Facial Trauma Management During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

IMPORTANCE: Facial trauma is managed with open or closed treatment modalities; however, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on facial trauma management remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the management of facial trauma varied during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective review of 127 adults at The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center at the University of Maryland between March 2019 and March 2021. Adults were stratified into pre-COVID (before March 2020) and post-COVID groups. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Open reduction internal fixation alone, maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) alone, Open reduction internal fixation and MMF, and closed reduction. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients, 66 were treated pre-COVID (52%) and 61 post-COVID (48%). While the prevalence of mandible fractures did not differ (pre-COVID, n = 39, 59%; post-COVID, n = 42, 69%; P = 0.33), the use of MMF alone decreased (pre-COVID, n = 9, 23%; post-COVID, n = 1, 2%; P = 0.005). In contrast, while the prevalence of displaced nasal bone fractures decreased (pre-COVID, n = 21, 32%; post-COVID, n = 4, 7%; P = 0.0007), management with closed reduction did not differ (pre-COVID, n = 23, 96%; post-COVID, n = 11, 85%; P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although the clinical characteristics of patients with facial fractures did not differ during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of MMF for mandible fractures changed significantly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Principios y recursos clásicos y modernos: combinación en el manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort / Classical and modern principles and resources: their combination in the management of Le Fort fractures

Introducción: Las lesiones traumáticas maxilofaciales son un problema de salud importante en todo el mundo. Suponen una carga para la salud pública. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la necesidad de combinar en el contexto cubano principios y recursos clásicos y modernos en el manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort. Comentarios principales: El tratamiento de las fracturas faciales ha evolucionado mucho a lo largo de los años. Tradicionalmente, el alambre de acero inoxidable se utilizaba para la osteosíntesis en cirugía maxilofacial hasta la aparición de las miniplacas. Los sistemas de osteosíntesis de titanio son actualmente los de elección en cirugía maxilofacial. A pesar de sus ventajas indiscutibles, en los países en desarrollo ocasionalmente no se cuenta con todo el equipamiento necesario para su empleo. Consideraciones globales: El manejo del trauma maxilofacial se centra en la reobtención de la forma y la función original de la región afectada. Sin vulnerar los principios teóricos de manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort, se impone de los profesionales cubanos la búsqueda de soluciones en concordancia con la disponibilidad de recursos. La unión de técnicas clásicas y recursos modernos como las suspensiones craneofaciales alámbricas, los arcos barra y los tornillos de fijación maxilomandibular puede ser una alternativa terapéutica confiable(AU)

Introduction: Traumatic maxillofacial lesions are an important global health problem, as well as a public health burden. Objective: Reflect on the need to combine classical and modern principles and resources in the management of Le Fort fractures in the Cuban context. Main remarks: Treatment of facial fractures has evolved considerably through the years. Before the appearance of miniplates, stainless steel wire was used for osteosynthesis in maxillofacial surgery. Titanium osteosynthesis systems are currently the systems of choice in maxillofacial surgery. Despite their undeniable advantages, developing countries occasionally do not have all the equipment required for their use. General considerations: Management of maxillofacial trauma is aimed at recovering the original form and function of the affected area. Without disregarding the theoretical principles of the management of Le Fort fractures, Cuban professionals should search for solutions in keeping with the resources available. The combination of classical techniques and modern resources, such as wired craniofacial suspensions, bar arches and maxillomandibular fixation screws, may be a reliable therapeutic alternative(AU)

Customizable interdental splinting for repair of pediatric mandibular fractures in children with mixed dentition: A novel technique.

