Functional magnesium deficiency in critically ill patients identified using a magnesium-loading test.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of the magnesium-loading test in the critically ill and to validate serum ionized magnesium assay using the magnesium-loading test as a reference in this same patient population. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical investigation. SETTING: Tertiary level intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Forty-four consecutive critically ill patients without evidence of renal insufficiency. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly allocated to receive 30 mmol (7.5 g) of magnesium sulfate daily for 3 days, or an equivalent amount of normal saline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We recorded baseline characteristics, and serial serum biochemical measurements included creatinine, glucose, sodium, potassium, phosphate, total calcium, ionized calcium, total magnesium, and ionized magnesium. Serum assays were accompanied by 24-hr urine collections of creatinine and magnesium over the 3-day period. Baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. In patients receiving magnesium, serum ionized magnesium and total magnesium concentrations were increased by 43% (p = .0001) and 59% (p = .0002), respectively, on day 1 as compared with the control group. Magnesium excretion in the control group averaged 4.8 +/- 2.3 mmol/day during the 3-day study period, while the magnesium excretion in the magnesium-loaded group was significantly increased to 22.7 +/- 10.9 mmol/day (p < .0001). Following day 1 magnesium loading, patients who excreted < 70% of the total magnesium (30 mmol infused magnesium plus 4.8 mmol basal excretion) were termed as functionally magnesium-deficient retainers (n = 12), and patients who excreted > 70% of the total magnesium were termed as nonretainers (n = 7). In addition, magnesium retainers on day 2 (nine of ten patients) and day 3 (five of six patients) excreted > 70% of the total magnesium, indicating a replenishment of body magnesium stores. In contrast, nonretainers on day 2 (four of five patients), and day 3 (four of four patients) continued to excrete excess amounts of magnesium. In the retainer group, only two patients had a low serum ionized magnesium concentration, while two other patients had low total serum magnesium values. In addition, magnesium retention was associated with low ionized calcium and high phosphate values. CONCLUSIONS: The magnesium-loading test is feasible and appears to be valid based on its performance during the 3-day evaluation. Using the magnesium-loading test as a reference, serum ionized magnesium appears to be an insensitive biochemical marker of functional hypomagnesemia. Larger cohort studies using the magnesium-loading test will help establish the true prevalence of magnesium deficiency and its associated risk factors in critically ill patients.

Absorption of magnesium from orally administered magnesium sulfate in man.

The use of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) as a cathartic in patients with impaired renal function can lead to severe toxicity due to hypermagnesemia. Although toxicity is uncommon in healthy subjects, little is known concerning the extent of absorption of magnesium after a cathartic dose of magnesium sulfate. The bioavailability of magnesium following a large oral dose of magnesium sulfate in normal volunteers was examined in the present investigation. Baseline 24-hour urinary excretion rates of magnesium and creatinine were determined over 3 consecutive days in 6 healthy men. The oral administration of 13.9 g (56.5 mmoles) magnesium sulfate U.S.P., in 4 equal hourly increments, resulted in the urinary excretion (corrected for baseline excretion rate) of 4.0 +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SD) of the dose of magnesium during the first 24 hours and 6.9 +/- 7.0% of the dose during a 72-hour interval. Magnesium sulfate administration had no effect on the 24-hour urinary excretion rate of creatinine. The baseline excretion rate of magnesium was significantly correlated with that of creatinine (r = 0.875) and inorganic sulfate (r = 0.921). All of the subjects experienced mild or moderate diarrhea. Therefore, magnesium is absorbed to a limited and variable extent in healthy adults following a cathartic dose of magnesium sulfate.