Density functional theory and enzyme studies support interactions between angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme-2: Relevance to coronavirus 2019.

The binding affinities and interactions between eight drug candidates, both commercially available (candesartan; losartan; losartan carboxylic acid; nirmatrelvir; telmisartan) and newly synthesized benzimidazole-N-biphenyltetrazole (ACC519T), benzimidazole bis-N,N'-biphenyltetrazole (ACC519T(2) and 4-butyl-N,N-bis([2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]) methyl (BV6), and the active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) were evaluated for their potential as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and regulators of ACE2 function through Density Functional Theory methodology and enzyme activity assays, respectively. Notably, telmisartan and ACC519T(2) exhibited pronounced binding affinities, forming strong interactions with ACE2's active center, favorably accepting proton from the guanidinium group of arginine273. The ordering of candidates by binding affinity and reactivity descriptors, emerged as telmisartan > ACC519T(2) > candesartan > ACC519T > losartan carboxylic acid > BV6 > losartan > nirmatrelvir. Proton transfers among the active center amino acids revealed their interconnectedness, highlighting a chain-like proton transfer involving tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Furthermore, these candidates revealed their potential antiviral abilities by influencing proton transfer within the ACE2 active site. Furthermore, through an in vitro pharmacological assays we determined that candesartan and the BV6 derivative, 4-butyl-N,N0-bis[20-2Htetrazol-5-yl)bipheyl-4-yl]methyl)imidazolium bromide (BV6(K+)2) also contain the capacity to increase ACE2 functional activity. This comprehensive analysis collectively underscores the promise of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting crucial protein interactions.

Tetrazole derivatives in the management of neurological disorders: Recent advances on synthesis and pharmacological aspects.

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of a large number of mortalities and morbidities. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds have been pivotal in exhibiting wide array of therapeutic applications. Among them, tetrazole is a ubiquitous class of organic heterocyclic compounds that have attracted much attention because of its unique structural and chemical properties, and a wide range of pharmacological activities comprising anti-convulsant effect, antibiotic, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive to name a few. Owing to significant chemical and biological properties, the present review aimed at highlighting the recent advances in tetrazole derivatives with special emphasis on their role in the management of neurological diseases. Besides, in-depth structure-activity relationships, molecular docking studies, and associated modes of action of tetrazole derivatives evident in in vitro, in vivo preclinical, and clinical studies have been discussed.

Discovery of a Novel Potent Tetrazole Antifungal Candidate with High Selectivity and Broad Spectrum.

Thirty-one novel albaconazole derivatives were designed and synthesized based on our previous work. All compounds exhibited potent in vitro antifungal activities against seven pathogenic fungi. Among them, tetrazole compound D2 was the most potent antifungal with MIC values of <0.008, <0.008, and 2 µg/mL against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively, the three most common and critical priority pathogenic fungi. In addition, compound D2 also exhibited potent activity against fluconazole-resistant C. auris isolates. Notably, compound D2 showed a lower inhibitory activity in vitro against human CYP450 enzymes as well as a lower inhibitory effect on the hERG K+ channel, indicating a low risk of drug-drug interactions and QT prolongation. Moreover, with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, compound D2 showed better in vivo efficacy than albaconazole at reducing fungal burden and extending the survival of C. albicans-infected mice. Taken together, compound D2 will be further investigated as a promising candidate.

Synthesis of Cycloartan-16ß-ol from 16ß 24R-Epoxy-Cycloartane and Their Cytotoxicity Evaluation Against Human Cancer Cell Lines.

