The Density of CD8+ Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes Correlated With Akt Activation and Ki-67 Index in Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway has been implicated in canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and may serve as a prognostic marker. This study investigated the correlation between PI3K/Akt activation in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 59 STS samples were labeled via immunohistochemistry to calculate the density of TILs, including CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. RESULTS: Forty-eight samples (81.3%) had intra-tumoral TILs with a high density of CD3+ T cells (mean: 283.3 cells/mm2) and CD8+ T cells (mean: 134.8 cells/mm2). Conversely, CD20+ B cells (mean: 73.6 cells/mm2) and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (mean: 9.2 cells/mm2) were scarce. The abundance of CD3+/CD8+, CD3+/CD20+, and CD8+/CD20+ TILs were highly correlated in multivariate analyses (r=0.895, 0.946, and 0.856, respectively). Nonetheless, TIL density was unrelated to clinicopathological parameters (sex, age, tumor location, breed) and tumor grade. The abundance of CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with the activation of PI3K/Akt, indicating that samples with high levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-S6 tend to have a higher CD8+ T cell density (p=0.0032 and 0.0218, respectively). Furthermore, TIL density was correlated with the Ki-67 index, a tumor proliferation and growth marker. Samples with a high Ki-67 index had a significantly higher abundance of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD20+ B cells (p=0.0392, 0.0254, 0.0380, respectively). CONCLUSION: PI3K/Akt pathway activation may influence the infiltration of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment in canine STS. Prospective studies involving a higher number of cases are warranted to confirm these findings.

CONCURRENT IRON OVERLOAD AND NEOPLASIA IN LESCHENAULT'S ROUSETTES (ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTII): A CASE SERIES.

This case series investigates a cluster of deaths in a captive colony of Leschenault's rousettes (Rousettus leschenaultii). Six of seven bats that died between March and September 2021 were diagnosed postmortem with both iron overload (IO) and neoplasia, neither of which have previously been reported in this species. Iron status was assessed via hepatic histopathological grading, hepatic iron concentration, and, in two cases, serum iron concentration. On histopathological grading, all cases had hemochromatosis except one, which had hemosiderosis. Hepatic iron concentrations did not correlate with histopathological grading. Neoplasms in these six bats included hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 4), bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma (1), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1), and sarcoma of the spleen and stomach (1). One bat had two neoplasms (HCC and sarcoma of the spleen and stomach). One additional case of HCC in 2018 was identified on retrospective case review. Etiology was investigated to the extent possible in a clinical setting. Nutritional analysis and drinking water testing found oral iron intake within acceptable bounds; however, dietary vitamin C was potentially excessive and may have contributed to IO. Panhepadnavirus PCR testing of liver tissue was negative for all bats. A species-associated susceptibility to IO, as seen in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), is possible. The high incidence of HCC is suspected to be related to IO; other differentials include viral infection. Causes or contributing factors were not definitively identified for the other neoplasms seen but could include age, inherited risk (given a high level of inbreeding), or an oncogenic virus. Pending further research in this species, it is recommended that keepers of Leschenault's rousettes offer conservative amounts of vitamin C and iron (as for Egyptian fruit bats), submit for postmortem examination any euthanized or found dead, and share records of similar cases.

Establishment of a novel canine soft tissue sarcoma cell line and comparison of its characteristics with other soft tissue sarcoma cell lines.

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a relatively common tumor in dogs. However, very few canine STS cell lines are available. This study aimed to establish a new cell line, STS-YU1, derived from a recurrence of myxosarcoma in an 11-year-old mixed-breed dog. We examined STS-YU1 for in vitro cell proliferation, migration, anticancer drug sensitivity, transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq), and in vivo tumorigenicity in mice and compared it with previously established STS cell lines, MUMA-G and A72. The cell proliferation and migration of STS-YU1 were higher than MUMA-G although MUMA-G only exhibited tumorigenicity in mice. STS-YU1 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs, but with weak effects. RNA-seq analysis revealed the molecular phenotype of STS-YU1 was different from that of a previously reported cell line, A72. Hence, the use of STS-YU1 would help in efficient drug screening against canine STS in vitro.

Treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma results in improved outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of dogs with histologically confirmed retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) and to identify potential variables of prognostic significance. ANIMALS: 46 client-owned dogs from 10 clinics with histopathologic diagnosis of a sarcoma originating from the retroperitoneal space. METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information regarding clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Recorded variables were analyzed to report descriptive data for all cases and overall survival time. Multivariate analysis was utilized to evaluate prognostic factors for overall survival. RESULTS: Hemangiosarcoma was the most common histologic subtype diagnosed (76.1%). Cytoreductive and curative intent surgical excision of the RPS was attempted in 12 and 22 dogs, respectively; 12 dogs underwent no surgery or had an exploratory laparotomy with incisional biopsy only. Nineteen dogs received adjuvant chemotherapy, either injectable or metronomic, and 1 dog received adjuvant radiation therapy. Fourteen of the 34 (41.2%) surgically treated dogs developed evidence of local recurrence, but there was no difference in local recurrence when comparing dogs categorized as curative intent versus cytoreductive surgery. The median overall survival time was 238 days. On multivariable analysis, treatment approach was associated with survival with surgical excision (vs palliative treatment) and adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery being protective against death. A diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma was associated with a greater hazard of death. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates a substantially greater survival time than previously published and suggests a survival benefit from surgical excision and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Diagnostic benefits of platelet-to-lymphocyte, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, and albumin-to-globulin ratios in dogs with nasal cavity diseases.

BACKGROUND: A multimodal approach for diagnostic tests under anesthesia is required to diagnose nasal cavity pathology (NP) reliably in dogs. Blood test results may provide clues to the suspected NP. METHODS: This prospective blinded study assessed 72 dogs with chronic nasal discharge due to NPs, and 10 healthy dogs as the control group (CG). NPs were diagnosed using whole-body computed tomography (CT), upper airway endoscopy, examination of nasal mucosal swabs by bacterial and fungal culture, and histopathological examination of nasal mucosa biopsies. The exclusion criteria were the presence of any additional diseases or corticosteroid pre-treatment. In consideration of these exclusion criteria, 55 dogs entered the study. Dogs were classified into benign (benign tumors, idiopathic rhinitis (IR), and others) and malignant (carcinomas and sarcomas) NP groups. Blood count and blood chemistry tests were performed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: 25 dogs with malignant NP (13 and 12 with carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively) and 30 dogs with benign NP (seven with benign tumors,13 with IR, and 10 others) were included. In general, in dogs with NP there were only slight abnormalities in complete blood count. However, PLR was significantly higher in dogs with malignant NP (carcinoma and sarcoma) than in those with benign NP and in the CG. Compared with the CG, the NLR was significantly increased in all dogs with NP, and the AGR was mild but significantly lower, except in dogs with sarcomas and benign tumors. CONCLUSIONS: In dogs with nasal disease alone, there are usually no marked abnormalities in blood count. However, while mildly increased NLR and decreased AGR can be observed in almost all NPs, an increased PLR may indicate a malignant NP and can be used as an additional screening tool in dogs with nasal discharge due to nasal cavity pathology.

First description of a primary esophageal histiocytic sarcoma in a dog.

An 11-year-old male Schnauzer dog was referred for investigation of cough and regurgitation of one month duration and gradual hyporexia for the previous five months. Complete blood count showed severe leukocytosis. On ventrodorsal and lateral thoracic radiographs a soft tissue mass was visible in the craniodorsal mediastinum. Endoscopy showed esophageal dilatation and an irregular, nodular, friable, exophytic mass in the thoracic esophagus, which was invasive, vascularized and had ulcerated areas. The mass occluded approximately 90% of the esophageal lumen. The mucosa in the orad portion of the thoracic esophagus was pale and the aborad portion was hyperemic (red) with hemorrhages. The mucosa of the cervical and abdominal esophagus was macroscopically unremarkeble. Multiple biopsies using endoscopic cup biopsy forceps were taken from the mass for histopathologic analysis and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed. Histopathologic analysis of the biopsy samples was inconclusive due to the marked necrosis. The poor clinical condition of the dog precluded a more invasive approach, and palliative and supportive treatment was continued. After 100 days of follow-up, clinical signs worsened, and that day the dog had a fatal cardiac arrest due to aspiration pneumonia and sepsis. Postmortem examination showed a multilobulated mass in the esophageal wall with infiltration into the overlying esophageal mucosa and pulmonary and renal metastases. Histological examination revealed a poorly differentiated sarcoma. On immunohistochemical examination, the neoplastic cells showed marked cytoplasmic staining for vimentin and Iba-1. The proliferative rate was approximately 30% by Ki-67. Histological and immunohistochemical examination revealed the esophageal mass to be a primary histiocytic sarcoma. Histiocytic sarcoma is an extremely rare primary esophageal neoplasm in humans, and so far, there is no description in dogs. To the best of the authors knowledge this is the first case of primary esophageal histiocytic sarcoma in dogs. The clinical information reported here should improve recognition and aid in diagnosis of future cases.

