Comparison of the efficacy of taxanes with carboplatin and anthracyclines with taxanes in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage II-III triple negative breast cancer: a retrospective analysis.

PURPOSE: The neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) regimen for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) primarily consists of anthracyclines and taxanes, and the addition of platinum-based drugs can further enhance the efficacy. However, it is also accompanied by more adverse events, and considering the potential severe and irreversible toxicity of anthracyclines, an increasing number of studies are exploring nonanthracycline regimens that combine taxanes and platinum-based drugs. METHODS: The retrospective study included 273 stage II-III TNBC patients who received NACT. The AT group, consisting of 195 (71.4%) patients, received a combination of anthracyclines and taxanes, while the TCb group, consisting of 78 (28.6%) patients, received a combination of taxanes and carboplatin. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors influencing pathological complete response (pCR) and residual cancer burden (RCB). The log-rank test was used to assess the differences in event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) among the different treatment groups. Cox regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the factors influencing EFS and OS. RESULTS: After NACT and surgery, the TCb group had a higher rate of pCR at 44.9%, as compared to the AT group at 31.3%. The difference between the two groups was 13.6% (OR = 0.559, 95% CI 0.326-0.959, P = 0.035). The TCb group had a 57.7% rate of RCB 0-1, which was higher than the AT group's rate of 42.6%. The difference between the two groups was 15.1% (OR = 0.543, 95% CI 0.319-0.925, P = 0.024), With a median follow-up time of 40 months, the TCb group had better EFS (log-rank, P = 0.014) and OS (log-rank, P = 0.040) as compared to the AT group. Clinical TNM stage and RCB grade were identified as independent factors influencing EFS and OS, while treatment group was identified as an independent factor influencing EFS, with a close-to-significant impact on OS. CONCLUSION: In stage II-III triple TNBC patients, the NACT regimen combining taxanes and carboplatin yields higher rates of pCR and significant improvements in EFS and OS as compared to the regimen combining anthracyclines and taxanes.

Crafting Docetaxel-Loaded Albumin Nanoparticles Through a Novel Thermal-Driven Self-Assembly/Microfluidic Combination Technology: Formulation, Process Optimization, Stability, and Bioavailability.

Background: The commercial docetaxel (DTX) formulation causes severe side effects due to polysorbate 80 and ethanol. Novel surfactant-free nanoparticle (NP) systems are needed to improve bioavailability and reduce side effects. However, controlling the particle size and stability of NPs and improving the batch-to-batch variation are the major challenges. Methods: DTX-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (DTX-BSA-NPs) were prepared by a novel thermal-driven self-assembly/microfluidic technology. Single-factor analysis and orthogonal test were conducted to obtain the optimal formulation of DTX-BSA-NPs in terms of particle size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL). The effects of oil/water flow rate and pump pressure on the particle size, EE, and DL were investigated to optimize the preparation process of DTX-BSA-NPs. The drug release, physicochemical properties, stability, and pharmacokinetics of NPs were evaluated. Results: The optimized DTX-BSA-NPs were uniform, with a particle size of 118.30 nm, EE of 89.04%, and DL of 8.27%. They showed a sustained release of 70% over 96 hours and an increased stability. There were some interactions between the drug and excipients in DTX-BSA-NPs. The half-life, mean residence time, and area under the curve (AUC) of DTX-BSA-NPs increased, but plasma clearance decreased when compared with DTX. Conclusion: The thermal-driven self-assembly/microfluidic combination method effectively produces BSA-based NPs that improve the bioavailability and stability of DTX, offering a promising alternative to traditional formulations.

Taxane combined with lobaplatin or anthracycline for neoadjuvant chemotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized, controlled, phase II study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the addition of platinum to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) improved outcomes for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, no studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of the combination of taxane and lobaplatin. In this study, we conducted a randomized controlled phase II clinical study to compare the efficacy and safety of taxane combined with lobaplatin or anthracycline. METHODS: We randomly allocated patients with stage I-III TNBC into Arm A and Arm B. Arm A received six cycles of taxane combined with lobaplatin (TL). Arm B received six cycles of taxane combined with anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (TEC) or eight cycles of anthracycline combined with cyclophosphamide and sequential use of taxane (EC-T). Both Arms underwent surgery after NAC. The primary endpoint was the pathologic complete response (pCR). Secondary endpoints were event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients (51 in Arm A and 52 in Arm B) were assessed. The pCR rate of Arm A was significantly higher than that of Arm B (41.2% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.028). Patients with positive lymph nodes and low neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) benefited significantly more from Arm A than those with negative lymph nodes and high NLR (Pinteraction = 0.001, Pinteraction = 0.012, respectively). There was no significant difference in EFS (P = 0.895) or OS (P = 0.633) between the two arms. The prevalence of grade-3/4 anemia was higher in Arm A (P = 0.015), and the prevalence of grade-3/4 neutropenia was higher in Arm B (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant taxane plus lobaplatin has shown better efficacy than taxane plus anthracycline, and both regimens have similar toxicity profiles. This trial may provide a reference for a better combination strategy of immunotherapy in NAC for TNBC in the future.

