass fiber ribbon wrapped as a figure-of-8 pattern around abutment, group (KV8) Kevlar 29 cord wrapped as a figure-of-8 pattern around middle third of abutment, group (KV) Kevlar 29 strands incorporated in resin mix. Compared against unenforced bis-acryl as control group (CL). Seventy Metal Dies were 3D printed having Soft Tissue Gingiva Mask. Using a custom-made silicone Index, 70 PFP were fabricated (10 of each group) and were cemented to their corresponding metal dies using zinc polycarboxylate cement. All specimens were thermal cycled for 1000 cycles using order of 20 seconds at 55°C and 20 seconds at 5°C with 10 seconds transport. Fracture resistance test was done using universal testing machine. All specimens were loaded to failure. Data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test showed no significant difference between data in each group. So, data are normally distributed in each group. Descriptive statistics showed higher mean values of CL group (780.8 ± 164) followed by RF8 group (614.2 ± 158.2), followed by RC8 group (550.2 ± 339.2), followed by KV8 group (442.1 ± 198.4), followed by KV group (403.9 ± 306), followed by SK8 group (175.9 ± 90.8), and finally ZP group (136.5 ± 135.7). One-way ANOVA revealed significant difference between the tested groups (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Bis-acryl provisional restorations had better mean fracture resistance values than all other strengthening mechanisms. Bis-acryl provisional restorations did not gain more strength by any of the added materials. One-way ANOVA revealed significant difference between all tested groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Provisional restorations over implant should be strong enough to serve for the long period of bone and tissue healing. Current materials alone cannot survive for long. It serves as temporization between steps of fixed restorations construction. How to cite this article: Rayyan M, Sayed M, Hujeiry AM et al. Comparison of Fracture Resistance between Implant-supported Bis-acryl Interim 3-unit FDPs Using Six Different Strengthening Mechanisms: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(11):840-846.

Flexural strength and Vickers hardness of milled and 3D-printed resins for provisional dental restorations

Various forms of temporary resins are offered on the market; however, the properties of temporary resins obtained by milling and 3D printing have not been fully examined. This study aimed to compare the flexural strength and Vickers hardness of milled and 3D-printed resins. Methods: Three resins were tested: Evolux PMMA (milled resin), Cosmos Temp (3D-printed resin), and Structur 2 SC (bis-acrylic resin, group control). Specimens were prepared with rectangular shapes (n = 12) for flexural strength measurements and disc shapes (n = 9) for Vickers hardness tests. Flexural strength tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min, and the Vickers hardness was measured under a load of 20 N for 10 s. The obtained data were subjected to the Kruskal­Wallis test. Results: A significant difference (p < 0.05) in flexural strength was observed among the three sample groups: Evolux PMMA (111.76 MPa), Structur 2 SC (87.34 MPa), and Cosmos Temp (56.83 MPa). No significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the Vickers hardness values of Structur 2 SC (33.37 VHN) and Evolux PMMA (29.11 VHN); however, both materials were statistically superior to Cosmos Temp (10.90 VHN). Conclusion: While the mechanical properties of the milled resin were superior or similar to those of the bisacrylic resin, the 3D-printed resin was statistically inferior to both the milled and bis-acrylic resins

Factors associated with decision-making for replacing the temporary coronal restoration after endodontic treatment

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the decision-making by patients to replace temporary restorations with permanent restorations after endodontic treatment and to verify the associated factors and evaluate the quality/integrity of the temporary restorative material within one month. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using non-probabilistic sampling which analyzed patients after one month of endodontic treatment. The self-administered questionnaire contained sociodemographic, treatment decision-making and endodontic treatment questions. The restoration present in the mouth was evaluated in the clinical oral examination. The Poisson Regression test was used to verify the prevalence ratio. Results: The prevalence failure to perform permanent restorations was 61.1% of patients, and 42.7% reported not having adhered. The reasons are lack of time and not knowing the importance of replacing the restoration with a definitive one. The glass ionomer temporary restorative frequency was higher among those who chose not to replace the temporary restoration with a permanent one (PR=5.19; 95%CI 2.10-12.33). In addition, there was an association between the quality of the restorative material and the type of material, and the best clinical quality of the restoration was statistically associated with glass ionomer and composite resin. Conclusions: The findings show the importance of guidance by the dental surgeon in helping patients decide to replace their temporary restoration

Effects of resin materials dedicated for additive manufacturing of temporary dental restorations on human gingival keratinocytes.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of eluates of conventional and 3D-printed resin materials for manufacturing temporary dental restorations on gingival keratinocytes. METHODS: Three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin materials: 3Delta temp (Deltamed), NextDent MFH (Nextdent), Freeprint temp (Detax), GC temp (GC), were compared to Grandio disc (Voco) and Luxatemp (DMG). Human gingival keratinocytes (IHGKs) were exposed to eluates of the materials and XTT assays were performed at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 144 h. For quantification of the proinflammatory response, the protein amount of IL-6 and 8 was determined in the supernatants using ELISA. One-way ANOVA with post hoc analysis was used to compare differences in cell viability and IL-6 and IL-8 levels between groups. RESULTS: At 24 h, and more remarkably at 48 h, a significant decrease in cell viability occurred for the 3D-printed materials compared to the untreated IHGKs, but also compared to Grandio disc and Luxatemp. Except for the expression of IL-8 in presence of the eluate of Grandio disc at 24 and 48 h, all tested materials caused attenuation of IL-6 and 8 from IHGKs for any observation period. CONCLUSIONS: The materials for additive manufacturing affect cell proliferation differently than the subtractive manufactured material Grandio disc and the conventional material Luxatemp. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In comparison to conventional and subtractive manufactured restorations, 3D printed temporary restorations might induce more negative effects on the gingival and probably also on pulpal health since viability and the proinflammatory response of oral keratinocytes are more intensively affected by these materials.