Effect of different types of exercises on psychological and cognitive features in people with Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease marked by the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, as psychological and cognitive impairment. Physical exercises have been prescribed as complementary therapy for PD, and the type of intervention and duration of the intervention should be taken into account. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the effect of different exercise modalities (functional mobility, multimodal and cognitive) and length (4 and 8 months) on psychological and cognition in people with PD. This study followed the CONSORT extension for non-pharmacological trials. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, we assessed 107 participants between 2011 and 2013. At the end of 3 years, participants with PD (mild to moderate stages) who achieved the criteria were assessed considering 3 different groups of exercise: Multimodal (n=38), Functional Mobility (n=33) and Mental/Leisure (n=36). All 3 interventions were performed for 32 weeks, twice a week, with 60min for each session (64 sessions in total). Psychological and cognitive function were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 months. RESULTS: The Functional Mobility and Mental/Leisure training had a potential effect on maintaining cognitive function (executive function, attention and work memory). The Multimodal training did not show a benefit for cognitive features and was not even able to delay the progressive decline in cognitive functions; however, this modality had a positive effect on physical stress after 8 months of exercise. CONCLUSIONS: An intervention that requires high complexity and specific activities, such as locomotor and cognitive exercise, provides a maintenance effect against the degeneration in cognition associated with the progression of PD and thus can delay the progressive decline in cognitive function in PD.

Efecto de distintos programas de ejercicio aplicados a hombres con hipertensión. Una revisión sistemática / Effect of different exercise programs applied to men with hypertension. A systematic review

La hipertensión arterial es de gran interés por su alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, posibles complicaciones a la salud y muertes asociadas a esta enfermedad. El ejercicio físico regular resulta elemental como parte del tratamiento para su prevención y control; sin embargo, existe controversia respecto cual es el mejor programa en función de tipo, frecuencia, tiempo e intensidad. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la efectividad de distintos programas de ejercicio aplicados en hombres con hipertensión. Los resultados encontrados en las bases de datos: EBSCO, SCOPUS, SCIELO, Web of Science y Pub-med, fueron diez. Concluyendo que distintas modalidades de ejercicio muestran beneficios sobre la presión arterial, tomando en cuenta: intensidad > 65% de la frecuencia cardíaca de reserva, mínimo tres sesiones por semana de entre 30 a 45 minutos con ejercicios aerobios y de fuerza, sin embargo es interesante continuar evaluando el efecto de las modalidades

High blood pressure is of great interest due to its high prevalence worldwide, due health complications and deaths associated with this disease. Regular physical exercise is elementary as part of the treatment for prevention and control; However, there is controversy regarding whish one the best program based on type, frequency, time and intensity. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze the effectiveness of different exercise programs applied in men with hypertension. The results found in the databases: EBSCO, SCOPUS, SCIELO, Web of Science and Pub-med, were ten. Concluding that different exercise modalities show benefits on blood pressure, taking into account: intensity> 65% of the reserved heart rate, minimum three sessions per week between 30 to 45 minutes with aerobic and strength exercises, however it is interesting to continue evaluating the effect of the modalities

The effects of a 12-week jump rope exercise program on body composition, insulin sensitivity, and academic self-efficacy in obese adolescent girls.

Background Childhood obesity is strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise interventions have been used for obese children and adolescents to prevent the manifestation of CVD risks, such as hypertension and insulin resistance (IR). Additionally, obesity has been shown to be linked to low self-efficacy in adolescents, which has been shown to negatively impact academic performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week jump rope exercise program on body composition, CVD risk factors, and academic self-efficacy (ASE) in obese adolescent girls with prehypertension. Methods Adolescent girls with prehypertension and obesity (n = 48, age 14-16 years) were randomly assigned to either the jump rope exercise group (EX, n = 24) or the control group (CON, n = 24). Body composition, blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (marker of IR), and ASE were assessed before and after 12 weeks of exercise training or control. Results There were significant group × time interactions following the 12-week exercise program for body fat percent, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR, which were all significantly reduced (p < 0.05). A significant improvement (p <0.05) was observed in task difficulty preference (TDP) and self-regulatory efficacy (SRE) following exercise training. Additionally, ASE was strongly correlated (r = -0.58) with body composition. Conclusions This study provides evidence that jump rope exercise intervention can be a useful therapeutic treatment to improve CVD risk factors and ASE in obese adolescent girls with prehypertension.

