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1.
Plant Dis ; 108(9): 2653-2657, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38640431

RESUMO

The African planthopper Leptodelphax maculigera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) has been recently reported in many places in Brazil in association with maize. Its occurrence in maize production fields in Brazil has brought concerns to the corn production chain regarding the possibility of this planthopper to be a vector for maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP), corn stunt spiroplasma (Spiroplasma kunkelii), maize rayado fino virus (MRFV), and maize striate mosaic virus (MSMV). The phytoplasma and spiroplasma, which are bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes, and the two viruses are associated with the corn stunt disease complex. Given the presence of the African planthopper species and the corn stunt complex in Brazil, we further investigated the abundance of this planthopper species in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and whether the planthopper can carry the four pathogens. We inspected 12 maize production fields in different municipalities in the state for 20 weeks, using two yellow sticky traps for each maize field. The sticky traps were replaced weekly. A total of 130 specimens of L. maculigera were captured, with a great discrepancy in quantity among locations and weeks. We detected the mollicute MBSP and the viruses MRFV and MSMV in L. maculigera, whereas S. kunkelii was absent in the assessed African planthopper samples. The molecular detection of the phytoplasma and the viruses in field-collected African planthoppers is strong evidence that this insect species has the ability to acquire those pathogens through feeding from the phloem of diseased maize plants. Nonetheless, transmission capacity needs to be experimentally proven to assert L. maculigera as a vector for the corn-stunting pathogens.


Assuntos
Hemípteros , Phytoplasma , Doenças das Plantas , Zea mays , Animais , Hemípteros/virologia , Hemípteros/microbiologia , Zea mays/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Phytoplasma/fisiologia , Phytoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação , Insetos Vetores/virologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Vírus de Plantas/fisiologia , Vírus de Plantas/isolamento & purificação
2.
Pest Manag Sci ; 78(6): 2196-2203, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35218287

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Since the last decade, Dalbulus maidis has become the primary pest in cornfields, particularly due to its ability to transmit plant pathogens. Dalbulus maidis is the main vector of the corn stunt spiroplasma and maize bushy stunt phytoplasma. However, there is little information available on this pest. Understanding its spatial dynamics may allow us to determine how its infestations begin and to identify its colonization patterns, dispersal, and the role of landscape structure on D. maidis dynamics. Thus, this study aimed to investigate within-field spatial distribution and the factors associated with D. maidis abundance in five commercial fields. RESULTS: In all fields, higher infestations occurred at the boundaries of the central pivot, showing a clear edge-biased distribution. Ranges varied from 100.4 to 611.8 m, and our models' overall fit indicated strong to moderate spatial dependency. Additionally, correlation analyses indicated a positive effect of air temperature on the population of D. maidis. Conversely, rainfall negatively affected D. maidis. CONCLUSION: This study provides essential guidance for improving D. maidis integrated pest management at regional and local scales. Based on its high dispersal ability, our study suggests the need for a legislative or regulatory method of control for D. maidis, especially in regions where corn has more than one growing season. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.


Assuntos
Hemípteros , Phytoplasma , Spiroplasma , Animais , Brasil , Zea mays
3.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 13(2): 101896, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35051893

RESUMO

The class Mollicutes comprises microorganisms that lack a cell wall, highly dependent on their host to survive. Within Mollicutes, the genus Spiroplasma comprises motile helical microorganisms associated with various insects and other arthropods. This study aimed to detect and characterize Mollicutes microorganisms in ticks of different species of veterinary importance, using molecular techniques. These ticks were collected from dogs, cats, cattle, and horses from Rio de Janeiro's metropolitan regions. They were morphologically classified and pooled according to their species for subsequent DNA extraction. These samples were tested by PCR using class Mollicutes-specific primers (16S rRNA) and positive amplicons were sequenced. The obtained DNA sequences were compared with other Mollicutes sequences deposited in GenBank. We found that four out of 745 (0.54%) of the tick pools were positive for members of the class Mollicutes, identified as Spiroplasma spp.; of the positive pools, one comprised Amblyomma sculptum adults and three comprised Dermacentor nitens nymphs. The present study describes Spiroplasma spp. in ticks in Brazil for the first time. Nevertheless, due to few reports on these microorganisms, further studies on epidemiology, virulence, and pathogenicity are needed.