Pathological and clinical outcomes following neoadjuvant dual HER2 therapy for early-stage breast cancer: An Australian institutional real-world experience.

AIM: There has been significant progress made in developing novel targeted therapies in the neoadjuvant setting for non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, which may be used in combination with conventional chemotherapy to optimise pathological responses at surgery. However, these therapies, particularly the chemotherapeutic components, may portend significant and long-lasting toxicity. Hence, de-escalation of treatment intensity has been an area of interest and was evaluated in the phase II NeoSphere study. Herein, we report the real-world pathological and survival outcomes from neoadjuvant taxane and dual HER2 blockade recorded at our centre. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients receiving neoadjuvant pertuzumab, trastuzumab and taxane chemotherapy for non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer at a single centre in Sydney, Australia. We collected data pertaining to baseline demographic characteristics, pathological response rates, post-surgical prescribing patterns and also undertook survival analyses for invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) as well as exploratory analyses for correlations between pre-specified clinicopathologic factors and pathological response at surgery. RESULTS: Our population was largely similar at baseline to the NeoSphere study. 71 patients were included in the final analysis. 61% achieved a pathological complete response (pCR). Three patients received conventional chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. 92% of included patients were alive and disease-free at 3 years of follow-up. Only 3 events of recurrence or death were recorded at a median follow-up of 32 months. No significant difference in iDFS was noted between patients achieving pCR and those with residual disease at surgery. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that de-escalated adjuvant treatment for HER2-positive early breast cancer achieved favourable pathological and long-term outcomes comparable to large trials, some utilising more intensive chemotherapeutic components.

Comparison of anthracycline-containing and anthracycline-free regimens in neoadjuvant HER-2 positive breast cancer treatment.

While some clinics have adopted abbreviated neoadjuvant treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer, there remains a shortage of comprehensive clinical data to support this practice. This is a retrospective, multicenter study. A total of 142 patients were included in the study who are HER2-positive breast cancer, aged ≤ 65 years, with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 50%, received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and underwent surgery at 10 different oncology centers in Türkiye between October 2016 and December 2022. The treatment arms were divided into 4-6 cycles of docetaxel/trastuzumab/pertuzumab for arm A, 4 cycles of adriamycin/cyclophosphamide followed by 4 cycles of taxane/TP for arm B. There were 50 patients (35.2%) in arm A and 92 patients (64.8%) in arm B. The median follow-up of all of the patients was 19.9 months (95% CI 17.5-22.3). The 3-year DFS rates for treatment arms A and B were 90.0% and 83.8%, respectively, and the survival outcomes between the groups were similar (p = 0.34). Furthermore, the pathologic complete response rates were similar in both treatment arms, at 50.0% and 51.1%, respectively (p = 0.90). This study supports shortened neoadjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, a common practice in some clinics.

Efficacy and safety of eribulin mesylate in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracycline/taxanes.

BACKGROUND: This prospective real-world study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of eribulin in the clinical practice against advanced breast cancer (ABC) in China. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, eligible patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who had experienced prior neo-/adjuvant or failed the palliative treatment with anthracycline/taxanes were included. Eribulin (1.4 mg/m2) was infused intravenously on Day 1 and Day 8 every 3 weeks until disease progression or intolerable toxicity occurred. The progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety of the treatment were assessed. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four patients were enrolled. The median PFS (mPFS) was 4.3 months (95% CI: 0.3-15.4). The ORR and DCR was 32.1% and 79.1%, respectively. The mPFS of patients who received eribulin as first- or second-line treatment was significantly better than those who received eribulin as ≥3-line treatment (6.9 months [95% CI: 3.2-8.8] vs. 4.0 months [95% CI: 3.4-4.6], p = 0.006). The mPFS of patients with triple-negative, HER2-positive, and HER2(-)/HR(+) was 3.4 (95% CI: 2.7-4.1), 6.2 (95% CI: 2.3-10.1) and 5.0 months (95% CI: 4.1-5.9), respectively. HER2(+) patients had significantly longer PFS than TNBC patients (p = 0.022). Patients received combination therapy had a significantly longer mPFS than those who received eribulin monotherapy (5.0 months [95% CI 3.6-6.3] vs. 4.0 months [95% CI: 3.3-4.7] [p = 0.016]). Multivariate analysis revealed that MBC patients with a molecular typing of non-TNBC receiving eribulin as ≤2-line therapy and combination therapy had a low risk of disease progression. Neutropenia (33.58%), leukopenia (11.94%), and thrombocytopenia (4.48%) were the most common treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Eribulin demonstrated effective clinical activity and a favorable tolerability profile in Chinese patients with ABC in the real-world. The efficacy and safety profile were consistent with those reported in previous randomized phase 3 trials.