Meta-analysis of Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A 10-year Update.

BACKGROUND: The role of exercise training modality to attenuate left ventricular (LV) remodeling in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains uncertain. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports on exercise training (moderate-intensity continuous aerobic, high-intensity interval aerobic, and resistance exercise) and LV remodeling in clinically stable HFrEF patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and PubMed (2007 to 2017) for randomized controlled trials of exercise training on resting LV ejection fraction (EF) and end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes in HFrEF patients. RESULTS: 18 trials reported LV ejection fraction (LVEF) data, while 8 and 7 trials reported LV end-diastolic and LV end-systolic volumes, respectively. Overall, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) significantly increased LVEF (weighted mean difference, WMD = 3.79%; 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.08 to 5.50%) with no change in LV volumes versus control. In trials ≥6 months duration, MICT significantly improved LVEF (WMD = 6.26%; 95% CI 4.39 to 8.13%) while shorter duration (<6 months) trials modestly increased LVEF (WMD = 2.33%; 95% CI 0.84 to 3.82%). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly increased LVEF compared to control (WMD = 3.70%; 95% CI 1.63 to 5.77%) but was not different than MICT (WMD = 3.17%; 95% CI -0.87 to 7.22%). Resistance training performed alone or combined with aerobic training (MICT or HIIT) did not significantly change LVEF. CONCLUSIONS: In clinically stable HFrEF patients, MICT is an effective therapy to attenuate LV remodeling with the greatest benefits occurring with long-term (≥6 months) training. HIIT performed for 2 to 3 months is superior to control, but not MICT, for improvement of LVEF.

Vastly Different Exercise Programs Similarly Improve Parkinsonian Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To directly compare the effects of agility exergaming (EXE) and stationary cycling (CYC) exercise training on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' mobility and clinical symptoms. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient physiotherapy clinic in a hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four stage 2-3, nondemented PD patients were included in this study. INTERVENTION: The groups were as follows: EXE (n = 25), CYC (n = 25), and a wait-listed control group (CON; n = 24). The EXE and CYC groups exercised 5×/week for 5 weeks, matched at 80% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-II) score. Secondary outcomes were Parkinson's Disease Quastionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (SE-ADL) scale, Euro-Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), the Tinetti Assessment Tool (TAT), the Dynamic Gait Index, the 6-min walk test (6MWT), and standing posturography. RESULTS: After treatment, UPDRS-II scores improved (mean change: EXE, -4.5 points; CYC, -3.2 points). The results for the other outcomes (EXE and CYC, respectively) were: PDQ, 13 and 17%; BDI, -2.5 and -2.1 points; 6MWT, 129.6 and 141.6 m; and EQ-5D, 12 and 9% (all p < 0.05, but there was no difference between groups). EXE vs. CYC resulted in improved SE-ADL (8.4 and 4.0 points, effect size [ES]: 0.12), BBS (8.8 and 4.2 points, ES: 0.44), and 2 measures of posturography (ES: 0.11 and 0.21) (p < 0.05). BESTtest, TAT, the Dynamic Gait Index, and 4 out of 6 posturography measures did not change (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Two highly different exercise programs resulted in similar improvement of most motor and clinical symptoms in PD patients.

Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis. The overall effect size was analyzed in 15 primary studies and a subgroup analysis of the standardized mean differences of effect sizes from 15 primary studies was also conducted. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We used PUBMED, MEDLINE, NDSL, EMBASE, and Web of Science. The key terms used in these searches were "Schroth," "scoliosis-specific exercise," "scoliosis," and "idiopathic scoliosis." EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Cobb's angle, asymmetry, angle of trunk rotation (ATR), strength of back extensor, strength of trunk flexor, quality of life (QOL), balance, chest expansion, and pulmonary function were coded as outcome measures for computing effect sizes. Potential moderating variables of the Schroth exercise included: 1) pre-intervention severity of the scoliosis; 2) duration; and 3) specific types of Schroth exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The overall effect size of the Schroth exercise is high (g=0.724). In addition, Schroth exercise may be more beneficial for scoliosis patients who have a 10 to 30° Cobb's angle than for those with a greater than 30° Cobb's angle. Patients should practice the exercise for at least one month to have a better effect. Thus, therapists should consider patients' initial curve status and exercise duration before prescribing the Schroth exercise program. Core muscle strength was most influenced, and structural deformity also changed after the Schroth exercise. In sum, the Schroth exercise is a recommended treatment method for scoliosis patients.

Breast cancer survivors' preferences for technology-supported exercise interventions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore breast cancer survivors' interest in and preferences for technology-supported exercise interventions. METHODS: Post-treatment survivors [n = 279; M age = 60.7 (SD = 9.7)] completed a battery of online questionnaires in August 2015. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all data. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between survivors' interest in a technology-supported exercise interventions and demographic, disease, and behavioral factors. These same factors were examined in relation to perceived effectiveness of such interventions using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: About half (53.4%) of survivors self-reported meeting public health recommendations for physical activity. Fewer than half reported using an exercise or diet mobile app (41.2%) or owning an activity tracker (40.5%). The majority were interested in receiving remotely delivered exercise counseling (84.6%), participating in a remotely delivered exercise intervention (79.5%), and using an exercise app or website (68%). Survivors reported that the most helpful technology-supported intervention components would be an activity tracker (89.5%), personalized feedback (81.2%), and feedback on how exercise is influencing mood, fatigue, etc. (73.6%). Components rated as least helpful were social networking integration (31.2%), group competitions (33.9%), and ability to see others' progress (35.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Preferences for technology-supported exercise interventions varied among breast cancer survivors. Nonetheless, data indicate that technology-supported interventions may be feasible and acceptable. Engaging stakeholders may be important in developing and testing potential intervention components.

Spinal-Exercise Prescription in Sport: Classifying Physical Training and Rehabilitation by Intention and Outcome.

CONTEXT: Identification of strategies to prevent spinal injury, optimize rehabilitation, and enhance performance is a priority for practitioners. Different exercises produce different effects on neuromuscular performance. Clarity of the purpose of a prescribed exercise is central to a successful outcome. Spinal exercises need to be classified according to the objective of the exercise and planned physical outcome. OBJECTIVE: To define the modifiable spinal abilities that underpin optimal function during skilled athletic performance, clarify the effect of spinal pain and pathologic conditions, and classify spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise and intended physical outcomes to inform training and rehabilitation. DESIGN: Qualitative study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We conducted a qualitative consensus method of 4 iterative phases. An exploratory panel carried out an extended review of the English-language literature using CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed to identify key themes and subthemes to inform the definitions of exercise categories, physical abilities, and physical outcomes. An expert project group reviewed panel findings. A draft classification was discussed with physiotherapists (n = 49) and international experts. Lead physiotherapy and strength and conditioning teams (n = 17) reviewed a revised classification. Consensus was defined as unanimous agreement. RESULTS: After the literature review and subsequent analysis, we defined spinal abilities in 4 categories: mobility, motor control, work capacity, and strength. Exercises were subclassified by functionality as nonfunctional or functional and by spinal displacement as either static (neutral spinal posture with no segmental displacement) or dynamic (dynamic segmental movement). The proposed terminology and classification support commonality of language for practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: The spinal-exercise classification will support clinical reasoning through a framework of spinal-exercise objectives that clearly define the nature of the exercise prescription required to deliver intended physical outcomes.

[PHYSICAL EXERCISE FOR PEOPLE WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: EFFECTS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND BARRIERS].

