Evolución de la accesibilidad a los centros sanitarios en España. Seguimiento de los últimos setenta años / Evolution of the accessibility of health centers in spain. monitoring of the last seventy years

Introducción. La accesibilidad de la población a los centros sanitarios españoles ha ido evolucionando en las últimas décadas, ligada al estado de bienestar y a los cambios en las competencias en materia de salud. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la evolución de la accesibilidad y su impacto en la población. Metodología. Se han utilizado bases bibliográficas para buscar los artículos relacionados con el objetivo de la revisión y comprendidos entre 1940 y 2013. Se han seleccionado aquellos artículos con mayor calidad y que ayudaban a construir la revisión del tema propuesto. Resultados. La accesibilidad a los centros sanitarios españoles está ligada a la evolución de la atención pública en los últimos setenta años. Por un lado, la aparición del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad (SOE) y la creación de la Seguridad Social hicieron que casi el total de la población española tuviera cobertura sanitaria. Por otro lado, la aplicación de principios como los de justicia y equidad hicieron aflorar numerosos centros hospitalarios con la finalidad de acercar al máximo la asistencia a la población. En los inicios del siglo xxi, con un crecimiento desmesurado de centros hospitalarios y una crisis económica mundial, se constata la necesidad de ubicar los centros asistenciales de acuerdo con el principio de eficiencia económico-espacial o de racionalidad económica. Conclusiones. En un entorno actual de crisis se analizan las consecuencias de la hiperaccesibilidad (sistema sanitario insostenible, polimedicación de la población, etc.) y se busca un sistema sanitario más eficiente. También es necesario plantearse la relación existente entre la hiperaccesibilidad y la hiperfrecuentación de la población a los servicios sanitarios, así como la relación entre la hiperaccesibilidad y la polimedicación (AU)

Introduction: the accessibility of the population to health centers in Spain has evolved to over the past decades, linked to the welfare state and changes in the health skills. The aim of this review is to describe the evolution of accessibility and its impact on the population. Methodology: we used bibliographic databases to search for articles related to the purpose of reviewing and between 1940 and 2013. We have selected those items with higher quality and that helped to build the review of the proposed topic. Results: the accessibility to health centers in Spain is linked to the performance of public attention in the last seventy years. On the one hand, the appearance of Compulsory Health Insurance (SOE) and the creation of Social Security made almost all of the Spanish population had health coverage. On the other hand, the application of principles such as justice and equity brought to the surface many hospitals with the aim of bringing the most assistance to the population. In the early twenty-first century, with an enormous growth of hospitals and a global economic crisis, we see the need to locate health facilities under the principle of spatial economic efficiency or economic rationality. Conclusions: in a current environment of crisis, the consequences of hyperaccessibility are analyzed (unsustainable health system, population polypharmacy, etc. ) and a more efficient healthcare system is searched. It is also necessary to consider the relationship between the hyperaccessibility and the frequent attendance of population to the health services, and the relationship between hyperaccessibility and polypharmacy

Satisfacción laboral de los profesionales de enfermería en las unidades de gestión clínica / Job stisfaction of nurses in the clinical management units

La Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) se ha establecido actualmente en las instituciones sanitarias andaluzas como el modelo de gestión de referencia. Este modelo de gestión pretende instaurar en los profesionales sanitarios una idea-fuerza: el mayor rendimiento de los recursos sanitarios se realiza impulsando la práctica clínica que utilice el menor número de recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. La UGC no solo tiene como objetivo el ahorro económico, en el Acuerdo de Gestión Clínica [1] se valoran todas las dimensiones que la integran: la investigación, la formación, el proceso clínico, la cartera de servicios, los objetivos, la gestión económica y los indicadores de control y de seguridad. En ella se pretende transferir más responsabilidades a los profesionales sanitarios, implicándolos en la gestión de la Unidad. La UGC establece nuevos enfoques que afectan directamente a los profesionales sanitarios y plantea ventajas e inconvenientes para los facultativos y los profesionales de enfermería, implicados en la consecución de la excelencia en la labor asistencial. Estos últimos se muestran expectantes ante los cambios que se van generando en las instituciones sanitarias y aparece un debate acerca de las competencias que se derivan de la misma. Algunos profesionales de enfermería consideran que la presión asistencial a la que se ven sometidos en las instituciones públicas ha aumentado desde la aparición de la UGC y, sin embargo, otros se sienten motivados y recompensados por los resultados que obtienen con este modelo de gestión. En las instituciones sanitarias algunos profesionales se sienten más motivados que otros y esto se constata en el resultado de la actividad asistencial [2]. Ante las percepciones positivas y negativas que la UGC plantea, se considera pertinente centrar el objetivo de este trabajo en la búsqueda de los factores que influyen en la satisfacción laboral de los profesionales de enfermería de la UGC. Son escasos los estudios realizados acerca de la misma [3] pero resultan inexistentes si se vinculan con la enfermería; por tanto, la búsqueda del conocimiento científico de enfermería relacionado con el modelo de gestión clínica y fundamentado en la calidad asistencial puede llevar a establecer nuevos conceptos en torno a la profesión enfermera, profesión en la que se vislumbran importantes cambios cuando el Grado sea efectivo(AU)

