Pneumoretroperitoneum, Pneumomediastinum, Pneumothorax, and Subcutaneous Emphysema after Diagnostic Colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is a commonly performed endoscopic procedure. Although it is generally considered to be safe, serious complications, such as colorectal perforation, can occur. Most colonic perforations are intraperitoneal and cause pneumoperitoneum with acute abdominal pain as the initial symptom. However, extraperitoneal perforations with pneumoretroperitoneum may happen, albeit rarely, with atypical initial symptoms. We report a rare case of rectosigmoid perforation occurring after diagnostic colonoscopy that developed into pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema, with a change in voice and neck swelling as the initial symptoms. The patient was successfully treated with endoscopic closure of the perforation and conservative management.

Pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor / Pneumorretroperitônio, pneumomediastino e enfisema subcutâneo após dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão retal de crescimento lateral

Introduction: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an already established procedure in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer in its early stages. Colorectal lesions, initially approached by endoscopic mucosal resection en bloc or in fragments, are the current focus for submucosal approach, especially for superficial lateral spreading tumor of 20 mm-diameter. The experience of Japanese centers, which are reference in therapeutic endoscopy, demonstrates reduction in the rate of disease recurrence with this approach and, according to specific histopathological criteria, may avoid colectomy in some cases of malignant neoplasia. Case report: The patient was 50-year-old female. She underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor measuring 50 mm, located 8 cm from the anal margin. The procedure was performed without major complications, with just two points for muscle layer detachment, without gross perforation and closed with metal clips. However, the patient developed air leakage to the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue, being only treated with clinical procedures and without additional intervention. Conclusion: It is vital to know and be able to apply the technique of ESD, in addition to addressing its complications, since despite the numerous benefits compared to surgery, ESD can result in serious outcomes. (AU)

Introdução: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) já é procedimento consagrado no tratamento do câncer gástrico e esofagiano em suas fases precoces. As lesões colorre-tais, inicialmente abordadas por mucossectomia, em bloco ou em fragmentos, são o foco atual para a abordagem submucosa, principalmente para os tumores de crescimento lateral superficial a partir de 20 mm de diâmetro. A experiência de centros japoneses, referências em endoscopia terapêutica, demonstram redução no índice de recidiva da doença com esta abordagem e, segundo critérios histopatológicos específicos, podem evitar uma colectomia em alguns casos de neoplasia maligna. Relato de caso: Trata-se de paciente de 50 anos, submetida à dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão de crescimento lateral, com 50 mm, localizada no reto, a 8 cm da margem anal. O procedimento foi realizado sem maiores intercorrências, com apenas dois pontos de afastamento da muscular, sem perfuração grosseira, fechados com clipe. Entretanto, a paciente evoluiu com escape aéreo para peritônio, retroperitônio, mediastino e subcútis, sendo tratada sem intervenção adicional, apenas com manejo clínico. Conclusão: É de fundamental importância conhecer e saber aplicar a técnica da ESD, além de abordar suas complicações, uma vez que, mesmo repleta de benefícios em relação à cirurgia, ela pode apresentar desfechos graves. (AU)

Perforación vaginal iatrogénica tras colonoscopia virtual / Latrogenic vaginal perforation after computed tomographic colonography

La colonoscopia virtual o colonografía por tomografía computarizada (TC) es una alternativa potencial a la colonoscopia convencional para la detección de pólipos y cáncer colorrectal. Presentamos un caso inusual de perforación iatrogénica vaginal durante una colonoscopia virtual. El paciente fue tratado con medidas conservadoras sin complicaciones. El presente caso es el primero en la literatura de perforación vaginal iatrogénica debido a la introducción del catéter de Foley a través de la vagina durante la realización de una colonografía por TC. La perforación vaginal es una complicación rara, fácilmente evitable con una correcta exploración clínica

Computed tomographic colonography is a potential alternative to conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps and cancers. We present an unusual case of iatrogenic vaginal perforation during a computed tomographic colonography. The patient was managed with conservative treatment without complications. The present case is the first in the literature of iatrogenic vaginal perforation due to the introduction of the Foley's catheter through vagina during the accomplishment of a computed tomographic colonography. Vaginal perforation is a rare complication, easily avoidable with a correct clinical exploration

[Pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema due ERCP]. / Neumoperitoneo, neumoretroperitoneo, neumotórax bilateral, neumomediastino y enfisema subcutáneo secundario a CPRE.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become an essential procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic diseases. Complications of this procedure are potentially serious, being necessary to know how to recognize them for the application of the appropriate treatment. We report the case of a 79-year-old woman who developed a massive subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pneumothorax, retropneumomediastinum, retropneumoperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum due to iatrogenic duodenal injury secondary to ERCP. The clinical suspicion for early diagnosis of iatrogenic injury after ERCP will determine the correct treatment of this complication and will achieve better outcomes.