Feline ventral abdominal wall angiosarcoma: haemangiosarcoma or lymphangiosarcoma? Clinical and pathological characteristics in nine cases.

OBJECTIVES: Angiosarcomas are rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasms of endothelial cell origin with a predilection to the ventral abdominal wall in cats. Larger case series describing this entity are lacking. METHODS: Two referral centre laboratory databases were searched for angiosarcoma of the ventral abdominal wall. Nine cases with a histological diagnosis were included. Immunohistochemistry (factor VIII and PROX-1 antibodies) was used to phenotype them as haemangiosarcoma or lymphangiosarcoma. RESULTS: All cats presented with a ventral abdominal mass, five of which were producing a serosanguinous discharge. Eight underwent tumour staging and pulmonary metastases were suspected in one cat (but not histologically confirmed). With histopathology alone, a diagnosis of angiosarcoma and lymphangiosarcoma was made in four and five cases, respectively. After immunohistochemistry, five cases had a haemangiosarcoma phenotype and four had a lymphangiosarcoma phenotype, including two cases of lymphangiosarcoma that were reclassified as hemangiosarcoma. Eight cats received treatment (either surgery with or without adjuvant therapies or medical management alone). Six cats were euthanased due to local disease progression. The median survival time for haemangiosarcoma was 166 days (range 137-381), and for lymphangiosarcoma it was 197 days (range 67-208). Two cats with haemangiosarcoma remained alive for a follow-up period of 329 and 580 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Feline ventral abdominal angiosarcomas are rare locally aggressive neoplasms. While histology often provides a diagnosis of angiosarcoma, immunohistochemistry is ultimately required to differentiate between haemangiosarcoma and lymphangiosarcoma phenotypes. Further studies are required to evaluate whether the different phenotypes have an impact on treatment response and outcome.

Osteosarcoma of the wing in a sulfur-crested cockatoo.

A 26-year-old female sulfur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) was evaluated for vocalizing through the night and extending her right wing. Physical examination revealed a large, firm mass extending from the humerus to the distal aspect of the elbow. Computed tomography confirmed a large aggressive mass of the right distal humerus with a large soft tissue component, severe osteolysis, and adjacent periosteal proliferation. Fine-needle aspirates of the mass were most compatible with sarcoma, and osteosarcoma was prioritized. An unstained slide was treated with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate toluidine salt-phosphatase (NBT/BCIP) substrate for ALP detection and was strongly positive, confirming a diagnosis of osteosarcoma. A month later, the patient underwent wing amputation and arrested during recovery from anesthesia. Post-mortem examination and histopathology were consistent with osteosarcoma. This case report highlights a rare occurrence of osteosarcoma in a cockatoo as well as its cytologic and histologic features. Additionally, this report provides support for NBT/BCIP application in ALP-expressing tumors, a cytochemical stain that has been minimally investigated in avian species.

Atypical disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in a 7-month-old dog.

A 7-month-old intact female bearded collie dog was admitted after a 2-week history of progressive cough, inappetence, and lethargy, with no response to previous treatment with doxycycline and steroids. Mild attenuation of lung sounds in the right middle hemithorax was the only abnormality detected on physical examination. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiographs were performed and revealed multifocally distributed nodules and masses, well-circumscribed and of variable size in the kidneys and pulmonary parenchyma. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirates of the renal and pulmonary masses were taken. A cytologic evaluation of these lesions pointed towards a malignant mesenchymal neoplasia. Euthanasia was elected due to the poor prognosis and rapid progression. The post-mortem histopathology, a positive result to IBA1 immunoperoxidase staining, and a lack of detection of infectious agents, and negative E-cadherin immunostaining enabled the final diagnosis of a disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. We report an atypical form, both in breed and age, of canine disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. While all breeds can be affected, there is a clear predisposition in some, and no cases have been previously described in bearded collies. Moreover, to the authors' knowledge, this is the youngest dog with this histiocytic disorder described to date. Disseminated histiocytic sarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis of multinodular tumors in dogs, regardless of the anatomic location and age of the dogs, even in puppies.