Neoadjuvant Treatment for a cT4cN+ HER2+ Breast Cancer: Case Report of a Therapeutic Success.

BACKGROUND: HER2 positive disease accounts for 15-20% of early breast cancer. Achieving a pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) improves prognosis and decreases risk of recurrence. CASE REPORT: Our case report aimed to highlight an emblematic clinical success and benefit of NACT with the addition of pertuzumab to the standard trastuzumab/taxane/anthracycline combination in a patient with a 9 cm breast neoplasm and extensive lymph node involvement (>4 pathological lymph nodes). CONCLUSION: Achieving a complete pathological response with NACT, should be the main goal, especially in patients with triple negative and HER2 positive breast cancer.

Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer Harboring Homologous Recombination Repair Mutations.

BACKGROUND: There is currently limited literature assessing the real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) mutations. METHODS: Medical charts were abstracted for mCRPC patients with ≥ 1 of 12 HRR somatic gene alterations treated at US oncology centers participating in the American Association for Cancer Research Project Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange. Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes were assessed from the initiation of first-line or later (1L+) mCRPC therapy received on or after July 1, 2014. RESULTS: Among 138 patients included in the study, the most common somatic HRR mutations were CDK12 (47.8%), BRCA2 (22.5%), and ATM (21.0%). Novel hormonal therapy and taxane chemotherapy were most commonly used in 1L; taxane use increased in later lines. Median overall survival (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 36.3 (30.7-47.8) months from initiation of 1L therapy and decreased for subsequent lines. Similarly, there was a trend of decreasing progression-free survival and prostate-specific antigen response from 1L to 4L+ therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment patterns identified in this study were similar to those among patients with mCRPC regardless of tumor HRR mutation status in the literature.

A signature of circulating miRNAs predicts the prognosis and therapeutic outcome of taxane/platinum regimen in advanced ovarian carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is ranked as the eighth most lethal gynecological cancer due to late diagnosis and high recurrence. Existing biomarkers are lacking to predict the recurrence and stratify patients who are likely to benefit from chemotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are persistently present in humans and are capable of predicting treatment outcomes. Thus, the purpose of the study was to assess the potential of circulatory miRNAs to predict the efficacy of OC. METHODS: Newly diagnosed n = 208 OC patients were administrated neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy (taxane + platinum) after surgery. Their demographic, gynecologic, clinical parameters, response, and survival were recorded. MiR-27a, miR-182, miR-199a, miR-214, and miR-591 were taken and the expression were analyzed using real-time PCR at different treatment intervals. Further, its prognostic value (Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analysis) and diagnostic importance (receiver operating characteristic curve) were validated. RESULT: The mean age of patients with poorly differentiated (45.2%) serous OC was 48.69 ± 10.38. The majority experienced menarche at ≥ 12 (62.2%) with poor menstrual hygiene (81.8%) and were post-menopausal (69.4%), some were associated with high risk of survival (HR = > 1). MiRNA signature showed three over-expression and two under-expression (miR-27a, miR-182, and miR-214; miR-199a and miR-591) in advanced OC compared to the control (P= < 0.05). Also, a significant difference was detected at each time interval of treatment with the response (P = ≤ 0.001) associated with resistance and overall survival (P = ≤ 0.001) with risk (HR = > 1). ROC analysis showed enhanced the diagnostics accuracy (< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that circulating miRNAs might be a potential minimally invasive diagnostic marker for treatment outcome and recurrence in ovarian carcinoma.

Long-Term Outcomes of S-1 Combined With Low-Dose Docetaxel as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (N-1 Study, Phase II Trial) in Patients With Operable Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that S-1 and low-dose docetaxel (DOC) (N-1 study, phase II trial) could be a well-tolerated and effective neoadjuvant chemotherapies (NACs) for patients with operable breast cancer. Herein, we analyzed the long-term outcomes and developed clinicopathological and molecular predictors of pathological complete response (pCR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-three patients received S-1 (40 mg/m2 orally on days 1-14) and DOC (40 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1) every 3 weeks for 4 to 8 cycles. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed for each population with a pCR status. To assess the relationship between pCR and clinicopathological factors such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs, 1+ <10%, 2+ 10%-50%, and 3+ >50%) and nuclear grade (NG), microarray was used to compare the microRNA profiles of the pCR and non-pCR groups using core needle biopsy specimens. RESULTS: With a median follow-up duration of 99.0 (range, 9.0-129.0) months, the 5-year DFS and OS rates were 80.7% and 90.9%, respectively. The 5-year OS rate of the pCR group was significantly better than that of the non-pCR group (100% vs. 86.2%, p = .0176). Specifically, in triple-negative patients, the difference was significant (100% vs. 60.0%, p = .0224). Multivariate analysis revealed that high TILs (≥2-3+) and NG 2-3 independently predicted pCR. Microarray data revealed that 3 miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-196a-5p, and miR-196b-5p) were significantly upregulated in the pCR group. CONCLUSION: Our NAC regimen achieved favorable long-term outcomes and significantly improved OS in the pCR group. High TILs, NG 2-3, and some miRNAs may be predictors of pCR.

