Non-strategic detection of identity-threatening information: Epistemic validation and identity defense may share a common cognitive basis.

Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a "True" or "False" probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe ("True") after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism.

El robo de la identidad de los niños: restitución de su identidad y el valor que adquiere la recuperación de sus nombres / The identity theft of children: restitution of their identities and the importance of recovering their names

El proceso de apropiación de niños durante la última dictadura militar argentina, y las restituciones logradas gracias a Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo y la intervención de la Justicia, nos permiten pensar cuestiones claves en relación a la genealogía, la transmisión del nombre propio, y la filiación. El abordaje de algunos casos de niños nacidos cuando sus madres estaban detenidas ilegalmente, habiendo sido secuestrados inmediatamente o a veces algunas horas después de su nacimiento, nos lleva a pensar que puede existir en el niño una huella psíquica previa al nacimiento, denominada “identificación pre-primaria”. A través de tres casos de nietos restituidas gracias al trabajo y al esfuerzo incansable de las Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, se introduce la importancia del nombre de pila en el relato, la vinculación con la familia de origen, y el proceso de restitución...

The appropriation of children during the military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1982), and the restitutions made possible thanks to the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo and the Law, have made it possible to think about essential matters concerning genealogy, recovery of names and filiations. On studying some of these cases where children born during their mothers' illegal detention, were abducted immediately after birth, have lead us to think that psychical footprints, known as pre-primary identification may exist in children prior to their birth. Three cases of grandchildren, recovered due to the tireless work of the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, are used to introduce the importance of a child's first name, the ties with their original families and the process of restitution

[How do adolescents in Germany define cyberbullying? A focus-group study of adolescents from a German major city]. / Wie definieren Jugendliche in Deutschland Cybermobbing? Eine Fokusgruppenstudie unter Jugendlichen einer deutschen Großstadt.

A steadily growing number of empirical research on cyberbullying exists retaining the traditional definition of bullying. However, whether this scientific and theoretical definition represents youths' perceptions and experiences with cyberbullying is a subject of further investigation. Scenarios of cyberbullying incidents were used and later discussed in three focus groups with 20 adolescents (55 % boys, 45 % girls, 11-16 years old). Thematic and content analyses laid focus on the following questions: (1) Which terms are used by the adolescents to describe the behaviors in the incidents? (2) What are the roles of traditional bullying definition criteria (i. e. intention, repetition, and power imbalance) and two additional cyberbullying-specific criteria (i. e. anonymity and publicity)? (3) How are the behaviors perceived in comparison to each other? Results show that German adolescents perceive "cybermobbing" as the best term to describe the presented incidents. Impersonation was not perceived as cyberbullying by the adolescents, but rather viewed as a criminal act. In addition, adolescents perceived the intent to harm, the impact on the victim, and repetition relevant for defining cyberbullying. Moreover, analyses revealed an interdependence between criteria which suggests that anonymity and publicity have an effect on the severity of the behavior, however they were not essential for the definition of cyberbullying.