It was found that Argentatins A and B triterpenoids make up approximately 20-30 % of the waste resin produced from the industrial processes to isolate rubber from P. argentatum. We have developed an efficient protocol for synthesizing cycloartane-16ß-ol derivatives by opening the oxepane ring of argentatin B acetate (2) with BF3-OEt2. Although three new cycloartenol derivatives showed high cytotoxicity against PC-3 and HCT-15 cancer cell lines, nevertheless, the best results were obtained for (16ß,24R) -(16,24-epoxy-cycloartan-2(1H)-ylidene) acetate (14), compound with intact oxepane ring. These results indicate that the substituents in the argentatin nucleus and a side chain account for the cytotoxic activity. However, according to the selectivity index (SI), 14 did not show selectivity activity to cancer cell lines over the HaCat noncancerous cell line. The compound 3ß,16ß-Dihydroxy-cycloartan-24-one (5), synthesized by oxepane opening, demonstrated high cytotoxic activity to cancer cell lines and showed a remarkable selectivity to cancer cell lines over the noncancerous ones. These results suggest that 5 could lead to the development of new anticancer compounds.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Stable Isostere of Malonyllysine.

Lysine malonylation is a recently characterized post-translational modification involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and gene expression. One unique feature of this post-translational modification is its potential susceptibility to decarboxylation, which poses possible challenges to its study. As a step towards addressing these challenges, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a stable isostere of malonyllysine. First, we find that synthetic substitution of the malonyl group with a tetrazole isostere results in amino acid's resistant to thermal decarboxylation. Next, we demonstrate that protected variants of this amino acid are readily incorporated into peptides. Finally, we show that tetrazole isosteres of malonyllysine can be recognized by anti-malonyllysine antibodies and histone deacylases, validating their ability to mimic features of the endogenous lysine modification. Overall, this study establishes a new chemical strategy for stably mimicking a metabolite-derived post-translational modification, providing a foothold for tool development and functional analyses.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,5-disubstituted α-amino tetrazole derivatives as non-covalent inflammasome-caspase-1 complex inhibitors with potential application against immune and inflammatory disorders.

Compounds targeting the inflammasome-caspase-1 pathway could be of use for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Previous caspase-1 inhibitors were in great majority covalent inhibitors and failed in clinical trials. Using a mixed modelling, computational screening, synthesis and in vitro testing approach, we identified a novel class of non-covalent caspase-1 non cytotoxic inhibitors which are able to inhibit IL-1ß release in activated macrophages in the low µM range, in line with the best activities observed for the known covalent inhibitors. Our compounds could form the basis of further optimization towards potent drugs for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders including also dysregulated inflammation in Covid 19.

A One-Pot Six-Component Reaction for the Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazol-1,2,3-Triazole Hybrids and Their Cytotoxic Activity against the MCF-7 Cell Line.

A high-order multicomponent reaction involving a six-component reaction to obtain the novel linked 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids in low to moderate yield is described. This one-pot reaction is carried out under a cascade process consisting of three sequential reactions: Ugi-azide, bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2), and copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide reaction (CuAAC), with high atom and step-economy due the formation of six new bonds (one C-C, four C-N, and one N-N). Thus, the protocol developed offers operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and structural diversity. Finally, to evaluate the antitumoral potential of the synthetized molecules, a proliferation study was performed in the breast cancer (BC) derived cell line MCF-7. The hybrid compounds showed several degrees of cell proliferation inhibition with a remarkable effect in those compounds with cyclohexane and halogens in their structures. These compounds represent potential drug candidates for breast cancer treatment. However, additionally assays are needed to elucidate their complete effect over the cellular hallmarks of cancer.

Enabling In Vivo Photocatalytic Activation of Rapid Bioorthogonal Chemistry by Repurposing Silicon-Rhodamine Fluorophores as Cytocompatible Far-Red Photocatalysts.