Assuntos
Spiroplasma , Carrapatos , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Ninfa , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Spiroplasma/genética
4.
BMC Genomics ; 22(1): 240, 2021 Apr 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33823812

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Spiroplasma is a widely distributed endosymbiont of insects, arthropods, and plants. In insects, Spiroplasma colonizes the gut, hemolymph, and reproductive organs of the host. Previous metagenomic surveys of the domesticated carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus and the wild cochineal D. opuntiae reported sequences of Spiroplasma associated with these insects. However, there is no analysis of the genomic capabilities and the interaction of this Spiroplasma with Dactylopius. RESULTS: Here we present three Spiroplasma genomes independently recovered from metagenomes of adult males and females of D. coccus, from two different populations, as well as from adult females of D. opuntiae. Single-copy gene analysis showed that these genomes were > 92% complete. Phylogenomic analyses classified these genomes as new members of Spiroplasma ixodetis. Comparative genome analysis indicated that they exhibit fewer genes involved in amino acid and carbon catabolism compared to other spiroplasmas. Moreover, virulence factor-encoding genes (i.e., glpO, spaid and rip2) were found incomplete in these S. ixodetis genomes. We also detected an enrichment of genes encoding the type IV secretion system (T4SS) in S. ixodetis genomes of Dactylopius. A metratranscriptomic analysis of D. coccus showed that some of these T4SS genes (i.e., traG, virB4 and virD4) in addition to the superoxide dismutase sodA of S. ixodetis were overexpressed in the ovaries. CONCLUSION: The symbiont S. ixodetis is a new member of the bacterial community of D. coccus and D. opuntiae. The recovery of incomplete virulence factor-encoding genes in S. ixodetis of Dactylopius suggests that this bacterium is a non-pathogenic symbiont. A high number of genes encoding the T4SS, in the S. ixodetis genomes and the overexpression of these genes in the ovary and hemolymph of the host suggest that S. ixodetis use the T4SS to interact with the Dactylopius cells. Moreover, the transcriptional differences of S. ixodetis among the gut, hemolymph and ovary tissues of D. coccus indicate that this bacterium can respond and adapt to the different conditions (e.g., oxidative stress) present within the host. All this evidence proposes that there is a strong interaction and molecular signaling in the symbiosis between S. ixodetis and the carmine cochineal Dactylopius.


Assuntos
Hemípteros , Spiroplasma , Animais , Carmim , Feminino , Genômica , Masculino , Spiroplasma/genética
5.
PLoS One ; 15(10): e0234454, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33075073

RESUMO

Corn Stunt is an important disease in the Americas due to it high prevalence and the yield reductions that can cause when present. However, changes in the presence of this disease across years hampers the effective identification of resistant genotypes to this disease. To avoid the limitations of phenotypic selection under natural pressure, this research aimed to devise an effective strategy to screen disease-resistant genotypes in the absence of high and constant natural pressures. To do so, we investigated the presence of antixenosis and antibiosis as components of resistance to the vector Dalbulus maidis as well as resistance to the pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii under artificial inoculation conditions in four maize hybrids. The hybrids shown differences in their levels of resistance and target organisms, either the insect vector or the pathogen. Antixenosis and antibiosis to D. maidis were observed in DK72-10. Resistance to S. kunkelii by DK79-10 was seen as a delayed onset of symptoms, and DKB390 showed antixenosis to D. maidis and resistance to S. kunkelii. An association between symptom severity and yield reduction was found, but not between accumulation of pathogen S. kunkelii and symptom severity nor yield. In conclusion, the proposed methodology was efficacious and can aid in the screening of resistant genotypes in breeding programs to reduce the impact of Corn Stunt disease, ensuring that hybrids with good resistance level will be planted by farmers whenever disease occurs.


Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Hemípteros/microbiologia , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Antibiose , Feminino , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Melhoramento Vegetal , Spiroplasma , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/parasitologia
6.
Braz. j. biol ; Braz. j. biol;80(2): 311-318, Apr.-June 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132392

RESUMO

Abstract Aphids can harbor several secondary symbionts that alter important aphid-related ecological traits, such as defense against natural enemies, heat tolerance and host plant utilization. One of these secondary symbionts, Spiroplasma, is well known in Drosophila as a sex modulator and by interacting with the host immune system. However, little is known on the effects of Spiroplasma on aphids, such as its influence on the host immune defense against fungi and on host plant utilization. Aphid infections by Spiroplasma are known to be low and few aphid species were reported to be infected with this secondary symbiont, however aphids belonging to the genus Aphis in neotropical regions show high infection rates by Spiroplasma. Thus, we investigated the association of Spiroplasma with the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus through comparative biology experiments on two host plants with different nutritional value to the aphid. We demonstrate Spiroplasma induced no significant fitness costs to A. citricidus on either host plant as no changes in the fitness traits we assessed were observed. Spiroplasma infection only induced sutle changes on host longevity and fecundity. Therefore, we concluded Spiroplasma established a neutral interaction with A. citricidus under the selection pressure we tested, and argue on stress conditions that could better demonstrate the role of Spiroplasma in A. citricidus bioecology and associated costs involved.


Resumo Pulgões podem abrigar vários simbiontes secundários que alteram características ecológicas importantes, como defesa contra inimigos naturais, tolerância ao calor e utilização da planta hospedeira. Um desses simbiontes secundários, Spiroplasma, é estudado em Drosophila por alterar a razão sexual e interagir com o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do Spiroplasma em pulgões, como sua influência na defesa contra fungos entomopatogénicos ou na utilização da planta hospedeira, por exemplo. Spiroplasma foi identificado em poucas espécies de pulgão e geralmente em baixa densidade, contudo pulgões pertencentes ao gênero Aphis em regiões neotropicais apresentam altas taxas de infecção por Spiroplasma. Assim, investigamos a associação entre Spiroplasma e o pulgão neotropical Aphis citricidus por meio de biologia comparativa em duas plantas hospedeiras com diferentes valores nutricionais para o pulgão. Spiroplasma não causou custo adaptativo significativo para A. citricidus em ambas planta hospedeira. A infecção por Spiroplasma induziu apenas pequenas mudanças na longevidade e fecundidade do hospedeiro. Portanto, concluímos que Spiroplasma estabeleceu uma interação neutra com A. citricidus sob ausência de pressão de seleção. Entretanto, discutimos sobre condições de estresse que possam demonstrar o papel de Spiroplasma na bioecologia de A. citricidus e os possíveis custos envolvidos.


Assuntos
Animais , Afídeos , Spiroplasma , Plantas , Simbiose , Fungos
7.
Braz J Biol ; 80(2): 311-318, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31291403

RESUMO

Aphids can harbor several secondary symbionts that alter important aphid-related ecological traits, such as defense against natural enemies, heat tolerance and host plant utilization. One of these secondary symbionts, Spiroplasma, is well known in Drosophila as a sex modulator and by interacting with the host immune system. However, little is known on the effects of Spiroplasma on aphids, such as its influence on the host immune defense against fungi and on host plant utilization. Aphid infections by Spiroplasma are known to be low and few aphid species were reported to be infected with this secondary symbiont, however aphids belonging to the genus Aphis in neotropical regions show high infection rates by Spiroplasma. Thus, we investigated the association of Spiroplasma with the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus through comparative biology experiments on two host plants with different nutritional value to the aphid. We demonstrate Spiroplasma induced no significant fitness costs to A. citricidus on either host plant as no changes in the fitness traits we assessed were observed. Spiroplasma infection only induced sutle changes on host longevity and fecundity. Therefore, we concluded Spiroplasma established a neutral interaction with A. citricidus under the selection pressure we tested, and argue on stress conditions that could better demonstrate the role of Spiroplasma in A. citricidus bioecology and associated costs involved.