Effectiveness and safety of primary prophylaxis of G-CSF during chemotherapy for prostate cancer, Japanese clinical guideline for appropriate use of G-CSF: clinical practice guidelines for the use of G-CSF 2022.

BACKGROUND: Docetaxel (DTX) is commonly used as a primary chemotherapy, and cabazitaxel (CBZ) has shown efficacy in patients who are DTX resistant. Primary prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy is currently used with CBZ treatment in routine clinical care in Japan. METHODS: In this study, we performed a systematic review following the Minds guidelines to investigate the effectiveness and safety of primary prophylaxis with G-CSF during chemotherapy for prostate cancer and to construct G-CSF guidelines for primary prophylaxis use during chemotherapy. A comprehensive literature search of various electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ichushi) was performed on January 10, 2020, to identify studies published between January 1990 and December 31, 2019 that investigate the impact of primary prophylaxis with G-CSF during CBZ administration on clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Ultimately, nine articles were included in the qualitative systematic review. Primary G-CSF prophylaxis during CBZ administration for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was difficult to assess in terms of correlation with overall survival, mortality from infection, and patients' quality of life. These difficulties were owing to the lack of randomized controlled trials comparing patients with and without primary prophylaxis of G-CSF during CBZ administration. However, some retrospective studies have suggested that it may reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSION: G-CSF may be beneficial as primary prophylaxis during CBZ administration for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, and we made a "weak recommendation to perform" with an annotation of the relevant regimen.

Correlation between trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) expression and pathological complete response in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab.

PURPOSE: The prognostic and predictive role of trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) overexpression in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2-positive) breast cancer is currently unknown. We retrospectively analyzed Trop-2 expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic features and pathological complete response (pCR) in HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC) patients treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab in the PHERGain study. METHODS: Trop-2 expression at baseline was determined in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumor biopsies by immunohistochemistry and was first classified into expressing (Trop-2-positive) or not-expressing (Trop-2-negative) tumors. Then, it was classified by histochemical score (H-score) according to its intensity into low (0-9), intermediate (10-49), and high (≥ 50). The association between clinicopathologic features, pCR, and Trop-2 expression was performed with Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Forty-one patients with tissue evaluable for Trop-2 expression were included, with 28 (68.3%) Trop-2-positive tumors. Overall, 17 (41.46%), 14 (34.15%), and 10 (24.40%) tumors were classified as low, intermediate, and high, respectively. Trop-2 expression was significantly associated with decreased pCR rates (50.0% vs. 92.3%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% CI, 0.002-0.360]; p adjusted = 0.01) but was not correlated with any clinicopathologic features (p ≥ 0.05). Tumors with the highest Trop-2 H-score were less likely to obtain a pCR (OR 0.03; 95% CI, 0.001-0.290, p adjusted < 0.01). This association was confirmed in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a potential role of Trop-2 expression as a biomarker of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus dual HER2 blockade and may become a strategic target for future combinations in HER2-positive EBC patients.

Assessment of hair loss and skin changes during treatment in Asian breast cancer patients: A prospective cohort study.

With the increasing number of young breast cancer (BC) patients worldwide, concerns about hair loss and skin change persist among BC survivors. This study aimed to evaluate the hair loss and skin changes in Asian BC patients and to compare them according to the treatment regimens. This study enrolled 322 patients scheduled to undergo BC surgery. Hair loss and skin changes were assessed at the following two time points: one day before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Patients who had received systemic anticancer treatment before surgery were assigned to the neoadjuvant treatment group, while patients who were scheduled to receive systemic anticancer treatment were assigned to the adjuvant treatment group. In the adjuvant treatment group, patients with taxane-based chemotherapy had significantly higher odds of increased hair loss, a higher melanin index, and an increased volume of wrinkles (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0110, and p = 0.0371, respectively). In the neoadjuvant treatment group, hair loss was reversed in most patients at 6 months after surgery. Clinicians should inform BC patients about the potential for hair loss and skin changes and provide supportive care to mitigate the effects on the patients' quality of life.

Trastuzumab and first-line taxane chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients with a HER2-negative tumor and HER2-positive circulating tumor cells: a phase II trial.