Clinical Management Unit (CMU) is currently set in the Andalusian health institutions as the model reference management. This management model aims to make all healthcare professionals a powerful idea: the best performance of health resources is performed to drive clinical practice using the least number of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. The CMU not only aims at saving money, in the Clinical Management Agreement [1] are measured all the dimensions that make up the UGC: research, training, clinical process, the portfolio of services, objectives, financial management and indicators to control and security. The CMU is to transfer more responsibilities to Health Care Professionals, involving them in the management of the Unit. The CMU sets new approaches that directly affect health professionals and presents advantages and disadvantages for the Doctors and the Nurses, involved in achieving excellence in care work. Nurse Practitioners shows expectant before the changes are generated in health institutions and appears a discussion of skills derived from the CMU. Some Nurses believe that the burden of care to which they are subjected in public institutions has increased since the onset of the CMU and yet others believe that they are motivated and rewarded for the results obtained with this model of management. In health institutions, some professionals are more motivated than others and this is found in the outcome of health care activity [2]. Given the positive and negative perceptions that arise in the CMU Professional Nurses, it is considered appropriate to focus the objective of this work in the search for factors that influence job satisfaction of nurses in the CMU. There are few studies about the CMU [3] but are absent when linked with nursing, so the pursuit of scientific knowledge related to nursing management model based on Clinical and Quality Care can lead to establish new concepts around the nursing profession, a profession in which major changes are foreseen when the Grade is effective(AU)

Third-party reimbursement for nurse practitioners' services on trauma teams: working through a maze of issues.

Third-party payers reimburse for physician services performed by nurse practitioners, if the services are within the scope of practice of a nurse practitioner and the payers' rules are followed. However, some hospitals and trauma services have been reluctant to bill the services of nurse practitioners they employ or to hire nurse practitioners, because the rules are complex, vary from payer to payer, can be difficult to find, and because operations are not always set up so that nurse practitioners' services are bundled in ways which conform to the rules. Medicare has developed detailed rules on billing nurse practitioners' services, but neither Medicaid nor commercial payers necessarily follow Medicare's rules. The situation is further complicated by wide variations in state law governing nurse practitioner scope of practice and requirements for physician collaboration. Despite all of these variables, it may be worth the time and effort to sort out the requirements for utilizing nurse practitioners and billing for their services, considering the limitations on residents' hours, the data on quality of nurse practitioners' clinical services and the potential for generating revenue. This article describes the legal and business issues, provides the general rules for billing nurse practitioners' services, and provides a plan for obtaining third-party payment for nurse practitioners' services on trauma teams.

[Disorders requiring nursing care and the period before recognized as needing nursing care (active life expectancy) in relation to nursing care insurance].

PURPOSE: To measure the state of health of the elderly population, active and dependent life expectancies were calculated based on the number of people needing nursing care. For this purpose, active life expectancy was defined as the period before nursing care was recognized by insurers as being required. Moreover, to cast light on disorders requiring nursing care, age-adjusted nursing time needed for different ailments per ten thousand elderly population was calculated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were those 65 years or over living in Taihaku-ku, Sendai City, recognized as needing nursing care by nursing care insurers. The period before being recognized as needing nursing care was calculated using the Sullivan method, and termed the active life expectancy. Dependent life expectancy = life expectancy - active life expectancy. The number of those needing nursing care caused by each disorder diagnosed by attending physicians, was also age-adjusted by the reference population and multiplied by the nursing time needed for each level of nursing, resulting in the age-adjusted nursing time needed per ten thousand elderly population. RESULTS: Those recognized as needing nursing care were 7.5% (7.7% after age adjustment) of the male elderly population, and 12.5% of the female population (10.7% after age adjustment). For men, the active life expectancy was 16.1 years for the age of 65, 9.2 years for 75 and 4.4 years for 85, while the dependent one was 2.0-2.1 years for all ages. For women, the active life expectancy was 19.3 years for the age of 65, 11.1 years for 75 and 4.8 years for 85, while the dependent one was 4.6-5.3 years. The age-adjusted nursing time needed per ten thousand elderly population was 874 hours for men and 1,125 hours for women: of the time 51% was for men with cerebrovascular disease (40% for cerebral infarction), 11% for men with dementia; 37% for women with cerebrovascular disease (26% for cerebral infarction), 20% for women with skeletal diseases, 18% for women with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The active life expectancy for women is longer than for men, by 3.7 years for the age of 65, by 2.3 years for 75 and by 0.5 years for 85. The dependent life expectancy for women is also longer than for men, by 3.2 years for the ages of 65 and 75 and by 2.6 years for 85. Thus, nursing prevention is an urgent issue, especially for women. The disorders requiring particularly long age-adjusted nursing time are carebrovascular disease (particularly cerebral infarction), dementia and skeletal disorders (particularly among women).

Reimbursement for nurse practitioner services.

Whether a nurse practitioner (NP) is employed by a medical practice or is self-employed, the reimbursement policies of third-party payers will determine whether an NP continues to provide care on a long-term basis. The payers--Medicare, Medicaid, indemnity insurers, and managed care organizations--each have their own reimbursement policies and fee schedules, and each operates under a separate body of law. Some payers have a history of reimbursing for NP services in the same manner as they reimburse for physician services. On the other hand, some payers have recently begun to reimburse NPs directly, either as separate and apart from an employment relationship with a physician practice or following NP-specific rules and policies regarding reimbursement. This article offers basic information necessary to communicate with practice managers, billing experts, and the payers about reimbursement mechanisms and problems. It covers how to set up provider relationships with the various payers, how to submit bills, and how to deal with denial of reimbursement when it occurs.