Successful Management of Malignant Pericarditis Using Nivolumab for Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Esophageal cancer is a malignant disease with a poor prognosis and is one of the most common causes of cardiac metastasis. Malignant pericarditis may cause the repetitive accumulation of pericardial effusion, which can occasionally pose a clinical challenge. We herein report a case of malignant pericarditis in a patient with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with cardiac tamponade, which was successfully managed with single pericardial drainage and systemic nivolumab monotherapy. This is the first case report to suggest that systemic therapy with nivolumab is a promising option for the management of malignant pericarditis.

Effects of intrapericardial administration after catheter drainage on malignant pericardial effusion in non-small cell lung cancer: A real-world study.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pericardial effusion (MPE) is a serious complication of cancer that can be potentially deadly. It usually occurs in advanced or terminal stages of the disease, and as a result, patients with MPE often have a poor prognosis. There is a limited amount of research available that directly compares the effectiveness and safety of intrapericardial drug administration following pericardial drainage versus catheter drainage alone in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who have MPE. METHODS: We retrospectively included 86 patients with NSCLC with MPE at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. Survival and recurrence estimates were determined with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: We divided the 86 patients with NSCLC into two groups: a pericardial drainage group (34 out of 86, 39.5%) and an intrapericardial administration group (52 out of 86, 60.5%). The response rates were 70.6% and 76.9% (p = 0.510), respectively. The median OS was 132.0 and 234.0 days (p = 0.579), respectively. The median time to recurrent drainage was 43.0 and 104.0 days (p = 0.170), respectively. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was 44.1% and 61.5% (p = 0.113), respectively. The most frequent AEs were pain (27.9%) and fever (24.4%). Additionally, two patients in the intrapericardial administration group died of cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with catheter drainage alone, intrapericardial medication infusion during catheter drainage did not have significantly different effects. AEs require close monitoring and management.

Successful treatment with lenvatinib in a patient with thymic carcinoma presenting with cardiac tamponade: a case report and review of literature.

Thymic carcinoma (TC) presenting with cardiac tamponade has a poor prognosis because of the difficulty in controlling malignant pericardial effusion using conventional chemotherapy. Lenvatinib, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and other kinases, has recently been proven effective against TC. As the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling is effective in malignant pericardial effusion, lenvatinib may also be effective in TC presenting with cardiac tamponade. However, no reports have shown that lenvatinib is effective in such cases. Herein, we present a case of successful treatment with lenvatinib in a patient with TC presenting with cardiac tamponade. The present case suggests that lenvatinib should be considered an effective treatment option for such cases.

PD-1/L1 inhibitors may increase the risk of pericardial disease in non-small-cell lung cancer patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Background: The advent of PD-1/L1 inhibitors has changed the landscape for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Meanwhile, the adverse events of PD-1/L1 inhibitors have been focused. Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed and Embase databases and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to February 2021. Results: 18 studies involving 11,394 patients with NSCLC were included. PD-1/L1 inhibitor monotherapy was associated (relative risk, 95% confidence interval) with an increased risk of pericardial effusion (2.72 [1.45-5.12]; p = 0.002) and cardiac tamponade (2.76 [1.15-6.62]; p = 0.023), whereas PD-1/L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy did not increase the risk of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade (3.08 [0.93-10.21]; p = 0.066 and 3.27 [0.37-28.94]; p = 0.288, respectively). Conclusion: For patients with NSCLC, treatment with PD-1/L1 inhibitor monotherapy increases the risk of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, but PD-1/L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy do not.

In this study, the authors found that the incidence of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/L1 inhibitors was 0.63% and 0.35%, respectively, and in chemotherapy was 0.07% and less than 0.01%, respectively. The authors found that PD-1/L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy did not increase the risk of cardiac adverse events (AEs); however, the risk of cardiac AEs with PD-1/L1 inhibitor monotherapy should be considered, and the damage of pembrolizumab to the pericardium needs further attention. The mechanism of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade is not well understood, and pseudoprogression cannot be ruled out. Although the incidence of cardiac AEs is low, the prevention and management of immunotherapy should be paid attention to.

Rituximab therapy in pericarditis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

In rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis is commonly asymptomatic, but rarely, it progresses to a morbid complication, like cardiac tamponade or restrictive pericarditis. Current studies have indicated that conventional drugs have limited ability to reverse these lethal conditions. To date, invasive surgical measures remain the only definitive therapy for patients who are unresponsive to drugs. Recently, anti-tumor necrosis factor-α and anti-interleukin-1 antibody-based drugs have shown limited success. Consequently, given the importance of pericarditis, we need new treatment methods. Here, we describe a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and effusive pericarditis, which progressed to life-threatening cardiac tamponade. The patient responded very well to rituximab. Thus, rituximab represents a potential new therapy for this rarely treated complication of rheumatoid arthritis.

Efficacy of Short-Term Oral Prednisolone Treatment in the Management of Pericardial Effusion Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.