PURPOSE: HER2 overexpressing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are observed in up to 25% of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer patients. Since targeted anti-HER2 therapy has drastically improved clinical outcomes of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, we hypothesized that patients with HER2 overexpressing CTCs might benefit from the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy. METHODS: In this single-arm, phase II trial, patients with HER2-positive CTCs received trastuzumab as addition to first-line treatment with taxane chemotherapy. Patients with detectable CTCs but without HER2 overexpression that received taxane chemotherapy only, were used as control group. The primary outcome measure was progression-free rate at 6 months (PFR6), with a target of 80%. In November 2022, the study was terminated early due to slow patient accrual. RESULTS: 63 patients were screened, of which eight patients had HER2-positive CTCs and were treated with trastuzumab. The median number of CTCs was 15 per 7.5 ml of blood (range 1-131) in patients with HER2-positive CTCs, compared to median 5 (range 1-1047) in the control group. PFR6 was 50% in the trastuzumab group and 54% in the taxane monotherapy group, with no significant difference in median PFS (8 versus 9 months, p = 0.51). CONCLUSION: No clinical benefit of trastuzumab was observed, although this study was performed in a limited number of patients. Additionally, we observed a strong correlation between the number of evaluable CTCs and the presence of HER2-positive CTCs. We argue that randomized studies investigating agents that are proven to be solely effective in the HER2-positive patient group in patients with HER2-positive CTCs and HER2-negative tissue are currently infeasible. Several factors contribute to this impracticality, including the need for more stringent thresholds, and the rapidly evolving landscape of cancer treatments.

Biweekly vs Triweekly Cabazitaxel in Older Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The CABASTY Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Many patients 65 years or older with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are denied taxane chemotherapy because this treatment is considered unsuitable. Objective: To determine whether biweekly cabazitaxel (CBZ), 16 mg/m2 (biweekly CBZ16), plus prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) at each cycle reduces the risk of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications (eg, febrile neutropenia, neutropenic infection, or sepsis) compared with triweekly CBZ, 25 mg/m2 (triweekly CBZ25), plus G-CSF (standard regimen). Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 196 patients 65 years or older with progressive mCRPC were enrolled in this prospective phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted in France (18 centers) and Germany (7 centers) between May 5, 2017, and January 7, 2021. All patients had received docetaxel and at least 1 novel androgen receptor-targeted agent. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive biweekly CBZ16 plus G-CSF and daily prednisolone (experimental group) or triweekly CBZ25 plus G-CSF and daily prednisolone (control group). Main Outcome and Measures: The primary end point was the occurrence of grade 3 or higher neutropenia measured at nadir and/or neutropenic complications. Results: Among 196 patients (97 in the triweekly CBZ25 group and 99 in the biweekly CBZ16 group), the median (IQR) age was 74.6 (70.4-79.3) years, and 181 (92.3%) had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. The median (IQR) follow-up duration was 31.3 (22.5-37.5) months. Relative dose intensities were comparable between groups (median [IQR], 92.7% [83.7%-98.9%] in the triweekly CBZ25 group vs 92.8% [87.0%-98.9%] in the biweekly CBZ16 group). The rate of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications was significantly higher with triweekly CBZ25 vs biweekly CBZ16 (60 of 96 [62.5%] vs 5 of 98 [5.1%]; odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.08; P < .001). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were more common with triweekly CBZ25 (70 of 96 [72.9%]) vs biweekly CBZ16 (55 of 98 [56.1%]). One patient (triweekly CBZ25 group) died of a neutropenic complication. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, compared with the standard regimen, biweekly CBZ16 plus G-CSF significantly reduced by 12-fold the occurrence of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications, with comparable clinical outcomes. The findings suggest that biweekly CBZ16 regimen should be offered to patients 65 years or older with mCRPC for whom the standard regimen is unsuitable. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02961257.

Cryothérapie et prévention des neuropathies périphériques induites par l'administration des taxanes / Cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy

INTRODUCTION: Plusieurs tumeurs solides sont traitées par des molécules de chimiothérapie, y compris celles appartenant à la famille des taxanes. Ces molécules peuvent provoquer des effets secondaires non négligeables, particulièrement des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques induits par la chimiothérapie (NPIC). Ces symptômes se traduisent par des troubles de la sensibilité et des troubles moteurs ainsi que des douleurs aux membres supérieurs et inférieurs. L'impact est important sur la qualité de vie des patients. L'incidence des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques se situe entre 30 et 70 % selon la molécule de chimiothérapie administrée, et aucun traitement médical préventif n'a montré d'efficacité à les prévenir ou à les traiter. Certaines équipes de soins en oncologie recourent à des interventions non pharmacologiques pour prévenir les effets neurotoxiques de la chimiothérapie. La cryothérapie, l'une des méthodes employées, consiste à refroidir les mains et les pieds par l'entremise de mitaines refroidies durant les perfusions de chimiothérapie, notamment de taxanes. Le but de cette intervention est de réduire la quantité du flux sanguin aux extrémités et ainsi de prévenir la neurotoxicité. La Direction adjointe du Programme québécois de cancérologie (PQC) et la Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) ont demandé à l'Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) de produire un état des connaissances et d'indiquer la position respective des sociétés savantes sur l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par les taxanes. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Afin de répondre à ce mandat, une recherche de la littérature scientifique et grise a été effectuée en ciblant les revues systématiques, avec ou sans méta-analyse, les études primaires (essais cliniques à répartition aléatoire ou non), les études de cohortes ainsi que les guides de pratique clinique. Les résumés de conférences ainsi que les études narratives ont été exclus. Les constats retenus ont été présentés et discutés avec le Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux et ont ensuite été révisés par des lecteurs externes. PRINCIPAUX CONSTATS: En se basant sur la documentation scientifique disponible au moment de la rédaction et sur les consultations menées, les constats suivants sont formulés. Contexte et besoin de santé: La toxicité des nerfs périphériques induite par la chimiothérapie est un phénomène fréquent qui touche de 30 à 70 % des patients qui reçoivent une chimiothérapie. Elle se traduit par des paresthésies et parfois des troubles moteurs (troubles de la dextérité, crampes, faiblesse musculaire) qui peuvent être majeurs chez quelques patients. Certains d'entre eux peuvent avoir des séquelles à long terme. La sévérité de ces symptômes a un impact considérable sur la qualité de vie des personnes traitées par la chimiothérapie, y compris par les taxanes. Elle peut même conduire à la réduction des doses de chimiothérapie requises, au retard ou à l'arrêt du traitement oncologique. Neurotoxicité et cryothérapie: Le paclitaxel et le docétaxel sont deux molécules appartenant à la famille des taxanes qui ont un potentiel neurotoxique élevé. Elles sont fréquemment administrées pour traiter de nombreux types de tumeurs solides. L'utilisation de la cryothérapie pour prévenir la neurotoxicité s'inspire des résultats positifs obtenus par l'usage de casques réfrigérants en prévention de l'alopécie durant l'administration de certaines chimiothérapies et par l'utilisation du froid (mitaines et chaussettes réfrigérantes) pour réduire la toxicité unguéale. Sur ce même principe, des équipes de cliniciens de plusieurs pays utilisent des dispositifs, notamment des gants et des chaussettes réfrigérés, appliqués aux extrémités durant les cycles de traitement oncologique dans le but de prévenir les effets toxiques de la chimiothérapie au niveau des nerfs périphériques. Appréciation du niveau de la preuve Scientifique: Les publications de bonne qualité méthodologique sur le sujet sont peu nombreuses. Onze ont été retenues, dont cinq sont à répartition aléatoire, sans insu et portant sur un faible nombre de patients. Les objectifs visés par la cryothérapie ont été faiblement atteints dans les études recensées, et la significativité clinique de la preuve scientifique est incertaine. Les études rapportées sont entachées de nombreuses limites méthodologiques pouvant mener à un risque de biais très élevé, ce qui rend difficile l'interprétation des résultats : manque de cohérence, de crédibilité et de fiabilité. Efficacité et innocuité: Les données disponibles, provenant d'études de qualité méthodologique faible, ne permettent pas de conclure à propos de: -l'efficacité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par la chimiothérapie; - l'innocuité de la cryothérapie ainsi que la tolérance des patients à l'égard de ce traitement préventif, lequel exige d'être exposé au froid parfois pendant la durée de l'administration. Par contre, les effets secondaires associés à la cryothérapie semblent peu fréquents et de faible intensité dans les quelques études qui les ont évalués. Bien qu'aucune étude n'ait rapporté de cas d'engelure, l'intolérance au froid a été signalée dans six études sur onze et a causé plusieurs cas d'attrition. Il n'a pas été observé d'arrêt de la cryothérapie dans les autres études. La plupart des auteurs mentionnent qu'il serait important de faire des études méthodologiquement plus robustes pour bien évaluer l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour la prévention des neuropathies périphériques (NP) induites par les taxanes. Lignes directrices et études en cours: Le seul guide de pratique clinique repéré indique qu'aucune recommandation ne peut être formulée quant à l'usage de diverses options pharmacologiques et non pharmacologiques de prévention des neuropathies des nerfs périphériques, y compris la cryothérapie, en raison de la faible qualité méthodologique des études retenues. Les auteurs de ce guide ajoutent toutefois que, même si la preuve n'est pas faite, les données disponibles suggèrent que la cryothérapie pourrait en partie prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie et que son usage paraît raisonnablement sécuritaire. Perspective des cliniciens et experts: Les cliniciens et les experts consultés reconnaissent : ­ l'important besoin de prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie induite par les taxanes; ­ l'absence de preuves scientifiques concluantes quant à l'efficacité de la cryothérapie en raison du nombre limité d'études disponibles et de la faible qualité méthodologique de celles-ci; ­ la nécessité de disposer d'études de meilleure qualité avant de pouvoir prendre position sur la question. Bien que les résultats observés soient mitigés, certains experts estiment que la cryothérapie représente tout de même un traitement préventif prometteur, puisqu'elle n'induit que peu ou pas d'effets secondaires et que son arrêt à tout moment est possible sans compromettre l'efficacité du traitement oncologique. MISE À JOUR DE L'ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES: La pertinence de mettre à jour le présent état des connaissances sera évaluée et déterminée en fonction des résultats de certains essais cliniques en cours à ce sujet. Les résultats de ces derniers devront paraître à partir de 2023-2024. Une mise à jour pourrait être requise advenant un apport significatif de nouvelles données disponibles à l'une ou l'autre des dimensions examinées dans cet état des connaissances.