Splenic stromal sarcomas in dogs: Outcome and clinicopathological prognostic factors in 32 cases.

Due to the low frequency and the changes in diagnostic techniques and terminology during the last few years, only little clinical information is available on splenic stromal sarcoma (SSS). This multi-institutional study aimed at gathering clinical cases of SSS in dogs and investigates their clinical behaviour, as well as analyse possible clinicopathological prognostic factors, including the use of adjuvant therapy. Dogs with a histologically confirmed SSS that underwent splenectomy were retrospectively included. To be included in the study, either FFPE tissue blocks or multiple tissue sections had to be available for histopathologic and immunohistochemical revision. Clinical and pathological variables, along with adjuvant therapy data, were collected. Cumulative incidence of metastatic disease was analysed through univariate and bivariate analyses. The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on metastasis incidence and survival was assessed, considering an estimated propensity score. A total of 32 dogs were included. Among them, 22 developed metastases with an incidence of 37.5%, 59.38%, and 65.94% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Univariate analysis identified mitotic count, total scoring, and necrosis as prognostic factors. In bivariate analysis, mitotic count remained prognostic. The administration of adjuvant chemotherapy did not have an impact on metastasis incidence or survival time. The study found that dogs with SSSs are at high risk of metastasis, although a small subgroup may experience longer survival after splenectomy. Mitotic count was the only variable having a reliable prognostic impact. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not appear to decrease the incidence of metastasis or prolong survival in these dogs.

Radiotherapy in combination with exenteration and partial orbitectomy for orbital multilobular tumor of bone in a Cocker Spaniel.

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone or multilobular osteochondrosarcoma is a tumor of flat bone in the skull. The treatment of choice for a multilobular tumor of bone is local aggressive surgical excision. Case Description: A female Cocker Spaniel dog aged 11 years presented with a history of globe displacement of the right eye for 3 months. Ophthalmic examination revealed exophthalmos, third eyelid protrusion, and slightly increased intraocular pressure OD (oculus dexter; right eye). Computed tomography (CT) revealed a mass effect in the right retrobulbar, maxilla, zygomatic, and temporal areas. Right zygomatic and temporal bone lysis were observed. Physical examination, hematology, and blood chemistry results were within normal limits. Exenteration with zygomatic arch removal was performed. During surgery, a firm 2-lobed mass (4.8 × 3.7 and 1.6 × 1.4 cm) adhered to the mandible was found in the retrobulbar area OD. Histopathological findings revealed a multilobular tumor of bone. CT imaging was performed for the remaining tumor and an extended part of the right retrobulbar mass was found. Hypofractioned radiotherapy with 6 fractions of 6 Gy was performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. At 1-month and 4-month follow-up inspections, the mass gradually reduced in size. At 8 months and 11 months after radiotherapy, the mass was unremarkable. The dog was alert during all follow-up periods to 1 year and 8 months after hypofractioned radiotherapy combined with exenteration and partial orbitectomy. Conclusion: Hypofractioned radiotherapy combined with exenteration and partial orbitectomy extended the patient's survival and decreased the size of the remaining tumor for the management of orbital multilobular tumor of bone in this dog for at least 1 year and 8 months.

Analysis of occurrence and risk factors associated with pet rabbits' tumors in Central Thailand.

Rabbit oncology is gaining more attention as more pet rabbits are surviving beyond their normal lifespans. Due to the limited epidemiological information on pet rabbits' tumors in Thailand, this study aimed to report the prevalence and the potential risk factors associated with tumors in pet rabbits in Thailand. From 2018 to 2022, 93 tissue biopsies from tumor-suspected lesions on pet rabbits were gathered from animal hospitals in Bangkok and Chonburi provinces, Thailand. According to histopathology confirmation, tumors and tumor-like lesions were diagnosed. In this study, the overall tumors were 67.74% (n=63) out of the submitted cases (n=93). The most commonly affected organ systems were reproduction (65.08%) and integumentary (22.22%). Rabbits older than 5 years were 3.85 times more likely to have reproductive tumors than younger rabbits (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45-10.27, P≤0.01), and the most frequently occurring tumor type was uterine adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, male rabbits had a 17.02 times higher probability of developing cutaneous tumors than female rabbits (95% CI: 4.19-69.11, P≤0.001), and the most frequently occurring tumor type was soft tissue sarcoma. The results of this study thus suggested that the age and sex of the rabbits were potential risk factors for tumor development in Thailand. The knowledge gained from our study also provided the recommendation for owners to monitor their rabbits' health annually, particularly after late middle age, and rendered guidance for tumor detection in practical clinics.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma with mandibular bone invasion and regional lymph node metastasis in a cat: case report.