Assuntos
Afídeos , Spiroplasma , Animais , Fungos , Plantas , Simbiose
8.
Braz. J. Biol. ; 80(2): 311-318, 2020. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-746166

RESUMO

Aphids can harbor several secondary symbionts that alter important aphid-related ecological traits, such as defense against natural enemies, heat tolerance and host plant utilization. One of these secondary symbionts, Spiroplasma, is well known in Drosophila as a sex modulator and by interacting with the host immune system. However, little is known on the effects of Spiroplasma on aphids, such as its influence on the host immune defense against fungi and on host plant utilization. Aphid infections by Spiroplasma are known to be low and few aphid species were reported to be infected with this secondary symbiont, however aphids belonging to the genus Aphis in neotropical regions show high infection rates by Spiroplasma. Thus, we investigated the association of Spiroplasma with the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus through comparative biology experiments on two host plants with different nutritional value to the aphid. We demonstrate Spiroplasma induced no significant fitness costs to A. citricidus on either host plant as no changes in the fitness traits we assessed were observed. Spiroplasma infection only induced sutle changes on host longevity and fecundity. Therefore, we concluded Spiroplasma established a neutral interaction with A. citricidus under the selection pressure we tested, and argue on stress conditions that could better demonstrate the role of Spiroplasma in A. citricidus bioecology and associated costs involved.(AU)


Pulgões podem abrigar vários simbiontes secundários que alteram características ecológicas importantes, como defesa contra inimigos naturais, tolerância ao calor e utilização da planta hospedeira. Um desses simbiontes secundários, Spiroplasma, é estudado em Drosophila por alterar a razão sexual e interagir com o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do Spiroplasma em pulgões, como sua influência na defesa contra fungos entomopatogénicos ou na utilização da planta hospedeira, por exemplo. Spiroplasma foi identificado em poucas espécies de pulgão e geralmente em baixa densidade, contudo pulgões pertencentes ao gênero Aphis em regiões neotropicais apresentam altas taxas de infecção por Spiroplasma. Assim, investigamos a associação entre Spiroplasma e o pulgão neotropical Aphis citricidus por meio de biologia comparativa em duas plantas hospedeiras com diferentes valores nutricionais para o pulgão. Spiroplasma não causou custo adaptativo significativo para A. citricidus em ambas planta hospedeira. A infecção por Spiroplasma induziu apenas pequenas mudanças na longevidade e fecundidade do hospedeiro. Portanto, concluímos que Spiroplasma estabeleceu uma interação neutra com A. citricidus sob ausência de pressão de seleção. Entretanto, discutimos sobre condições de estresse que possam demonstrar o papel de Spiroplasma na bioecologia de A. citricidus e os possíveis custos envolvidos.(AU)


Assuntos
Spiroplasma , Biologia , Ecologia da Nutrição , Afídeos
9.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 2466, 2018 02 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29410456

RESUMO

Bacterial symbionts are broadly distributed among insects, influencing their bioecology to different degrees. Aphids carry a number of secondary symbionts that can influence aphid physiology and fitness attributes. Spiroplasma is seldom reported as an aphid symbiont, but a high level of infection has been observed in one population of the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus. We used sister isolines of Spiroplasma-infected (Ac-BS) and Spiroplasma-free (Ac-B) aphids reared on sweet orange (optimum host) and orange jasmine (suboptimum host) to demonstrate the effects of Spiroplasma infection in the aphid proteome profile. A higher number of proteins were differently abundant in aphids feeding on orange jasmine, indicating an impact of host plant quality. In both host plants, the majority of proteins affected by Spiroplasma infection were heat shock proteins, proteins linked to cell function and structure, and energy metabolism. Spiroplasma also induced changes in proteins involved in antimicrobial activity, carbohydrate processing and metabolism, amino acid synthesis and metabolism in aphids feeding on orange jasmine. We discuss on how the aphid host proteome is differentially affected by Spiroplasma infection when the host is exploiting host plants with different nutritional values.


