American Proctology Before 1899, Part 1: "Shoals of Quacks"-The Itinerant Pile Doctor.

The early history of the American medical specialty of proctology before the 1899 establishment of the American Proctologic Society was animated by an extensive scene of itinerant pile doctors, from at least as far back as 1871. It was inspired by the initially proprietary carbolic acid injection treatment of hemorrhoids credited to Milton W. Mitchell (1833?-1887), long known only from oral history. Expanded entrepreneurial approaches seen in the 1880s are exemplified by the work of the initial exploiters of Mitchell's method, Alexander William Brinkerhoff (1821-1887) and son, and a mid-1920s recommercialization of "ambulant proctology" by its ambassador Charles Elton Blanchard.

A history of injection treatments - II sclerotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Sclerotherapy in all its current forms is based on experience going back to the 1850s. METHODS: To trace the evolution of sclerotherapy over the past 250 years, using the internet for past documentation and the literature. CONCLUSION: Sclerotherapy principles were established long ago, although current modifications have been made possible by the introduction of detergent sclerosants and ultrasound guidance.

The history of sclerosing foams.

BACKGROUND: The use of foamed sclerosants in phlebology is undergoing a renaissance. The use of foam sclerotherapy was relaunched only a few years ago. Despite this, the early developments, pioneer findings, and improvements, especially in foaming techniques, are not widely recognized. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to give an overview from the very beginnings of foam sclerotherapy until the most recent and progressive techniques, as described by Tessari or the double syringe system technique. RESULTS: The publications found after a thorough research for literature about foam sclerotherapy allow us to examine what has been invented between Orbach's work in 1944 and now and--surprisingly--even before 1944. The contributions of greatly reputed and also of unknown colleagues, such as Orbach, Sigg, Mayer, or Flückiger, are presented, giving a historical overview from the very beginnings of foam sclerotherapy until the most recent techniques. Basically, the literature shows that remarkable work was carried out in the field of noncommercial foam sclerotherapy and that sclerosing foams have been used by numerous doctors continuously for the past six decades, especially for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs. CONCLUSION: The use of foamed sclerosing agents in therapy of large or small varicose veins is not new. It started as early as 1939 and has continuously been improved in the past decades.