Odontogenic tumours are uncommon neoplasms in domestic animals, mostly solitary and locally infiltrative, but rarely metastatic. We report the case of a 13-year-old neutered male cat presented with a mandibular gingival neoformation. A computed tomography scan revealed an irregular neoformation with marked post-contrast enhancement, associated with lysis of the incisive bone and mandibular symphysis. Histologically, the oral mucosa and mandibular bone were infiltrated by a neoplasm consisting of a mixed population of odontogenic epithelium admixed with bundles of odontogenic ectomesenchyme, multifocally associated with hard tissue deposition. A spindloid cell component had metastasized to the right mandibular lymph node. The epithelial component was immunoreactive for cytokeratins (CK) 5/6, CK 14, pancytokeratin (CK AE1/AE3) and p63; the ectomesenchymal component was vimentin positive. A final diagnosis of ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma with bone invasion and lymph node metastasis was made. The findings indicate the metastatic potential of this rare tumour.

Activation of the Akt signalling pathway as a prognostic indicator in canine soft tissue sarcoma.

Canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is relatively common in dogs and is the generic term for tumours that originate from mesenchymal cells. While histopathological grade and immunolabelling with Ki-67 have been used for estimating prognosis, additional indicators are needed for predicting prognosis. Aberrant cell signalling pathways may contribute to disease activity and, therefore, prognostic markers. However, their role in canine STS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (phospho-S6) as potential prognostic indicators. Immunohistochemical labelling was conducted on clinical samples of canine STS (n = 67). We found that phospho-Akt expression was positively correlated with histopathological grade (P = 0.001) and Ki-67 index (P <0.01). There was no apparent relationship between the type of STS and the expression of phospho-Akt. The number of cases that expressed phospho-S6, which is the downstream molecule of the Akt signalling pathway, was higher in immunopositive phospho-Akt cases than in immunonegative phospho-Akt cases (P <0.0001). Furthermore, phospho-Akt expression was significantly higher in recurrent and metastatic cases. We also confirmed that phosphorylation of Akt occurred in conjunction with S6 phosphorylation in three canine STS cell lines. These results suggest that immunolabelling for phospho-Akt, phospho-S6 and Ki-67 could potentially be used as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in canine STS.

Inhibitory checkpoint molecule mRNA expression in canine soft tissue sarcoma.

Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are common neoplasms and considered immune deserts. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes are sparse in STS and, when present, tend to organize around blood vessels or at the periphery of the neoplasm. This pattern is associated with an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment linked to overexpression of molecules of the PD-axis. PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis in other neoplasms in humans and dogs, but little is known about their role in canine STS, their relationship to tumour grade, and how different therapies affect expression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of checkpoint molecules across STS tumour grades and after tumour ablation treatment. Gene expression analysis was performed by reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR in soft tissue sarcomas that underwent histotripsy and from histologic specimens of STS from the Virginia Tech Animal Laboratory Services archives. The expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 was detected in untreated STS tissue representing grades 1, 2, and 3. Numerically decreased expression of all markers was observed in tissue sampled from the treatment interface relative to untreated areas of the tumour. The relatively lower expression of these checkpoint molecules at the periphery of the treated area may be related to liquefactive necrosis induced by the histotripsy treatment, and would potentially allow TILs to infiltrate the tumour. Relative increases of these checkpoint molecules in tumours of a higher grade and alongside immune cell infiltration are consistent with previous reports that associate their expression with malignancy.