Spontaneous rupture of a sigmoid colon gastrointestinal stromal tumor manifesting as pneumoretroperitoneum with localized peritonitis: report of a case.

Colonic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) account for only 5%-10% of tumors arising in the digestive tract. Spontaneous rupture is a very rare manifestation of a GIST; however, we report what to our knowledge is the first documented case of pneumoretroperitoneum caused by the rupture of a GIST. A 77-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with acute abdominal pain and hematochezia. Colonoscopy showed luminal narrowing in the sigmoid colon, but no definite mucosal defect. Computed tomography (CT) showed an air-containing heterogeneous mass, 9.7 × 9.3 cm, in the pelvic cavity and a small amount of air in the retroperitoneum. Emergency laparotomy revealed a ruptured sigmoid colonic GIST with localized peritonitis. Pathologic examination confirmed that the tumor was composed mainly of round epithelioid cells. It was immunohistochemically positive for CD34 and negative for C-kit protein. This report describes how we successfully managed pneumoretroperitoneum with localized peritonitis caused by the spontaneous rupture of an epithelioid GIST originating from the sigmoid colon.

Tension pneumothorax complicating endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: case report and systematic literature review.

Perforation of the duodenum, which is usually retroperitoneal, is a known complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Association of the duodenal perforation with pneumothorax is rare and the development of tension pneumothorax is even rarer. We report a case of tension pneumothorax following an ERCP, which we successfully treated with chest tube insertion and laparotomy, and systematically review the other 10 cases reported in the literature. Four of these 10 cases had tension pneumothorax. All were to the right side of the chest. Patients were mainly female (7/10). The median (range) age was 70.5 (55-89) years. Four patients required surgery (40%) and one patient, who was not operated on, died (10%). Clinicians should be aware of this serious complication. Unexplained chest pain, dyspnoea, and oxygen desaturation with abdominal distension during ERCP must raise this possibility. Early clinical recognition and prompt management is essential to improve the outcome.

[Pneumoretroperitoneum and bilateral pneumothorax after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy]. / Pneumoretroperitoneum und beidseitiger Pneumothorax nach endoskopischer Sphinkterotomie.

HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 39-year-old obese woman underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with elective endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (papillotomy) for symptomatic retained stones in the common bile duct which were extracted completely after added lithotripsy. Three hours later the patient developed profound subcutaneous emphysema of the face, neck and chest wall and shortness of breath, but had no abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed bilaterally diminished breath sounds and a distended and hyper-resonant abdomen, but no evidence of peritonitis. The patient was afebrile and hemodynamically stable. INVESTIGATIONS: An emergency contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen was performed. It demonstrated a bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum, in addition to extensive subcutaneous emphysema. There was no evidence of extraluminal leakage of contrast medium or intraperitoneal fluid on the CT. THERAPY AND CLINICAL COURSE: Because of the increasing respiratory distress an intercostal drain was placed in the left pneumothorax and broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered. No drain was placed in the right lung. A follow-up CT after three days showed decreasing pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum as well as resolution of the bilateral pneumothorax. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged home seven days after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Pneumothorax after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy is a rare but serious complication that should be kept in mind after postinterventional development of shortness of breath.

Tension pneumothorax after endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiogram.

We report a case of tension pneumothorax after an endoscopic sphincterotomy. A 78-yr-old woman presented with progressing dyspnea. She had undergone an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram three days before due to acute cholecystitis. She underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy for stone extraction, but the procedure failed. On arrival to our hospital, she complained about severe dyspnea and she had subcutaneous emphysema. A computed tomogram scan revealed severe subcutaneous emphysema, right-side tension pneumothorax, and pneumoretroperitoneum. Contrast media injected through a transnasal biliary drainage catheter spilled from the second portion of the duodenum. A second abdominal computed tomogram showed multiple air densities in the retroperitoneum and peritoneal cavity, which were consistent with panperitonitis. We recommended an emergent laparotomic exploration, but the patient's guardians refused. She died eventually due to septic shock. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram is a popular procedure for biliary and pancreatic diseases, but it can cause severe complications such as intestinal perforation. Besides perforations, air can spread through the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and the neck soft tissue, eventually causing pneumothorax. Early recognition and appropriate management is crucial to an optimal output of gastrointestinal perforation and pneumothorax.