A standard treatment for pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade after pediatric cardiac surgery has not been established. We evaluated the efficacy of short-term oral prednisolone administration, which is the initial treatment for postoperative pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade at our institution. Between October 2008 and March 2020, 1429 pediatric cardiac surgeries were performed at our institution. 91 patients required postoperative treatment for pericardial effusion. 81 were treated with short-term oral prednisolone. Pericardial effusion was evaluated using serial echocardiography during diastole. Pericardial drainage was performed for patients with circumferential pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of ≥ 10 mm or signs of cardiac tamponade. Short-term oral prednisolone treatment was administered to patients with circumferential pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of < 10 mm or localized pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of ≥ 5 mm. Patients with localized pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of < 5 mm were observed. Prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 3 days, added as needed. Short-term oral prednisolone treatment was effective in 71 cases and 90% of patients were regarded as responders. The remaining patients were deemed non-responders who required pericardial drainage. Overall, 55 responders were deemed early responders whose pericardial effusion disappeared within 3 days. There were no cases of deaths, infections, or recurrence of pericardial effusion. The amount of drainage fluid on the day of surgery was higher in the non-responders. In conclusion, short-term oral prednisolone treatment is effective and safe for treating pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Malignant cardiac tamponade: safety and efficacy of intrapericardial bleomycin instillation.

BACKGROUND: Malignant cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt treatment and effective management to prevent recurrence. This paper describes safety and efficacy outcomes after intrapericardial instillation of bleomycin as well as possible predictors of survival. METHODS: We performed a 10-year retrospective, single-center study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intrapericardial instillation of bleomycin in patients with suspected malignant cardiac tamponade. RESULTS: Intrapericardial instillation of bleomycin was performed in 31 cancer patients (9 men, 22 women) presenting with cardiac tamponade. Non-fatal complications occurred in 3 patients and relapse occurred in 1 patient. Overall survival was less than 10% at the end of the study. Median survival was 104 days (95% CI, 0-251 days). Survival was compared between different groups (defined by primary tumor, type of tumor, TNM stage and results of cytological analysis) with median survival being considerably higher when oncologic therapy was altered afterwards. CONCLUSIONS: The use of intrapericardial bleomycin instillation following pericardiocentesis for malignant cardiac tamponade is a safe procedure with a high success rate. Survival rates depend on further oncological treatment options available.

A strategy of idarucizumab for pericardial tamponade during perioperative period of atrial fibrillation ablation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate theoptimal idarucizumab (dabigatran antagonist) usage strategy for patients with acute pericardial tamponade receiving uninterrupted dabigatran during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Ten patients presenting acute pericardial tamponade while receiving uninterrupted dabigatran during catheter ablation for AF in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2019 to July 2020 were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. A "wait and see" strategy of idarucizumab was carried out for all patients; in brief, idarucizumab was applied following pericardiocentesis, comprehensive evaluation of bleeding and hemostasis. RESULTS: There were five males, five paroxysmal AF, and the average age of the patients was 64.0 ± 9.8 years. Among the 10 patients, four were treated with dabigatran 110 mg, six were treated with dabigatran 150 mg, and one was simultaneously given clopidogrel. The average time from pericardial tamponade to the last dose of dabigatran was 8.2 ± 3.4 h. All patients underwent pericardiocentesis successfully, and the average drainage volume was 322.5 ml (220.0 ± 935.0 ml). For reversal anticoagulation, six patients received protamine, and five patients received idarucizumab. Of the five patients who were treated with idarucizumab, four presented exact hemostasis, except for one patient who underwent continuous drainage and finally received surgery repair. The average time to restart anticoagulation was 1.1 ± 0.3 days after the procedure, and no rebleeding, embolism or deaths were observed. CONCLUSION: The "wait and see" strategy of idarucizumab for acute pericardial tamponade during the perioperative period of catheter ablation for AF may be safe and feasible.

Post cardiac injury syndrome successfully treated with medications: a report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) is induced by myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery, as well as minor insults to the heart such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or insertion of a pacing lead. PCIS is characterized by pericarditis after injury to the heart. The relatively low incidence makes differential diagnosis of PCIS after PCI or implantation of a pacemaker a challenge. This report describes two typical cases of PCIS. CASE PRESENTATION: The first patient presented with signs of progressive cardiac tamponade that occurred two weeks after implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Echocardiography confirmed the presence of a moderate amount of newly-formed pericardial effusion. The second patient underwent PCI for the right coronary artery. However, despite an uneventful procedure, the patient experienced dyspnea, tightness of chest and cold sweats, and bradycardia two hours after the procedure. Echocardiography findings, which showed a moderate amount of newly-formed pericardial effusion, suggested acute cardiac tamponade, and compromised hemodynamics. Both patients recovered with medication. CONCLUSION: These cases illustrated that PCIS can occur after minor myocardial injury, and that the possibility of PCIS should be considered if there is a history of possible cardiac insult.

Early introduction of anakinra improves acute pericarditis and prevents tamponade in Staphylococcal sepsis.