Assuntos
Afídeos/genética , Citrus sinensis/química , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteoma/genética , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Simbiose/fisiologia , Aminoácidos/biossíntese , Animais , Afídeos/metabolismo , Afídeos/microbiologia , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/genética , Citrus sinensis/parasitologia , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ontologia Genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos
10.
Neotrop Entomol ; 47(4): 440-446, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28620748

RESUMO

Richness and abundance of facultative symbionts vary strongly with aphid species and genotype, symbiont strain, host plant, biogeography, and a number of abiotic factors. Despite indications that aphids in the same ecological niche show similar levels of facultative symbiont richness, existing reports do not consider the potential role of host plants on aphid microbial community. Little is known about how oligophagy and polyphagy may be influenced by secondary symbiont distribution, mainly because studies on secondary symbiont diversity are biased towards polyphagous aphids from the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we demonstrate the richness and abundance of the most common aphid-associated facultative symbionts in two tropical aphid species, the oligophagous Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the polyphagous Aphis aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Aphis citricidus is restricted to Citrus sp. host plants and closely related genera, whereas A. aurantii successfully exploits a wide variety of host plants from different families. Both were collected in the same ecological niche and our data basically indicated the same richness of secondary symbionts, but the abundance at which secondary symbionts occurred was very distinct between the two species. Spiroplasma was the most abundant facultative symbiont associated with A. citricidus and A. aurantii in the ecological niche studied. Single and multiple secondary symbiont infections were observed, but diversity of multiple infections was particularly high in A. citricidus. We discuss our findings and suggest hypotheses to explain causes and consequences of the differences in secondary symbiont diversity observed between these two aphid species.


Assuntos
Afídeos/microbiologia , Simbiose , Animais , Buchnera/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Plantas , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação
11.
Insect Sci ; 24(3): 511-521, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26773849

RESUMO

Facultative bacterial endosymbionts in insects have been under intense study during the last years. Endosymbionts can modify the insect's phenotype, conferring adaptive advantages under environmental stress. This seems particularly relevant for a group of worldwide agricultural aphid pests, because endosymbionts modify key fitness-related traits, including host plant use, protection against natural enemies and heat tolerance. Aimed to understand the role of facultative endosymbionts on the success of introduced aphid pests, the distribution and abundance of 5 facultative endosymbionts (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica, Rickettsia and Spiroplasma) were studied and compared in 4 cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae, Diuraphis noxia, Metopolophium dirhodum and Schizaphis graminium) and in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum complex from 2 agroclimatic zones in Chile. Overall, infections with facultative endosymbionts exhibited a highly variable and characteristic pattern depending on the aphid species/host race and geographic zone, which could explain the success of aphid pest populations after their introduction. While S. symbiotica and H. defensa were the most frequent endosymbionts carried by the A. pisum pea-race and A. pisum alfalfa-race aphids, respectively, the most frequent facultative endosymbiont carried by all cereal aphids was R. insecticola. Interestingly, a highly variable composition of endosymbionts carried by S. avenae was also observed between agroclimatic zones, suggesting that endosymbionts are responding differentially to abiotic variables (temperature and precipitations). In addition, our findings constitute the first report of bacterial endosymbionts in cereal aphid species not screened before, and also the first report of aphid endosymbionts in Chile.