Tension pneumothorax, pneumoretroperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema after colonoscopic polypectomy: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colonoscopic complications are not frequent. Cases with colon perforations without the presence of pneumoperitoneum are very rare, and those with the development of tension pneumothorax are even rarer. The aim of this article was to present a unique case of the colon perforation during colonoscopic polypectomy. CASE REPORT: We report a unique case of the colon perforation made between the two layers of the sigmoid mesocolon during colonoscopic polypectomy. The colon perforation had not been recognized during colonoscopic polypectomy, but the patient stayed at the hospital to be observed for the possible remitted bleeding after polypectomy. The colon perforation was followed by the development of the left-sided tension pneumothorax with massive mediastinum tending to move to the right, pneumoretroperitoneum, subcutaneous emphysema of the head, neck, and body, but without pneumoperitoneum. Tube drainage of the left pleural cavity was performed with release a great amount of air under pressure and then an urgent laparotomy when there was no free gas in the peritoneal cavity. After mobilizing the sigmoid colon, pneumoretroperitoneum and sigmoid colon perforation of 1.5 mm in diameter between two mesosigmoid layers were discovered. Partial sigmoidectomy was performed. A pathohistological examination verified a deepithelized area of 12 mm and a perforation of 1.5-mm diameter. The patient was dismissed as recovered 7 days after. CONCLUSION: The patient was well prepared for colonoscopy, without other general diseases, and operated on quickly after the perforation (within 2 h from the perforation), without any significant retroperitoneum contamination. These are the factors for a favorable outcome of the treatment.

Tension Pneumothorax after Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreatocholangiogram

We report a case of tension pneumothorax after an endoscopic sphincterotomy. A 78-yr-old woman presented with progressing dyspnea. She had undergone an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram three days before due to acute cholecystitis. She underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy for stone extraction, but the procedure failed. On arrival to our hospital, she complained about severe dyspnea and she had subcutaneous emphysema. A computed tomogram scan revealed severe subcutaneous emphysema, right-side tension pneumothorax, and pneumoretroperitoneum. Contrast media injected through a transnasal biliary drainage catheter spilled from the second portion of the duodenum. A second abdominal computed tomogram showed multiple air densities in the retroperitoneum and peritoneal cavity, which were consistent with panperitonitis. We recommended an emergent laparotomic exploration, but the patient's guardians refused. She died eventually due to septic shock. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram is a popular procedure for biliary and pancreatic diseases, but it can cause severe complications such as intestinal perforation. Besides perforations, air can spread through the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and the neck soft tissue, eventually causing pneumothorax. Early recognition and appropriate management is crucial to an optimal output of gastrointestinal perforation and pneumothorax.

Pneumoretroperitoneum following acupuncture.

Pneumoretroperitoneum is a rare event. It can be associated with infection, trauma, and medical interventions such as endoscopic procedures. Acupuncture is generally regarded as a safe procedure, yet cases of iatrogenic complications related with acupuncture have been reported. This report describes a case of pneumoretroperitoneum that developed after acupuncture. A 25-year-old female patient had been treated with acupuncture for her low back pain. Fever and right flank pain developed thereafter. Abdominal plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) disclosed retroperitoneal air along the right psoas muscle. After treatment with antibiotics and analgesics for a week, she was transferred to our hospital. The pneumoretroperitoneum disappeared on the follow-up abdominal CT. This is the first report of pneumoretroperitoneum following acupuncture.

Retroperitoneal, mediastinal, and subcutaneous emphysema, complicating colonoscopy and rectal polypectomy.

Complications of flexible endoscopy-though still rare-are increasing in frequency lately as more invasive procedures are routinely performed. Perforation, hemorrhage, coagulation disorders, thrombophlebitis, and splenic rupture have all been reported to complicate colonoscopy and colorectal polypectomies. In this paper, we report on a case of retroperitoneal, mediastinal, and neck surgical emphysema, complicating colonoscopy and rectal polypectomy, presented initially as a change in the voice and facial swelling.

Nuevo caso de retroneumoperitoneo secundario al lavado con agua oxigenada de un absceso perianal / A new case of retropneumoperitoneum following washout with oxygenated water of a perianal abscess

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