INTRODUCTION: Many solid tumours are treated with chemotherapy drugs, including those in the taxane family. These drugs can have significant adverse effects, especially symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). These symptoms manifest as sensory and motor disorders and as pain in the upper and lower limbs. The symptoms are associated with poorer quality of life. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy symptoms ranges from 30% to 70%, depending on the chemotherapy drug administered, and no prophylactic medical treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating them. Some cancer care teams use non-pharmacological measures to prevent the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy. One of the methods used, cryotherapy, involves cooling the hands and feet with frozen gloves and socks during chemotherapy infusions, particularly taxanes. The goal of this measure is to reduce the amount of blood flow to the extremities and thus prevent neurotoxicity. The assistant director of the Québec Cancer Program (PQC) and the Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) asked the Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) to produce a state-of-knowledge report and to indicate the learned societies' respective positions regarding the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy. METHODOLOGY: For the purpose of this mandate, a search of the scientific and grey literature was conducted, targeting systematic reviews, with or without meta-analysis, primary studies (randomized or non-randomized clinical trials), cohort studies, and clinical practice guidelines. Conference abstracts and narrative studies were excluded. The selected findings were presented and discussed with the Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) and were then reviewed by external reviewers. MAIN FINDINGS: Based on the scientific literature available at the time of writing and on the consultations conducted, the following findings are noted: Context and health need: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a common phenomenon affecting 30% to 70% of patients receiving chemotherapy. It manifests as paresthesia and sometimes motor disorders (manipulative dexterity problems, cramps and muscle weakness), which can be significant. Some patients can experience long-term sequelae. The severity of these symptoms can have a considerable impact on the quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy, including taxanes. It can even lead to a reduction in the required chemotherapy doses or to a delay in or the discontinuation of cancer treatment. Neurotoxicity and cryotherapy: Paclitaxel and docetaxel are two drugs in the taxane family with a high neurotoxic potential. They are often administered to treat many types of solid tumours. The use of cryotherapy to prevent neurotoxicity is inspired by the positive results obtained with the use of cold caps to prevent alopecia after chemotherapies treatment and with the use of cold (frozen gloves and socks) to reduce nail toxicity. Based on this same principle, teams of clinicians in several countries are using devices, such as frozen gloves and socks, placed on the extremities during cancer treatment cycles to prevent the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral nerves. Assessment of the level of scientific evidence: There are few publications of good methodological quality on the subject. Eleven were selected, five of which were randomized and unblinded and involved small numbers of patients. The objectives of cryotherapy were poorly achieved in the studies identified, and the clinical significance of the scientific evidence is uncertain. The reported studies have numerous methodological limitations that can lead to a very high risk of bias, which makes it difficult to interpret the results: a lack of consistency, credibility and reliability. Efficacy and safety: The available data, which are from studies of low methodological quality, do not permit any conclusions regarding: The efficacy of cryotherapy in preventing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy; ­ The safety of cryotherapy or patients' tolerance of this preventive treatment, which requires exposure to cold, sometimes for the entire duration of administration. Otherwise, the adverse effects associated with cryotherapy appear to be infrequent and mild in the few studies that have assessed them. Although no studies reported any cases of frostbite, cold intolerance was reported in six of eleven studies and caused several cases of attrition. No cases of cryotherapy discontinuation were observed in the other studies. Most authors mention that more methodologically robust studies are needed to properly evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN). Guidelines and ongoing studies: The only clinical practice guideline found states that no recommendation can be made regarding the use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological options for preventing peripheral neuropathy, including cryotherapy, because of the low methodological quality of the selected studies. However, the authors of the guideline add that, while this has not been proven, the available data do suggest that cryotherapy may partially prevent neuropathy symptoms and that its use appears to be reasonably safe. Perspective of clinicians and experts: The clinicians and experts consulted recognize: The important need to prevent symptoms of taxane-induced neuropathy; The lack of conclusive scientific evidence for the efficacy of cryotherapy due to the limited number of studies available and their low methodological quality; Although the results observed are mixed, some experts feel that cryotherapy is a promising preventive treatment, since it has few or no major adverse effects and can be stopped at any time without compromising the effectiveness of the cancer treatment. The need for better-quality studies before a position can be taken on the matter. UPDATE OF THIS STATE-OF-KNOWLEDGE REPORT: The advisability of updating this state-of-knowledge report will be assessed and determined on the basis of the results of certain ongoing clinical trials on this topic. The results of these trials are expected to be published starting in 2023-2024. An update may be necessary if there is a significant amount of new available data for any of the aspects examined in this state-of-knowledge report.