Relationship between magnetic resonance imaging findings and histological grade in spinal peripheral nerve sheath tumors in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are a group of neoplasms originating from Schwann cells or pluripotent cell of the neural crest. Therapeutic options and prognosis are influenced by their degree of malignancy and location. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features predictive of PNST histologic grade. ANIMALS: Forty-four dogs with histopathological diagnosis of spinal PNSTs and previous MRI investigation. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study including cases with (a) histopathologic diagnosis of PNST and (b) MRI studies available for review. Histologic slides were reviewed and graded by a board-certified pathologist according to a modified French system (FNCLCC) for grading soft tissue sarcomas. The MRI studies were reviewed by 2 board-certified radiologists blinded to the grade of the tumor and the final decision on the imaging characteristics was reached by consensus. Relationships between tumor grade and histological and MRI findings were assessed using statistical analysis. RESULTS: Forty-four cases met inclusion criteria; 16 patients were PNSTs Grade 1 (low-grade), 19 were PNSTs Grade 2 (medium-grade), and 9 were PNSTs Grade 3 (high-grade). Large volume (P = .03) and severe peripheral contrast enhancement (P = .04) were significantly associated with high tumor grade. Degree of muscle atrophy, heterogeneous signal and tumor growth into the vertebral canal were not associated with grade. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Grade of malignancy was difficult to identify based on diagnostic imaging alone. However, some MRI features were predictive of high-grade PNSTs including tumor size and peripheral contrast enhancement.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in a white-eared opossum (Didelphisalbiventris).

We report a case of high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in a free-living white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) in Central Brazil. Grossly, it appeared as a soft yellow mass, approximately 8 cm in diameter, with an irregular, adherent and ulcerated surface, which extended from the proximal epiphysis of the femur to the proximal third of the tibia and fibula. The mass invaded the medullary cavity and had a necrotic centre. Multiple nodular metastases (0.5-1.5 cm) were present in the liver, lungs and spleen. Histologically, the neoplasm was characterized by pleomorphic cells with indistinct boundaries, many multinucleated cells, necrosis and tissue invasion. There was intense cytoplasmic immunolabelling of neoplastic cells for vimentin and moderate cytoplasmic and nuclear labelling for human muscle actin, human smooth muscle actin and lysozyme. Immunolabelling for Iba1, CD18, CD1A, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin was negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in this species.

Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats.

Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.

Toceranib phosphate and firocoxib-mediated partial response in a dog with advanced intranasal sarcoma.

A nine-year-old, castrated male mixed-breed dog presented with a three-month history of sneezing and stertorous breathing. Computed tomography revealed a soft tissue mass in the left nasal cavity with lysis of the cribriform plate. The mass was diagnosed as intranasal sarcoma based on histopathological analysis. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/ß and negative for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and cyclooxygenase-2. Treatment with toceranib phosphate (TOC) and firocoxib reduced the tumor size, which was defined as partial response (PR). After PR induction, TOC alone mediated survival for 205 days. This case report suggests that the combination of TOC and possibly firocoxib may be a therapeutic option for canine intranasal sarcoma.

A prospective evaluation of the prevalence of thromboemboli and associated hemostatic dysfunction in dogs with carcinoma or sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the prevalence of thromboemboli and the associated hemostatic status in dogs with carcinoma or sarcoma is unknown and might allow earlier intervention. OBJECTIVES: Estimate prevalence of thromboemboli and their association with hemostatic changes in dogs with carcinomas or sarcomas; estimate predictive values of hemostatic variables for thromboembolic disease in tumor-bearing dogs. ANIMALS: Thirty-two dogs with sarcoma, 30 with carcinoma, 20 healthy age-controlled dogs. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study. A hemostasis panel (platelet concentration, thromboelastography, fibrinogen and D-dimer concentration, factor X, VII and antithrombin activity) was performed in all dogs. Tumor-bearing dogs underwent complete post mortem and histopathological evaluation. Comparisons between healthy dogs and tumor-bearing dogs with and without intracavitary hemorrhage; and tumor-bearing dogs with and without microthrombi were analyzed. RESULTS: Thromboembolic disease was identified in 32/62 (52%, 95% CI: 39%-65%) tumor-bearing dogs. Microthrombi were identified in 31/62 (50%, 95% CI: 37%-63%) dogs, 21/31 (68%, 95% CI: 49%-83%) had exclusively intra-tumoral microthrombi, 10/31 (32%, 95% CI: 17%-51%) had distant microthrombi. Macrothrombi were identified in 3 tumor-bearing dogs. Hemostatic changes potentially consistent with overt and non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation were identified in some tumor-bearing dogs. D-dimer concentrations were significantly higher (P = .02) and platelet concentration significantly lower (P = .03) in tumor-bearing dogs with microthrombi compared to tumor-bearing dogs without microthrombi. D-dimer concentration above 500 ng/mL was 80% sensitive and 41% specific for the prediction of microthrombi presence. CONCLUSION: The high microthrombi prevalence and concomitant hemostatic dysfunction in dogs with carcinomas or sarcomas has not previously been reported, though the clinical importance is unknown. Increased D-dimer concentration might increase suspicion of microthrombi.