This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the effects and recommendations for physical training (PTr) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, perceived benefits and barriers to PTr in this population are reviewed. One of the primary aims of rehabilitation for patients with MS is to increase their levels of activity and independence. PTr is a central component in the rehabilitation process. Nonetheless, the use of PTr in the rehabilitation of patients with MS has been a controversial issue for years. Nowadays, strong evidence exists that aerobic training in individuals with MS has a positive effect on overall physical conditioning, gait speed, fatigue, depression and cognition. Unlike aerobic training, the number of studies that investigated strength training effects in this population is limited. However, the available data show that resistance training also has beneficial effects on MS patients. It is important to note, that PTr has no deleterious effects in MS patients. In the various studies, there was diversity with regard to the duration and the frequency of PTr, while intensity was often poorly described. It is recommended that individuals with MS engage in aerobic training (at 60-80% of maximal heart rate), strength training (1-3 sets of 8-15 repetitions), the range of motion, balance and ambulation exercises. Awareness of the benefits of physical activity and sense of achievement are not sufficient to promote exercise participation in persons with MS. Factors relating to physical exertion, sports facilities availability and self-efficacy play an important role in promoting exercise participation.

Model and effectiveness of endurance exercise to increase physical fitness in intellectual disability subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

AIM: to design a model and assess the effectiveness of endurance exercise to increase physical fitness in intelectual disability (ID) patients with obesity. METHODS: a randomized-controlled clinical trial was performed in ID patients with obesity aged 10-30 years old from all Special School in DKI Jakarta, which were randomly allocated into 3 groups and then given 3 different type of exercises: lower extremity muscles endurance exercise for 20 RM followed by cardiorespiratory endurance exercise for 24-25 minutes (type I), lower extremity muscles endurance exercises for 10 RM followed by cardiorespiratory endurance exercises for 26-27 minutes (type II), and threw a tennis ball with 10 m distance for 10 minutes as control (type III). These program was performed 3 times a week for 4 months. Assesment of the exercise effectiveness was done by measuring maximum load that can be lifted and six-minutes walking test on rectangular track which was converted with the VO2 max prediction formula. Analysis was perfomed with Kruskal Wallis test. RESULTS: two hundred and twelve (212) subjects were included in the study, randomly allocated into three types (I, II, and III) of exercises groups. The type II of endurance exercise model was proved to be more effective in increasing lower extremity muscles endurance level compared to type I and III for ID patients with obesity (p<0.05). Meanwhile, type I of endurance exercise model was proved to be more effective in increasing cardiorespiratory endurance level compared to type II and III for ID patients with obesity (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: lower extremity muscles endurance exercise followed by a cardiorespiratory endurance exercise can be used to increase physical fitness in ID patients with obesity.

Comparision and analysis of top 10 exercise android Apps in mainland China.

Medical guidelines highly recommend physical activity and aerobic exercise in the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular disease. The use of exercise-promoting application software may improve clinical outcomes for cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. The study aimed to compare and analyze the functions of the top 10 exercise Android Apps which had more than 1,000,000 downloads from the main four Android App stores in mainland China. The results showed that most of these popular apps had pedometer, exercise plan preset, user data presentation, user encouragement and community sharing functions while a few of them had exercise video clips or animation support and wearable devices. Given these data, the conclusion is that these popular apps fulfill some of the functions recommended by medical guidelines, however, lack of some functions such as pre-exercise risk assessment, the exercise intensity recording, specific instructions by professionals, and monitoring functions for CVD patients.

Development of an Ontology to Recommend Exercises from Conceptual Maps.

The recommendation of exercise plans requires several variables to be considered (e.g., patient's conditions and preferences) and are normally complex to analyze. To facilitate this analysis we proposed the creation of an ontology to assist professionals to recommend exercises. We interviewed 2 experts and this resulted in IDEF diagram and conceptual map. The conceptual map proved to be the preferred way that experts gained more understanding compared with the IDEF diagram. In addition, we also used the conceptual map to validate the formal structure of experts' ideas. From the conceptual map we created an ontology that is being reviewed. After this, we plan to incorporate the ontology into a decision support system that will assist professionals to recommend exercises for their patients.