A prospective phase II clinical trial identifying the optimal regimen for carboplatin plus standard backbone of anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer.

Addition of platinums to combination chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has shown efficacy and is increasingly accepted in the clinic, yet optimal delivery is unknown. A prospective clinical trial with TNBC patients was conducted to determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen to deliver carboplatin with standard dose dense ACT. Tissue microarray was conducted to isolate markers indicative of response to treatment. 90 TNBC patients were enrolled onto our trial. The most successful version placed the carboplatin on the second and final paclitaxel treatment with liberal hematological parameters. Our final regimen had the lowest grade 3 or 4 toxicities, no delays, no dose reductions of carboplatin, and 32% reduction in paclitaxel doses. Stage I (AJCC7) patients did well with carboplatin-based chemotherapy with zero relapse rate. Reduction in protein levels of androgen receptor and PD-L1 were found to be potential indicators of patient relapse. We have optimized a protocol for the addition of carboplatin to standard of care chemotherapy in TNBC patients. Early data indicates reduced protein levels of androgen receptor and PD-L1 as indicators of response to treatment.Trial registration This trial was registered at Canadian Cancer Trials. http://www.canadiancancertrials.ca/.

The impact of anthracyclines in intermediate and high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer-a pooled analysis of the randomised clinical trials PlanB and SUCCESS C.

BACKGROUND: Anthracycline/cyclophosphamide-taxane-containing chemotherapy (AC-T) is the standard of care in the adjuvant treatment of HER2-negative early breast cancer (EBC), but recent studies suggest omission of anthracyclines for reduced toxicity without compromising efficacy. METHODS: Based on individual patient data (n = 5924) pooled from the randomised Phase III trials PlanB and SUCCESS C, we compared disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between intermediate to high-risk HER2-negative EBC-patients treated with either six cycles of docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC6) or an AC-T regime using univariable and adjusted multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: AC-T conferred no significant DFS or OS advantage in univariable (DFS: hazard ratio (HR) for TC vs. AT 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89-1.24, P = 0.57; OS: HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.80-1.26, P = 1.00) and adjusted multivariable analysis (DFS: HR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86-1.19, P = 0.91; OS: HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.77-1.22, P = 0.79). Patients receiving TC6 had significantly fewer grade 3-4 adverse events. Exploratory subgroup analysis showed that AC-T was associated with significantly better DFS and OS in pN2/3 patients, specifically in those with lobular histology. CONCLUSION: For most patients with HER2-negative EBC, AC-T is not associated with a survival benefit compared to TC6. However, patients with lobular pN2/pN3 tumours seem to benefit from anthracycline-containing chemotherapy.

Real-world outcomes with second-line therapy in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using SEER-Medicare data.

Aim: To characterize real-world patterns of second-line treatment and outcomes in older patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Patients and methods: Patients aged ≥66 years diagnosed with advanced/metastatic ESCC between 2010 and 2015 and followed through 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis using SEER-Medicare data. Results: Of 756 patients with advanced/metastatic ESCC, 104 (14%) received second-line therapy; median duration of treatment was 1.5 months. Median overall survival was 5.7 months for all patients receiving second-line treatment, and 4.5, 5.6 and 8.5 months, respectively, for patients receiving taxane monotherapy, taxane combination therapy and nontaxane therapy. Conclusion: A small proportion of patients with advanced/metastatic ESCC received second-line therapy, which was associated with short duration of treatment and poor overall survival.

This study assessed how US physicians have been treating a common type of esophageal cancer, known as squamous cell carcinoma, which has spread from the esophagus to other parts of the body (advanced/metastatic cancer). We looked at information from US cancer registry data on 756 people who were 66 years and older and diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Only 14% of people received a second kind of chemotherapy after their first chemotherapy was stopped. People received their second chemotherapy for a short period (approximately 6 weeks) and lived for approximately 6 months on average from start of treatment. This research highlights that more effective treatments are needed for older people with advanced/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.