Assuntos
Afídeos/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Simbiose , Animais , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação
12.
Microbiologyopen ; 3(3): 341-55, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24771723

RESUMO

Two species of Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) bacteria were isolated from and described as pathogens of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, ~30 years ago but recent information on them is lacking despite global concern to understand bee population declines. Here we provide a comprehensive survey for the prevalence of these two Spiroplasma species in current populations of honey bees using improved molecular diagnostic techniques to assay multiyear colony samples from North America (U.S.A.) and South America (Brazil). Significant annual and seasonal fluctuations of Spiroplasma apis and Spiroplasma melliferum prevalence in colonies from the U.S.A. (n = 616) and Brazil (n = 139) occurred during surveys from 2011 through 2013. Overall, 33% of U.S.A. colonies and 54% of Brazil colonies were infected by Spiroplasma spp., where S. melliferum predominated over S. apis in both countries (25% vs. 14% and 44% vs. 38% frequency, respectively). Colonies were co-infected by both species more frequently than expected in both countries and at a much higher rate in Brazil (52%) compared to the U.S.A. (16.5%). U.S.A. samples showed that both species were prevalent not only during spring, as expected from prior research, but also during other seasons. These findings demonstrate that the model of honey bee spiroplasmas as springtime-restricted pathogens needs to be broadened and their role as occasional pathogens considered in current contexts.


Assuntos
Abelhas/microbiologia , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Carga Bacteriana , Brasil , Estações do Ano , Spiroplasma/classificação , Spiroplasma/genética , Estados Unidos
13.
J Econ Entomol ; 106(4): 1574-81, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24020268

RESUMO

"Corn stunt" is one of the main corn (Zea mays L.) diseases in the Americas and Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) is the key vector of the pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii Whitcomb. In Argentina, the corn-producing area is in the temperate region, where vector and pathogen prevalence levels are unknown. In this study, the prevalence and distribution of D. maidis and S. kunkelii in the temperate region of Argentina and D. maidis overwintering ability in this region were determined. Surveys were conducted in 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons to determine D. maidis and S. kunkelii presence, and in winter 2006 to determine the vector overwintering ability. The highest S. kunkelii prevalence and incidence levels were found in the transition area from the temperate to the subtropical region, related to the highest D. maidis prevalence and insects sampled per location. D. maidis adults were found in volunteer corn plants and spontaneous vegetation in autumn and winter months, which were inoculative for the pathogen S. kunkelii. This overwintering ability was related to detection of D. maidis insects in corn crops at early growth stages in the following growing season. This work emphasizes that corn stunt disease is present in the temperate region of Argentina, and this highlights the need to develop proper agronomic practices like monitoring insect vector populations and controlling voluntary plants. This study also indicates that further research is needed to understand the potential yield reduction caused by this pathogen on symptomless plants and population dynamics of the insect vector.


Assuntos
Hemípteros/microbiologia , Hemípteros/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Zea mays/microbiologia , Animais , Argentina , Estações do Ano , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento
14.
Phytopathology ; 103(2): 129-34, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23013451

RESUMO

Corn stunt disease has become a factor limiting maize production in some areas of the Americas in recent years. Although resistant maize genotypes have been developed in the past, this resistance has been unstable over time or in some geographical locations. To better understand disease components that could affect the stability of host resistance, we assessed the genome variability of the etiologic agent, Spiroplasma kunkelii. Isolates were obtained from a number of areas, and characterized molecularly by amplification of several regions of the spiroplasma chromosome and sequencing of specific gene fragments. The degree of polymorphism between isolates of different geographic origins was low, and the level of genomic variability was similar within isolates of different countries. Polymorphism among isolates was found in viral insertions and in the sequence of Skarp, a gene that encodes a membrane protein implicated in attachment to insect cells. The results suggest that the genome composition of this species is highly conserved among isolates. Hence, it is unlikely that the instability of maize resistance is due to generation of new pathotypes of S. kunkelii. Instead, other components of this complex pathosystem could account for the breakdown of resistance.