OBJECTIVE: Repair of pediatric mandibular fractures (PMFs) can be challenging due to the lack of permanent dentition for immobilization, and the presence of unerupted teeth and growth plates in the mandible limiting the space for fixation. Interdental splinting (IDS) has been advocated to provide temporary fixation without the need for mandibular plating; however, there is sparse description of the surgical methodology, and data on long term outcomes are even more limited. The aim of this study is to present our technique and outcomes using a novel technique for IDS repair of pediatric mandible fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Observational retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Pediatric patients requiring operative repair for mandibular fracture at our tertiary care institution between 2004 and 2021 were included. Patients over 18 years of age, those who died due to associated injuries, or those who underwent non-IDS repairs were excluded. Subjects with at least 3 months of follow-up were assessed for efficacy of surgical repair and short-term adverse outcomes, and at least 1 year for long-term adverse events. Descriptive statistics were obtained. RESULTS: Twenty-three children were included in the study with an average age of 7.4 years (range 2-17 years). Fifty-two percent (52.2%) were female. The most common fracture site was the condyle, occurring in 16 children (70%). The indication for operative repair in all cases was malocclusion. The average duration of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with the novel IDS was 21 days (range 12-42 days). The average length of follow up was 1.6 years (range 3 months-11 years). All children had restored, functional occlusion at follow up with none requiring further orthodontic or dental intervention. Three children of the total cohort (13.0%) had prolonged hospitalization beyond 48 h for poor oral intake. Five children (21.7%) experienced minor long-term complications including persistent temporomandibular joint pain (n = 1, 4.3%), infection (n = 2, 8.7%), hypertrophic scar (n = 1, 4.3%) and exposure of hardware (n = 1, 4.3%). CONCLUSION: PMFs resulting in malocclusion are safely and effectively managed with operative repair utilizing a customizable IDS, with few observed short- and long-term complications.

Open reduction and internal fixation without rigid maxillomandibular fixation: evidence based or merely a surgical dictum? A comparative pilot study on 24 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the results and immediate postoperative complications following open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular fractures with or without postoperative maxillo-mandibular fixation MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study spanned over a period of 24 months, extending from October 2015 to October 2017. The study sample comprised 24 subjects between the age range of 18 to 65 years. They were randomly divided into two groups: Group A included subjects in whom open reduction and internal fixation was followed by maxilla-mandibular fixation for 15 days, and Group B subjects in whom only open reduction and internal fixation was done, followed by immediate mobilization. The outcomes evaluated were swelling, pain, simplified oral hygiene index and occlusion. The subjects were followed for all these outcomes on 1st, 7th and 15th days. The occlusion was assessed for 5 days. Any other intra/post-operative complications were additionally noted. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the groups for swelling, pain and occlusion. The patients with postoperative maxilla-mandibular fixation had poorer oral hygiene when compared to the other group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of maxilla-mandibular fixation post open reduction and internal fixation seems to offer no additional benefits to the patients. According to the results of the study, this traditional surgical dictum seems to be used by the surgeons due to the lack of any scientific evidence. However, further studies should be conducted to confirm this statement.

Noninvasive Management of Pediatric Isolated, Condylar Fractures: Less Is More?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine injury patterns in pediatric mandibular condylar fractures and to propose and evaluate the validity of an institutional treatment algorithm for such fractures. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on pediatric patients who presented to the authors' institution with isolated mandibular condylar fractures between 1990 and 2016. Patients were categorized by dentition, and information regarding demographics, injury characteristics, management, and complications was compiled. RESULTS: Forty-three patients with 50 mandibular condylar fractures were identified. Twelve patients (27.9 percent) had deciduous dentition, 15 (34.9 percent) had mixed dentition, and 16 (37.2 percent) had permanent dentition. The most common fracture pattern in all groups was diacapitular [n = 30 (60 percent)]; however, older groups showed higher rates of condylar base fractures and bilateral fractures (p = 0.029 and p = 0.011, respectively). Thirty-one patients (72.1 percent) were treated with nonoperative management, 10 (23.2 percent) with closed treatment and mandibulomaxillary fixation, and two (4.7 percent) with open treatment and mandibulomaxillary fixation; nonoperative treatment was more common in younger patients (p = 0.008). Management for 10 patients (23.2 percent) was nonadherent to the treatment algorithm. Eight patients had complications (18.6 percent). Common complications included temporomandibular joint ankylosis (n = 2) and malocclusion (n = 2). Although complications were seen in all groups, adherence to the algorithm was associated with an 81.8 percent reduction in odds of complications (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Nonoperative management has a low complication rate in deciduous children. Children with permanent/mixed dentition may undergo closed treatment and mandibulomaxillary fixation if they have malocclusion/contralateral open bite, significant condylar dislocation, and ramus height loss greater than 2 mm. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Open Surgery Versus Closed Treatment of Unilateral Mandibular Condyle Fractures.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of open surgery and closed treatment for unilateral moderately displaced mandibular condyle fractures. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines from inception to October, 2018. Inclusion criteria were based on humans randomized controlled trials in the English literature. Pertinent data were collected and the incidence of the complications was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies with 227 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in incidence of malocclusion (odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-1.46; P = 0.14). However, open surgery group had a better maximal mouth opening (WMD = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.93-5.71, P < 0.01), protrusion (WMD = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.42-1.89, P < 0.01) and sum of both laterotrusions (WMD: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.77-3.22, P < 0.01). And the incidence of temporomandibular joint pain was lower than closed treatment group (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06-0.37, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with closed treatment, open surgery has significant advantages in improving mouth opening and mandibular movement, and reducing the incidence of temporomandibular joint pain, provided that open surgery was a promising application in treatment of unilateral moderately displaced mandibular condyle fractures.