Aplicando la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada: ¿qué factores influyen en la realización de ejercicio físico? / Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior: Which factors influence on doing physical exercise?

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias entre las actitudes, la norma subjetiva y la percepción de control comportamental entre los grupos de individuos que hacían ejercicio físico y los que no. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal, observacional. Emplazamiento: Se aplicó el cuestionario a la población general en la provincia de Alicante. PARTICIPANTES: Seiscientos setenta y nueve personas que practicaban regularmente ejercicio físico de la provincia de Alicante. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Se administró el cuestionario que evaluaba los componentes del modelo de la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP). RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron que las variables del modelo (TCP) presentaron un buen ajuste a los datos. Además, la norma subjetiva y la percepción de control comportamental influyeron significativamente en la intención y las 3 variables explicaron el 61% de su varianza. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados apoyan el importante papel de la TCP en el contexto del ejercicio físico. En ambos grupos, la percepción de control comportamental fue el predictor más potente de la intención de practicar ejercicio físico. Se presenta una propuesta para incluir estas variables en los programas para potenciar la práctica del ejercicio físico

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was analyzed the influence of attitude, subjective norm, and Perceived behavioral control (PBC) on intention of doing physical exercise in a group of people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and observational study. LOCATION: Questionnaire was applied to general population in the province of Alicante. PARTICIPANTS: 679 people who practiced physical exercise in the province of Alicante. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: It was applied a questionnaire measuring the components of the Theory of Plan Behavior model (TPB). RESULTS: Results showed that variables of the model (TPB) had good fit to the data. Moreover, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control had a significant impact on intention and the three variables explained 61% of its variance. CONCLUSIONS: Findings supported the important role of TPB in the context of physical exercise. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of intention to practice physical exercise. A possible intervention might lead to implement programs focused in increasing control perception of people to engage in physical exercise

Exercise training intensity prescription in breast cancer survivors: validity of current practice and specific recommendations.

PURPOSE: Cancer survivors are recommended to perform 150 min/week of moderate or 75 min/week of vigorous aerobic exercise, but it remains unclear how moderate and vigorous intensities can be prescribed. Therefore, it was investigated whether and how intensity prescriptions for healthy adults by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) need to be adapted for breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Fifty-two breast cancer survivors (stage 0-III, age 52 ± 9 years, BMI 25.4 ± 3.5 kg/m2) performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests at the end of primary therapy. Intensity classes defined as percentages of maximal heart rate (HRmax), heart rate reserve (HRR), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were compared to the ACSM's intensity classes using oxygen uptake reserve as reference. RESULTS: The prescriptions for moderate and vigorous exercise intensities were significantly different between breast cancer survivors and healthy adults when using VO2max (moderate 50-66 vs. 46-63 and vigorous 67-91 vs. 64-90% VO2max) or HRR (moderate 26-50 vs. 40-59 and vigorous 51-88 vs. 60-89 % HRR), but not when using HRmax (moderate 65-76 vs. 64-76 and vigorous 77-94 vs. 77-95% HRmax). CONCLUSIONS: In breast cancer survivors, intensity prescriptions for healthy adults result in considerably too intense training if HRR is used as guiding factor. Prescriptions using VO2max result in a slightly too low exercise intensity, whereas recommendations in percentages of HRmax appear valid. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Cancer survivors should not uncritically adopt exercise intensity prescriptions for healthy adults. Specific prescriptions for the studied population are provided.

