Isolation of lytic bacteriophages and their relationships with the adherence genes of Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to introduce a lytic bacteriophage against Staphylococcus saprophyticus from wastewater in Gorgan, northern Iran. RESULTS: The vB_SsapS-46 phage was isolated from urban wastewater and formed round and clear plaques on bacterial culture. It was visualized by electron microscopy and had a large head (approximately 106 nm) and a long tail (approximately 150 nm), indicating that it belongs to the Siphoviridae family. The host range of vB_SsapS-46 was determined using a spot test on 35 S. saprophyticus clinical isolates, and it was able to lyse 12 of the 35 clinical isolates (34%). Finally, the relationship between phage sensitivity and adherence genes was assessed, revealing no significant correlation between phage sensitivity and the frequency of adherence genes. The vB_SsapS-46 phage can be used alone or in a mixture in future studies to control urinary tract infections caused by this bacterium, especially in the elimination of drug-resistant pathogens.

Isolation and characterization of a potentially novel Siphoviridae phage (vB_SsapS-104) with lytic activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urinary tract infection.

Antibiotic resistance is increasing among Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains isolated from urinary tract infection. This necessitates alternative therapies. For this, a lytic phage (vB_SsapS-104) against S. saprophyticus, which formed round and clear plaques on bacterial culture plates, was isolated from hospital wastewater and characterized. Microscopy analysis showed that it had a small head (about 50 nm), tail (about 80 nm), and a collar (about 22 nm in length and 19 nm in width) indicating to be a phage within Siphoviridae family. Phage vB_SsapS-104 showed a large latency period of about 40 min, rapid adsorption rate that was significantly enhanced by MgCl2 and CaCl2, and high stability to a wide range of temperatures and pH values. Restriction analyses demonstrated that phage consists of a double-stranded DNA with an approximate genome size of 40 Kb. BLAST results did not show high similarity (megablast) with other previously identified phages. But, in Blastn, similarity with Staphylococcus phages was observed. Phage vB_SsapS-104 represented high anti-bacterial activity against S. saprophyticus isolates in vitro as it was able to lyse 8 of the 9 clinical isolates (%88.8) obtained from a hospital in Gorgan, Iran. It was a S. saprophyticus-specific phage because no lytic activity was observed on some other pathogenic bacteria tested. Therefore, phage vB_SsapS-104 can be considered as a specific virulent phage against of S. saprophyitcus isolated from urinary tract infection. This study provided the partial genomic characterization of S. saprophyticus phage and its application against urinary tract infection associated with S. saprophyticus. This phage also can be considered as a good candidate for a therapeutic alternative in the future.

Infecção do trato urinário em mulheres com vida sexual ativa / Urinary tract infection in women with active sex life

As infecções do trato urinário (ITUs) estão entre as queixas mais frequentes em consultas de atendimento primário, principalmente entre mulheres. As ITUs ocorrem em 1% a 3% das meninas em idade escolar, com aumento acentuado da incidência com o início da atividade sexual. Calcula-se uma incidência anual de 7% em mulheres de todas as idades, atingindo um pico máximo entre 15 e 24 anos de idade e entre mulheres com mais de 65 anos. Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus saprophyticus estão envolvidos em cerca de 80% das infecções urinárias não complicadas encontradas na população. O aumento da resistência aos antibióticos reforça a necessidade da escolha do medicamento com o auxílio de cultura e sensibilidade bacterianas. A profilaxia da ITU está recomendada em determinados casos, principalmente em mulheres que apresentam recorrência; dentre elas estão as sexualmente ativas.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common complaint in primary care appointment, mainly for women. UTI occurs between 1% and 3% of school-age children with increasing incidence due to the beginning of sexual life. It is estimated an incidence of 7% in women of all ages reaching the highest peak between the ages of 15-24 and more than 65 years old. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus are involved in about 80% of uncomplicated urinary infections in population. The increasing antibiotic resistance supports the necessity of medicament choice with bacterial culture and sensitivity assistance. Prophylaxis for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is recommended in some cases, mainly for women who show recurrence; among those that are sexually active.