Temporomandibular joint function 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and six weeks of intermaxillary fixation.

INTRODUCTION: Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) is a classic method for immobilization of the mandible after mandibular fractures and corrective surgery. However, it has been suggested that IMF may be a risk for developing temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-related symptoms, especially when applied for longer periods. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical function of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and subsequent six weeks of IMF. The patients' self-reported TMJ and masticatory muscle symptoms were also addressed. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-six patients (24 women and 12 men) treated with intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies and subsequent six weeks of IMF, underwent a clinical examination of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after surgery and completed a five-item structured questionnaire reporting subjective TMJ-related symptoms. Mean age by the time of clinical examination was 34.1 years (range 27.2-59.8 years). The clinical outcome was registered according to the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were performed and level of significance was set to 5%. RESULTS: Mean maximum unassisted mouth opening 10-15 years after surgery was 50.1 mm, (range 38-70 mm, SE 1.2), statistically significantly greater in men compared to women (p=0.004). Mean Helkimo dysfunction group was 1.5 (range 1-3, SE 0.10). Eighty-one percent experienced pain on palpation in either the masseter muscle, temporal muscle or both, and 31% experienced pain when moving the mandible in one or more directions. Thirty-one percent reported pain from palpating the TMJs. In the questionnaire, none reported to have pain during chewing or mouth opening on a weekly or daily basis, but 22% reported difficulties with maximum opening of the mouth. CONCLUSION: Ten to fifteen years after mandibular setback surgery the patient's mandibular range of movement is good. Despite clinically recognizable symptoms, few patients reported having TMJ- or masticatory muscle-related symptoms in their daily life.

Temporomandibular joint function 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and six weeks of intermaxillary fixation

Abstract Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) is a classic method for immobilization of the mandible after mandibular fractures and corrective surgery. However, it has been suggested that IMF may be a risk for developing temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-related symptoms, especially when applied for longer periods. Objective: To evaluate the clinical function of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and subsequent six weeks of IMF. The patients' self-reported TMJ and masticatory muscle symptoms were also addressed. Methodology: Thirty-six patients (24 women and 12 men) treated with intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies and subsequent six weeks of IMF, underwent a clinical examination of TMJs and masticatory muscles 10-15 years after surgery and completed a five-item structured questionnaire reporting subjective TMJ-related symptoms. Mean age by the time of clinical examination was 34.1 years (range 27.2-59.8 years). The clinical outcome was registered according to the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were performed and level of significance was set to 5%. Results: Mean maximum unassisted mouth opening 10-15 years after surgery was 50.1 mm, (range 38-70 mm, SE 1.2), statistically significantly greater in men compared to women (p=0.004). Mean Helkimo dysfunction group was 1.5 (range 1-3, SE 0.10). Eighty-one percent experienced pain on palpation in either the masseter muscle, temporal muscle or both, and 31% experienced pain when moving the mandible in one or more directions. Thirty-one percent reported pain from palpating the TMJs. In the questionnaire, none reported to have pain during chewing or mouth opening on a weekly or daily basis, but 22% reported difficulties with maximum opening of the mouth. Conclusion: Ten to fifteen years after mandibular setback surgery the patient's mandibular range of movement is good. Despite clinically recognizable symptoms, few patients reported having TMJ- or masticatory muscle-related symptoms in their daily life.