Assuntos
Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Spiroplasma/genética , Zea mays/microbiologia , Argentina , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Brasil , Costa Rica , DNA Bacteriano/química , Resistência à Doença , Genótipo , Geografia , México , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação , Estados Unidos
15.
Microb Ecol ; 64(3): 794-801, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22562106

RESUMO

Spiroplasma endosymbionts are maternally transmitted bacteria that may kill infected sons resulting in the production of female-biased broods. The prevalence of male killers varies considerably both between and within species. Here, we evaluate the spatial and temporal status of male-killing and non-male-killing Spiroplasma infection in three Brazilian populations of Drosophila melanogaster, nearly a decade after the first occurrence report for this species. The incidence of the male-killing Spiroplasma ranged from close to 0 to 17.7 % (so far the highest estimate for a Drosophila species) with a suggestion of temporal decline in a population. We also found non-male-killing Spiroplasma coexisting in one population at lower prevalence (3-5 %), and we did not detect it in the other two. This may be taken as a suggestion of a spreading advantage conferred by the male-killing strategy. Sequencing two loci, we identified the phylogenetic position of Spiroplasma strains from the three localities, showing that all strains group closely in the poulsonii clade. Due to intensive sampling effort, we were able to test the association between Spiroplasma infections and another widespread endosymbiont, Wolbachia, whose prevalence ranged from 81.8 to 100 %. The prevalence of Wolbachia did not differ between Spiroplasma-infected and uninfected strains in our largest sample nor were the prevalences of the two endosymbionts associated across localities.


Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/microbiologia , Spiroplasma/genética , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Wolbachia/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Masculino , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Razão de Masculinidade , Especificidade da Espécie , Spiroplasma/classificação , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação , Simbiose , Wolbachia/genética , Wolbachia/isolamento & purificação
16.
Rev. MVZ Córdoba ; 16(2): 2576-2583, mayo-ago. 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-621986

RESUMO

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de Spiroplasma penaei en el plancton, bentos y fauna acompañante en 2 fincas comerciales de camarones. Materiales y métodos. Fueron colectadas 200 muestras para identificación de lesiones características de Spiroplasma, a través de la técnica de histología, mientras que para la técnica de PCR se tomaron 326 muestras de plancton, bentos y fauna acompañante. Las muestras colectadas fueron preservadas en tubos estériles con etanol al 95% para análisis de PCR y en solución Davidson para análisis histológicos. Resultados. En los muestreos realizados en las dos fincas camaroneras fue detectada la presencia de Spiroplasma en una muestra de un representante de los dípteros (mosca de agua) a través de la técnica de PCR en tiempo real, el cual arrojo una Tm=84, similar a la del control positivo de Spiroplasma utilizado. Esta muestra fue secuenciada y comparada con secuencias de bacterias almacenadas en el banco de datos GenBank usando el algoritmo BLAST, encontrando 100% de homología con un fragmento de los genes ribosomales 16S de la bacteria Spiroplasma penaei. Conclusiones. La mosca de agua es portadora de Spiroplasma penaei, sin embargo no se puede afirmar que este organismo sea el transmisor de la infección, por lo que se recomienda realizar ensayos de tipo experimental con moscas de agua infectadas con Spiroplasma penaei, en camarones libres de patógenos, para evaluar si en realidad es el vector de infección.


Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Bentônica , Plâncton , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Spiroplasma
17.
J Invertebr Pathol ; 107(3): 225-8, 2011 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21586290

RESUMO

Here we report the presence of Spiroplasma 16S rRNA in populations of two parasitic Leptus mites (Leptus sayi; Leptus lomani) and their Agathemera walking stick hosts. In walking sticks Spiroplasmas were detected in the gut, as well as muscle-tissues, but not in eggs. Throughout Argentina 15.4% of L. sayi populations and 14.3% of L. lomani populations surveyed screened positive for Spiroplasma. Phylogenetic analyses (ML, BCMC) place all sequences within the Ixodetis group. Most sequences form a well-supported sister subclade to the rest of Ixodetis. We briefly discuss the role of Leptus mites in the natural transmission of Spiroplasma.