The clinical response to anakinra observed by this patient concurrently treated with antibiotics indirectly confirms the potentially pathogenic role of IL-1 in maintaining the pericardial disease and shows how IL-1 blockade might allow avoiding the pericardiocentesis procedure. The report supports the hypothesis that anakinra is an effective and safe tool in the early treatment of acute pericarditis of presumed bacterial origin nonresponding to targeted antibiotic therapy.

Cardiac tamponade in a patient with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma treated with pembrolizumab.

Immunotherapy drugs are associated with a multitude of immune-related adverse events. We describe a case of cardiac tamponade in a patient with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, with almost 100% expression of PDL-1, treated with pembrolizumab. The patient is a 62-year-old male who developed worsening shortness of breath after five cycles of pembrolizumab. He was diagnosed with large pericardial effusion on computed tomography chest. Echocardiogram confirmed tamponade physiology. He was treated with discontinuation of pembrolizumab and urgent pericardial window followed by high dose prednisone with tapering. The patient responded very well to the treatment. We have comprehensively reviewed cases of pericardial effusion secondary to either immune mediated mechanisms or pseudoprogression.

Clinical experience of idarucizumab use in cases of cardiac tamponade under uninterrupted anticoagulation of dabigatran during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Anticoagulants are prescribed for prevention of thromboembolic events (TE) of atrial fibrillation (AF), however, their effects have a negative impact on disastrous bleeding outcomes. Idarucizumab was developed to reverse the anticoagulation effects of dabigatran. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of idarucizumab in the setting of progressive emergent bleeding events associated with catheter ablation (CA). Dabigatran is given uninterruptedly as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing CA of AF. The capacity of idarucizumab to reverse the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran in patients with cardiac tamponade associated with CA was examined by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), active clotting time (ACT), and prothrombin international normalizing ratio (PT-INR). The primary endpoint was effective hemostasis. This analysis included 21 patients receiving idarucizumab, given for restoration of hemostasis. In all 21 patients, hemostasis was restored at a median of 205.6 ± 14.8 min. Normal intraoperative cessation of bleeding was reported in 16 patients, and completion of hemostasis was also ascertained in the remaining four within 5 h. No TEs occurred within 72 h after the idarucizumab administration. Despite a significant reduction in the aPTT and ACT, no significant change was observed in PT-INR after administering idarucizumab. In emergency situations, idarucizumab was able to reverse dabigatran within a relatively short period without any serious adverse events.

Management of cardiac tamponade during nivolumab of lung cancer with intrapericardial bleomycin: case report.

Immuno-checkpoint inhibitor response and immune-related adverse events remain controversial issues. Managing pericardial effusion during programmed cell death 1 inhibitor treatment is challenging. Here, we report a case of successfully managed cardiac tamponade caused by nivolumab-induced pseudoprogression. A 62-year-old male diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma started on nivolumab. Seven days later, he experienced cardiac tamponade and required pericardiocentesis, and other lesions were larger on computed tomography. The patient's condition stabilized after pericardiocentesis. However, although the lesions other than pericardial effusion were reduced on chest CT, cardiac tamponade recurred after 6 weeks. We considered that the case involved cardiac tamponade induced by pseudoprogression and administered intrapericardial bleomycin after pericardiocentesis. Thereafter, the patient was administered nivolumab for 7 months until disease progression.

Successful Treatment of Cardiac Tamponade with Corticosteroids After Surgical Myocardial Revascularization: Case Report.

AIM: The aim of this case report is to show the significance of the cardiac tamponade, it's timely diagnosis and to present the unusual approach of the treatment. That was conducted with corticosteroids when the surgical procedure gave no results in rare cases like this. CASE REPORT: This paper presents the case of a man aged 72 years with a verified tamponade of pericardium. A large pericardial effusion with tamponade signs was verified by ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) of the chest in a hemodynamically stable patient, and in the inability to evacuate the same, with pericardial fenestration, was successfully treated with corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: A large pericardial effusion with the signs of tamponade verified by echocardiography and computerized tomography, in hemodynamically stable patient, and in the inability to evacuate the same by fenestration, was treated successfully with corticosteroids.

Cardiac tamponade as an initial presentation for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease which follows a relapsing and remitting course that can manifest in any organ system. While classic manifestations consist of arthralgia, myalgia, frank arthritis, a malar rash and renal failure to name a few, cardiac tamponade, however, is a far less common and far more dangerous presentation. We highlight the case of a 61year-old male with complaints of acute onset shortness of breath and generalized body aches associated with a fever and chills in the ER. A bedside echocardiogram revealed a significant pericardial effusion concerning for pericardial tamponade. An emergent pericardiocentesis performed drained 800mL of serosanguinous fluid. While denying a history of any rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, or seizures, his physical examination did reveal metacarpal phalangeal joint swelling along with noted pulsus paradoxus of 15-200mmHg. Subsequent lab work revealed ANA titer of 1:630 and anti-DS DNA antibody level of 256IU/mL consistent with SLE. This case highlights cardiac tamponade as a rare but life-threatening presentation for SLE and raises the need to keep it in the differential when assessing patients presenting with pertinent exam findings.