Subgroup effects in a randomised trial of different types and doses of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Trial tested different types and doses of exercise in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Here, we explore potential moderators of the exercise training responses. METHODS: Breast cancer patients initiating chemotherapy (N=301) were randomly assigned to three times a week, supervised exercise of a standard dose of 25-30 min of aerobic exercise, a higher dose of 50-60 min of aerobic exercise, or a higher dose of 50-60 min of combined aerobic and resistance exercise. Outcomes were patient-reported symptoms and health-related fitness. Moderators were baseline demographic, exercise/fitness, and cancer variables. RESULTS: Body mass index moderated the effects of the exercise interventions on bodily pain (P for interaction=0.038), endocrine symptoms (P for interaction=0.029), taxane/neuropathy symptoms (P for interaction=0.013), aerobic fitness (P for interaction=0.041), muscular strength (P for interaction=0.007), and fat mass (P for interaction=0.005). In general, healthy weight patients responded better to the higher-dose exercise interventions than overweight/obese patients. Menopausal status, age, and baseline fitness moderated the effects on patient-reported symptoms. Premenopausal, younger, and fitter patients achieved greater benefits from the higher-dose exercise interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy weight, fitter, and premenopausal/younger breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are more likely to benefit from higher-dose exercise interventions.

Automated evaluation of physical therapy exercises using multi-template dynamic time warping on wearable sensor signals.

We develop an autonomous system to detect and evaluate physical therapy exercises using wearable motion sensors. We propose the multi-template multi-match dynamic time warping (MTMM-DTW) algorithm as a natural extension of DTW to detect multiple occurrences of more than one exercise type in the recording of a physical therapy session. While allowing some distortion (warping) in time, the algorithm provides a quantitative measure of similarity between an exercise execution and previously recorded templates, based on DTW distance. It can detect and classify the exercise types, and count and evaluate the exercises as correctly/incorrectly performed, identifying the error type, if any. To evaluate the algorithm's performance, we record a data set consisting of one reference template and 10 test executions of three execution types of eight exercises performed by five subjects. We thus record a total of 120 and 1200 exercise executions in the reference and test sets, respectively. The test sequences also contain idle time intervals. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 93.46% for exercise classification only and 88.65% for simultaneous exercise and execution type classification. The algorithm misses 8.58% of the exercise executions and demonstrates a false alarm rate of 4.91%, caused by some idle time intervals being incorrectly recognized as exercise executions. To test the robustness of the system to unknown exercises, we employ leave-one-exercise-out cross validation. This results in a false alarm rate lower than 1%, demonstrating the robustness of the system to unknown movements. The proposed system can be used for assessing the effectiveness of a physical therapy session and for providing feedback to the patient.

Effect of different models of cardiac rehabilitation on heart rate recovery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different models of the second stage of cardiac rehabilitation on heart rate recovery (HRR). We also evaluated the effect of selected cardiovascular risk factors on HRR. METHODS: The study included 103 patients (80 men and 23 women) aged 60.9 ± 10.7 years with a recent acute coronary syndrome undergoing the second stage of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation. An exercise test (ExT) was performed before and after rehabilitation. RESULTS: HRR improved significantly only in women (26.5 bpm in ExT before rehabilitation vs. 32.8 bpm in ExT after rehabilitation, p < 0.05). The highest HRR was obtained in the subgroup rehabilitated according to the model A, and the lowest in subgroup C (31 vs. 22.1 bpm, p < 0.05). The highest increase in HRR was observed in the most seriously ill patients in subgroup C (18 bpm before rehabilitation vs. 22.1 bpm after rehabilitation). CONCLUSIONS: The most significant improvement in HRR was observed in the most seriously ill patients.

The physical activity of parturition in ancient Egypt: textual and epigraphical sources

Many medical and magical texts concerning childbirth and delivery are known from ancient Egypt. Most of them are spells, incantations, remedies and prescriptions for the woman in labour in order to accelerate the delivery or protect the unborn child and parturient. The medical and magical texts do not contain any descriptions of parturition itself, but there are some literary, astronomical and mythological texts, as well as a few incantations, which describe the biological act of childbirth and also miscarriage in more detail. Besides the textual sources, the decoration of temple walls and mammisis (birth houses), as well as illustrations on a birth brick provide an insight into the moment of delivery. In this paper, I focus on the "scientific" depiction of the biological act of childbirth, on how it is described in non-medical sources. Although the main sources are mythological-theological texts with numerous analogies, it is remarkable how many details they provide. They contain descriptions that would be expected in the context of medical sources (AU)

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