Assuntos
Vetores Aracnídeos/microbiologia , Insetos/microbiologia , Ácaros/microbiologia , Spiroplasma/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Vetores Aracnídeos/fisiologia , Insetos/parasitologia , Ácaros/fisiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Spiroplasma/genética
18.
J Econ Entomol ; 104(6): 1793-9, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22299338

RESUMO

"Corn stunt" caused by the mollicute Spiroplasma kunkelii (Whitcomb) is potentially one of the most severe diseases affecting the corn (Zea mays L.) crop in the Americas, and the leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) is considered its most important vector. However, other insects seen quite frequently in corn crops might well be its vectors in Argentina To identify any leafhoppers species other than D. maidis that can transmit S. kunkelii, transmission assays were conducted, using individuals of Exitianus obscurinervis (Stål) collected in field and reared under controlled conditions. S. kunkelii was transmitted to corn plants by E. obscurinervis. The pathogen was transmitted to seven of the 11 plants, which showed characteristic corn stunt symptoms, and the presence of the pathogen was confirmed by DAS-ELISA. The presence of S. kunkelii in the E. obscurinervis individuals used in transmission experiments was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy. The current study shows the existence of a new experimental vector of S. kunkelii, the leafhopper E. obscurinervis, which acquired spiroplasmas from infected plants and inoculated it to healthy plants.


Assuntos
Hemípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Zea mays/microbiologia , Animais , Argentina , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Hemípteros/fisiologia , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Zea mays/fisiologia
19.
J Invertebr Pathol ; 105(2): 145-50, 2010 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20553935

RESUMO

Male-killing bacteria are maternally inherited agents that cause death of sons of infected females. Their transmission rate is commonly high but imperfect and also sensitive to different environmental factors. Therefore, the proportion of infected females should be reduced in each generation. In order to explain male-killers spread and persistence in host population, a mechanism resulting in the relative increase of infected females must outweigh the losses caused by the imperfect transmission. The resource release hypothesis states that the males' death results in increased resources available to sibling females which would otherwise be used by their male siblings. Infected females are then expected: to be larger than uninfected females in natural populations; or to have higher viability; or to have shorter development times; or any combination of these outcomes. Here, we tested the resource release hypothesis by measuring body size of infected and uninfected wild-caught Drosophila melanogaster females and carried out other fitness related measures in the laboratory. Wild-caught infected females produced more daughters than uninfected females in their first days in the laboratory. However, although no significant difference in viability was found in a controlled experiment with infected and uninfected flies from a standard laboratory strain, there was a decrease in development time probably mediated by reduced competition. Fitness effects conditioned by the host genetic background are pointed out as a possible explanation for this difference between wild and laboratory flies. Our findings are discussed in the context of the resource advantage hypothesis.


Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/microbiologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , Razão de Masculinidade , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Feminino , Aptidão Genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/fisiologia , Masculino , Densidade Demográfica , Fatores Sexuais , Spiroplasma/patogenicidade
20.
Biocell ; 33(2): 133-6, 2009 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19886041

RESUMO

Maize plants infected with Spiroplasma kunkelii show symptoms similar to that of plants in a magnesium-deficient soil, and it has been shown that the spiroplasma alters the plants' magnesium absorption. In the current study we compared changes associated to either spiroplasma infection, two soil magnesium levels and their combinations. Plant symptoms were recorded and correlated with transmission electron microscopy observations. Plants grown on a high magnesium treatment showed no macroscopical alterations nor organelle ultrastructural alterations, while plants on a low magnesium treatment showed macroscopical vein yellowing and, ultrastructurally, they had most chloroplasts and mitochondrial membranes altered. Infected plants on a low magnesium treatment had an ageing aspect, ultrastructurally showed chloroplasts and mitochondrial alterations similar to those non-infected and grown on a low magnesium treatment, and spiroplasma cells were found in phloem cells, but outside their cytoplasm. Infected plants on a high magnesium treatment showed similar symptoms and ultrastructural alterations as either non-infected plants on the low magnesium treatment or in infected plants on the low magnesium treatment, but differ from them in that the spiroplasma cells were located inside the cytoplasm. Results suggest that magnesium is involved in the plant-pathogen interaction.


Assuntos
Espaço Intracelular/microbiologia , Magnésio/farmacologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Spiroplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Spiroplasma/fisiologia , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/microbiologia , Espaço Intracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/citologia
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