Fracturas del tercio medio facial / Midface fractures

Introducción: las fracturas del tercio medio facial plantean un problema médico grave en cuanto a su complejidad, frecuencia e impacto socioeconómico. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre sus consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas del tercio medio facial. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en septiembre de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (25 revistas) y 2 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PubMed y ScieELO con los descriptores: maxillary fracture, treatment, lefort fracture. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 98 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 40. Análisis e integración de la información: el tercio medio muestra debilidad anatómica al estar formado por huesos esponjosos, con múltiples suturas y poco protegidos. Existen múltiples clasificaciones de estas fracturas y el diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos clínicos, siendo de importancia los oftalmológicos, que unidos a los de los medios auxiliares de diagnóstico, permiten escoger la modalidad terapéutica y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: las características anatómicas del tercio medio facial justifican la frecuencia y su repercusión de estas fracturas. El diagnóstico debe basarse en el interrogatorio, examen físico y los medios auxiliares de diagnóstico imaginológicos, fundamentalmente tomográficos. Al clasificar la fractura se puede establecer un plan de tratamiento basado en la valoración individual de cada caso con el objetivo de evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: midface fractures are a serious medical problem due to their complexity, frequency and socioeconomic impact. Objective: conduct a literature review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of midface fractures. Methods: A literature review was conducted in September 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Science (25 journals) and 2 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors maxillary fracture, treatment, lefort fracture. Papers written in English in the last five years were included. Of the 98 papers obtained, the study considered 40. Data analysis and integration: the middle third of the face is characterized by anatomical weakness, since it is formed by scantily protected spongy bone with multiple sutures. There are many classifications for midface fractures, and diagnosis is based on clinical findings, particularly ophthalmological, which alongside those of auxiliary diagnostic devices, make it possible to choose the most appropriate therapeutic mode and prevent complications. Conclusions: the anatomical characteristics of the facial middle third justify the frequency and impact of these fractures. Diagnosis should be based on interrogation, physical examination and the use of auxiliary diagnostic imaging, mainly tomography. Upon classification of the fracture, a treatment plan may be devised based on individual assessment of each case to prevent future complications(AU)

Fracturas del tercio medio facial / Midface fractures

Introducción: las fracturas del tercio medio facial plantean un problema médico grave en cuanto a su complejidad, frecuencia e impacto socioeconómico. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre sus consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas del tercio medio facial. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en septiembre de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (25 revistas) y 2 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PubMed y ScieELO con los descriptores: maxillary fracture, treatment, lefort fracture. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 98 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 40. Análisis e integración de la información: el tercio medio muestra debilidad anatómica al estar formado por huesos esponjosos, con múltiples suturas y poco protegidos. Existen múltiples clasificaciones de estas fracturas y el diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos clínicos, siendo de importancia los oftalmológicos, que unidos a los de los medios auxiliares de diagnóstico, permiten escoger la modalidad terapéutica y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: las características anatómicas del tercio medio facial justifican la frecuencia y su repercusión de estas fracturas. El diagnóstico debe basarse en el interrogatorio, examen físico y los medios auxiliares de diagnóstico imaginológicos, fundamentalmente tomográficos. Al clasificar la fractura se puede establecer un plan de tratamiento basado en la valoración individual de cada caso con el objetivo de evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: midface fractures are a serious medical problem due to their complexity, frequency and socioeconomic impact. Objective: conduct a literature review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of midface fractures. Methods: A literature review was conducted in September 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Science (25 journals) and 2 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors maxillary fracture, treatment, lefort fracture. Papers written in English in the last five years were included. Of the 98 papers obtained, the study considered 40. Data analysis and integration: the middle third of the face is characterized by anatomical weakness, since it is formed by scantily protected spongy bone with multiple sutures. There are many classifications for midface fractures, and diagnosis is based on clinical findings, particularly ophthalmological, which alongside those of auxiliary diagnostic devices, make it possible to choose the most appropriate therapeutic mode and prevent complications. Conclusions: the anatomical characteristics of the facial middle third justify the frequency and impact of these fractures. Diagnosis should be based on interrogation, physical examination and the use of auxiliary diagnostic imaging, mainly tomography. Upon classification of the fracture, a treatment plan may be devised based on individual assessment of each case to prevent future complications(AU)

Is it better to bend wires occlusally or apically during placement of arch bars for intermaxillary fixation?

We evaluated 78 patients who had intermaxillary fixation (IMF) of fractured mandibular condyles with arch bars and wires. Depending on whether the wires were bent apically or occlusally during placement of the arch bars, we randomly divided the patients into two groups (n=39 in each), then compared pain, satisfaction with oral hygiene, and complications between the groups at five to six weeks postoperatively when the arch bars were removed. Outcomes were significantly better in the occlusal group than in the apical group.

