RESUMO
Many Swertia species are utilized as a traditional medicine under the name "Qingyedan" in China, but are easily confused with one another. To distinguish eight Swertia species (S. mileensis, S. cincta, S. patens, S. punicea, S. delavayi, S. nervosa, S. macrosperma, and S. yunnanensis) and to ensure their safety and efficacy, the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of them were examined. The results showed that microscopic and macroscopic features helpful for authentication of the eight species were the sinuosity of the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells and presence or absence of hairs on the leaf lamina; presence or absence of V-shaped fibers and fibers with sinuous abaxial wall in the sepals; shape of epidermal cells and pattern of papillae on hairs on the margin of corolla nectary; distribution of stomata in leaf and sepal epidermises, stone cells in cortex and phloem of roots and in cortex and pith of stems, crystals in parenchymatous cells of mesophyll and stem, stomata size, stem diameter, and 4- or 5-merous flowers, and so on. Two keys to the eight Swertia species based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics are presented. The study indicates that microscopy and related techniques are convenient, practicable, and can be unambiguously applied for authentication of Swertia species.
Assuntos
Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/métodos , Microscopia/métodos , Swertia/classificação , China , Flores/anatomia & histologia , Flores/citologia , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/citologia , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/citologia , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Caules de Planta/citologia , Swertia/anatomia & histologia , Swertia/citologiaRESUMO
Swertia tetraptera Maxim. is an important source of secoiridoid glucosides. To produce these pharmacologically valuable compounds heterologously in somatic hybrid cell lines, S. tetraptera protoplasts were irradiated with various doses of UV light and fused with protoplasts from a long-term cell line of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. This recipient was chosen as the cell line is cytogenetically stable and fast growing; furthermore, protoplasts isolated from the cell line are readily regenerable. From a set of 86 putative hybrid calli, only two were able to regenerate viable green plants. The hybridity of the 19 of the 86 selections was revealed by a combined isozyme and RAPD analysis, supported by a karyotypic study based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Clone I-3 contained 0.014% swertiamarin while the regenerants had 0.069% swertiamarin and 0.409% gentiopicroside while the III-4 plants contained only 0.015% gentiopicroside.
Assuntos
Bupleurum/genética , Hibridização Genética , Swertia/genética , Bupleurum/citologia , Bupleurum/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromossomos de Plantas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura , Esterases/genética , Fluxo Gênico , Genoma de Cloroplastos , Genótipo , Glucosídeos Iridoides/isolamento & purificação , Glucosídeos Iridoides/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/genética , Cariótipo , Repetições de Microssatélites , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Protoplastos/metabolismo , Pironas/isolamento & purificação , Pironas/metabolismo , Swertia/citologia , Swertia/metabolismoRESUMO
The present paper provides scientific basis for "Qingyedan" (Harba Swertiae Mileensis) through comparison studies of characteristics, histological morphology, and physico-chemical analysis with its three substitutes which are Swertia punicea Hemsl, S. nervasa Wall, and Halenia elliptica D. Don.