Fractura condílea / Condylar fracture

Introducción: el cóndilo representa un punto estructural débil en el esqueleto mandibular. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas condíleas. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en agosto de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (17 revistas), 2 libros y 1 CD. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con los descriptores: condilar fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 111 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 34. Análisis e integración de la información: las consideraciones anatómicas de la región condílea son un punto de partida en este tema. El diagnóstico se basa en el interrogatorio, examen físico y medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. La clasificación precisa permite escoger la modalidad terapéutica a emplear y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite precisar que hay razones anatómicas para la alta incidencia de las fracturas del proceso condilar mandibular. El primer objetivo del interrogatorio es obtener una historia exacta del paciente. El examen físico regional debe ser exhaustivo. La radiografía panorámica es una buena opción en el diagnóstico. El primer paso en el desarrollo de un plan de tratamiento es establecer qué tipo de lesión se ha sufrido para proporcionar una solución adecuada usando técnicas abiertas y cerradas, y evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: the condyle represents a weak structural point in the mandibular skeleton. Objective: to perform a bibliographic review on anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of condylar fractures. Methods: abibliographic review was carried out in August 2016. Journals of impact in the Web of Sciences (17 journals), 2 books and 1 CD were evaluated. The databases MedLine, PubMed and ScieELO were consulted with the descriptors: condylar fracture, treatment, and epidemiology. Articles in English were included, preferably from the last 5 years. 111 articles were obtained. The study was circumscribed to 34. Analysis and integration of information: the anatomical considerations of the condylar region are a starting point in this topic. The diagnosis is based on the interrogation, physical examination and diagnostic aids. Accurate classification allows choosing the therapeutic modality to be used and avoiding complications. Conclusions: the review of the literature makes it possible to specify that there are anatomical reasons for the high incidence of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. The first objective of the interrogation is to obtain an accurate history of the patient. The regional physical examination must be comprehensive. The panoramic radiograph is a good option for the diagnosis. The first step in the development of a treatment plan is to establish what type of injury has been suffered, in order to provide an adequate solution using open and closed techniques and avoid later complications(AU)

Fractura condílea / Condylar fracture

Introducción: el cóndilo representa un punto estructural débil en el esqueleto mandibular. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas condíleas. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en agosto de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (17 revistas), 2 libros y 1 CD. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con los descriptores: condilar fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 111 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 34. Análisis e integración de la información: las consideraciones anatómicas de la región condílea son un punto de partida en este tema. El diagnóstico se basa en el interrogatorio, examen físico y medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. La clasificación precisa permite escoger la modalidad terapéutica a emplear y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite precisar que hay razones anatómicas para la alta incidencia de las fracturas del proceso condilar mandibular. El primer objetivo del interrogatorio es obtener una historia exacta del paciente. El examen físico regional debe ser exhaustivo. La radiografía panorámica es una buena opción en el diagnóstico. El primer paso en el desarrollo de un plan de tratamiento es establecer qué tipo de lesión se ha sufrido para proporcionar una solución adecuada usando técnicas abiertas y cerradas, y evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: the condyle represents a weak structural point in the mandibular skeleton. Objective: to perform a bibliographic review on anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of condylar fractures. Methods: abibliographic review was carried out in August 2016. Journals of impact in the Web of Sciences (17 journals), 2 books and 1 CD were evaluated. The databases MedLine, PubMed and ScieELO were consulted with the descriptors: condylar fracture, treatment, and epidemiology. Articles in English were included, preferably from the last 5 years. 111 articles were obtained. The study was circumscribed to 34. Analysis and integration of information: the anatomical considerations of the condylar region are a starting point in this topic. The diagnosis is based on the interrogation, physical examination and diagnostic aids. Accurate classification allows choosing the therapeutic modality to be used and avoiding complications. Conclusions: the review of the literature makes it possible to specify that there are anatomical reasons for the high incidence of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. The first objective of the interrogation is to obtain an accurate history of the patient. The regional physical examination must be comprehensive. The panoramic radiograph is a good option for the diagnosis. The first step in the development of a treatment plan is to establish what type of injury has been suffered, in order to provide an adequate solution using open and closed techniques and avoid later complications(AU)

Fractura mandibular / Mandibular fracture

Introducción: las fracturas mandibulares son frecuentemente atendidas en cirugía bucal y maxilofacial. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas mandibulares. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de julio a agosto de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (35 revistas) y 3 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PubMed y ScieELO con los descriptores: mandibular fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 120 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 51. Análisis e integración de la información: las consideraciones anatómicas de la región mandibular son un punto de partida en este tema. El diagnóstico se basa en el interrogatorio, examen físico y medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. La clasificación precisa permite escoger la modalidad terapéutica a emplear y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite precisar que hay razones anatómicas para la alta incidencia de las fracturas de ángulo mandibular. El primer objetivo del interrogatorio es obtener una historia exacta del paciente. El examen físico regional debe realizarse de forma ordenada y precisa. La radiografía panorámica es una buena opción en el diagnóstico. El primer paso en el desarrollo de un plan de tratamiento es establecer qué tipo de lesión se ha sufrido para proporcionar una solución adecuada usando técnicas abiertas y cerradas, y evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: mandibular fractures are often treated by oral and maxillofacial surgery. Objective: conduct a bibliographic review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of mandibular fractures. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from July to August 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (35 journals) and 3 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors mandibular fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Papers written in English were included, preferably if published in the last five years. Of the 120 papers obtained, the study considered 51. Data analysis and integration: anatomical considerations about the mandibular region are a starting point in this topic. Diagnosis is based on interrogation, physical examination and auxiliary diagnostic means. An accurate classification makes it possible to choose the therapy to be used and prevent complications. Conclusions: the bibliographic review permitted to confirm that there exist anatomical reasons for the high incidence of mandibular angle fractures. The first goal of interrogation is to obtain an exact patient history. The regional physical examination should be performed in an orderly, accurate manner. Panoramic radiography is a good choice of diagnostic technique. The first step in developing a treatment plan is to determine the type of lesion so as to provide an appropriate solution based on open and closed techniques, thus avoiding later complications(AU)

Fractura mandibular / Mandibular fracture

Introducción: las fracturas mandibulares son frecuentemente atendidas en cirugía bucal y maxilofacial. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre consideraciones anatómicas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas mandibulares. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de julio a agosto de 2016. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (35 revistas) y 3 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PubMed y ScieELO con los descriptores: mandibular fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, preferentemente de los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 120 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 51. Análisis e integración de la información: las consideraciones anatómicas de la región mandibular son un punto de partida en este tema. El diagnóstico se basa en el interrogatorio, examen físico y medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. La clasificación precisa permite escoger la modalidad terapéutica a emplear y evitar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la revisión de la bibliografía permite precisar que hay razones anatómicas para la alta incidencia de las fracturas de ángulo mandibular. El primer objetivo del interrogatorio es obtener una historia exacta del paciente. El examen físico regional debe realizarse de forma ordenada y precisa. La radiografía panorámica es una buena opción en el diagnóstico. El primer paso en el desarrollo de un plan de tratamiento es establecer qué tipo de lesión se ha sufrido para proporcionar una solución adecuada usando técnicas abiertas y cerradas, y evitar complicaciones posteriores(AU)

Introduction: mandibular fractures are often treated by oral and maxillofacial surgery. Objective: conduct a bibliographic review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of mandibular fractures. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from July to August 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (35 journals) and 3 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors mandibular fracture, treatment, epidemiology. Papers written in English were included, preferably if published in the last five years. Of the 120 papers obtained, the study considered 51. Data analysis and integration: anatomical considerations about the mandibular region are a starting point in this topic. Diagnosis is based on interrogation, physical examination and auxiliary diagnostic means. An accurate classification makes it possible to choose the therapy to be used and prevent complications. Conclusions: the bibliographic review permitted to confirm that there exist anatomical reasons for the high incidence of mandibular angle fractures. The first goal of interrogation is to obtain an exact patient history. The regional physical examination should be performed in an orderly, accurate manner. Panoramic radiography is a good choice of diagnostic technique. The first step in developing a treatment plan is to determine the type of lesion so as to provide an appropriate solution based on open and closed techniques, thus avoiding later complications(AU)

Conservative treatment of a mandibular condyle fracture: Comparing intermaxillary fixation with screws or arch bar. A randomised clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: A mandibular condyle fracture can be treated conservatively by intermaxillary fixation (IMF) or by open reposition and internal fixation (ORIF). Many IMF-modalities can be chosen, including IMF-screws (IMFS). This prospective multi-centre randomised clinical trial compared the use of IMFS with the use of arch bars in the treatment of mandibular condyle fractures. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 50 patients (mean age: 31.8 years). Twenty-four (48%) patients were allocated in the IMFS group. Twenty-six (52%) patients were assigned to the arch bars group. In total 188 IMF-screws were used (5-12 screws per patient, mean 7.83 screws per patient). All pain scores were lower in the IMFS group. Three patients developed a malocclusion (IFMS-group: one patient, arch bars-group: two patients). Mean surgical time was significantly shorter in the IMFS group (59 vs. 126 min; p<0.001). There were no needlestick injuries (0%) in the IMFS group and eight (30.7%) in the arch bars group (p=0.003). One IMF-screw fractured on insertion (0.53%), one (0.53%) screw was inserted into a root. Six (3.2%) screws loosened spontaneously in four patients. Mucosal disturbances were seen in 22 patients, equally divided over both groups. CONCLUSION: Considering the advantages and the disadvantages of IMFS, and observing the results of this study, the authors conclude that IMFS provide a superior method for IMF. IMFS are safer for the patients and surgeons.

TMJ response to mandibular advancement surgery: an overview of risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: In order to understand the conflicting information on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathophysiologic responses after mandibular advancement surgery, an overview of the literature was proposed with a focus on certain risk factors. METHODS: A literature search was carried out in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in the period from January 1980 through March 2013. Various combinations of keywords related to TMJ changes [disc displacement, arthralgia, condylar resorption (CR)] and aspects of surgical intervention (fixation technique, amount of advancement) were used. A hand search of these papers was also carried out to identify additional articles. RESULTS: A total of 148 articles were considered for this overview and, although methodological troubles were common, this review identified relevant findings which the practitioner can take into consideration during treatment planning: 1- Surgery was unable to influence TMJ with preexisting displaced disc and crepitus; 2- Clicking and arthralgia were not predictable after surgery, although there was greater likelihood of improvement rather than deterioration; 3- The amount of mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation, and the rigidity of the fixation technique seemed to influence TMJ position and health; 4- The risk of CR increased, especially in identified high-risk cases. CONCLUSIONS: Young adult females with mandibular retrognathism and increased mandibular plane angle are susceptible to painful TMJ, and are subject to less improvement after surgery and prone to CR. Furthermore, thorough evidenced-based studies are required to understand the response of the TMJ after mandibular advancement surgery.

TMJ response to mandibular advancement surgery: an overview of risk factors

Objective: In order to understand the conflicting information on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathophysiologic responses after mandibular advancement surgery, an overview of the literature was proposed with a focus on certain risk factors. Methods: A literature search was carried out in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in the period from January 1980 through March 2013. Various combinations of keywords related to TMJ changes [disc displacement, arthralgia, condylar resorption (CR)] and aspects of surgical intervention (fixation technique, amount of advancement) were used. A hand search of these papers was also carried out to identify additional articles. Results: A total of 148 articles were considered for this overview and, although methodological troubles were common, this review identified relevant findings which the practitioner can take into consideration during treatment planning: 1- Surgery was unable to influence TMJ with preexisting displaced disc and crepitus; 2- Clicking and arthralgia were not predictable after surgery, although there was greater likelihood of improvement rather than deterioration; 3- The amount of mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation, and the rigidity of the fixation technique seemed to influence TMJ position and health; 4- The risk of CR increased, especially in identified high-risk cases. Conclusions: Young adult females with mandibular retrognathism and increased mandibular plane angle are susceptible to painful TMJ, and are subject to less improvement after surgery and prone to CR. Furthermore, thorough evidenced-based studies are required to understand the response of the TMJ after mandibular advancement surgery. .

[Intermaxillary intraoperative fixation of mandibular fractures: arch bars or fixation screws?]. / Blocage maxillo-mandibulaire peropératoire des fractures de mandibule : arcs ou vis de blocage ?

INTRODUCTION: The gold standard management of mandibular fractures is open reduction and osteosynthesis associated with intermaxillary fixation. The use of intermaxillary fixation screws for 20 years has considerably reduced the number of intermaxillary fixation with arch bars. The aim of our review was to identify current indications and contraindications of each technique. INTERMAXILLARY FIXATION TECHNIQUES: We present a short history and compare the two techniques with recently published assets, drawbacks, and complications. DISCUSSION: The indications of intermaxillary fixation screws are uni- or bifocal fractures without or with minimal displacement. Their use is contraindicated in any other type of fracture, which should still be treated with arch bar fixation.