Chromophores that absorb in the tissue-penetrant far-red/near-infrared window have long served as photocatalysts to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy. However, the cytotoxicity and side reactions associated with singlet oxygen sensitization have posed a problem for using long-wavelength photocatalysis to initiate other types of chemical reactions in biological environments. Herein, silicon-Rhodamine compounds (SiRs) are described as photocatalysts for inducing rapid bioorthogonal chemistry using 660 nm light through the oxidation of a dihydrotetrazine to a tetrazine in the presence of trans-cyclooctene dienophiles. SiRs have been commonly used as fluorophores for bioimaging but have not been applied to catalyze chemical reactions. A series of SiR derivatives were evaluated, and the Janelia Fluor-SiR dyes were found to be especially effective in catalyzing photooxidation (typically 3%). A dihydrotetrazine/tetrazine pair is described that displays high stability in both oxidation states. A protein that was site-selectively modified by trans-cyclooctene was quantitatively conjugated upon exposure to 660 nm light and a dihydrotetrazine. By contrast, a previously described methylene blue catalyst was found to rapidly degrade the protein. SiR-red light photocatalysis was used to cross-link hyaluronic acid derivatives functionalized by dihydrotetrazine and trans-cyclooctenes, enabling 3D culture of human prostate cancer cells. Photoinducible hydrogel formation could also be carried out in live mice through subcutaneous injection of a Cy7-labeled hydrogel precursor solution, followed by brief irradiation to produce a stable hydrogel. This cytocompatible method for using red light photocatalysis to activate bioorthogonal chemistry is anticipated to find broad applications where spatiotemporal control is needed in biological environments.

Optimization and SAR research at the piperazine and phenyl rings of JNJ4796 as new anti-influenza A virus agents, part 1.

JNJ4796, a small molecule fuse inhibitor targeting the conserved stem region of hemagglutinin, effectively neutralized a broad spectrum of group 1 influenza A virus (IAV), and protected mice against lethal and sublethal influenza challenge after oral administration. In this study, we reported the modification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of C (piperazine ring) and E (phenyl ring) rings of JNJ4796. Compound (R)-2c was identified to show excellent in vitro activity against IAV H1N1 and Oseltamivir-resistant IAV H1N1 stains (IC50: 0.03-0.06 µM), low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 µM), accepted oral PK profiles and low inhibition rate of hERG (13.2%, at 10 µM). Evaluation for the in vivo anti-IAV efficacy of (R)-2c will begin soon.

Synthesis and Acidity of 5-(m-Terphenyl-2'-yl)-1H-tetrazoles: Evidence for an Enhanced Polar-π Effect Compared to Carboxylic Acids.

The polar-π effect on tetrazoles, medicinal chemistry isosteres of carboxylate, is tested by a Hammett pKa (microtitration) analysis over a series of 5-(m-terphenyl-2'-yl)-1H-tetrazoles. A comparison with m-terphenyl-2'-yl-carboxylic acids supports the isostere analogy also in response to environmental changes. Computational (B97D/def2TZVPPD) extension of the series plus a scan of solvents (vacuum to water) demonstrates the trend with the dielectric constant. The effect is energetically small but may make statistically significant contributions to the tetrazole pharmacological profile.

Discovery of Encequidar, First-in-Class Intestine Specific P-glycoprotein Inhibitor.

Many chemotherapeutics, such as paclitaxel, are administered intravenously as they suffer from poor oral bioavailability, partly because of efflux mechanism of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium. To date, no drug has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that selectively blocks this efflux pump. We sought to identify a compound that selectively inhibits P-glycoprotein in the gastrointestinal mucosa with poor oral bioavailability, thus eliminating the issues such as bone marrow toxicity associated with systemic inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Here, we describe the discovery of highly potent, selective, and poorly orally bioavailable P-glycoprotein inhibitor 14 (encequidar). Clinically, encequidar was found to be well tolerated and minimally absorbed; and importantly, it enabled the oral delivery of paclitaxel.

Novel Antimalarial Tetrazoles and Amides Active against the Hemoglobin Degradation Pathway in Plasmodium falciparum.

Malaria control programs continue to be threatened by drug resistance. To identify new antimalarials, we conducted a phenotypic screen and identified a novel tetrazole-based series that shows fast-kill kinetics and a relatively low propensity to develop high-level resistance. Preliminary structure-activity relationships were established including identification of a subseries of related amides with antiplasmodial activity. Assaying parasites with resistance to antimalarials led us to test whether the series had a similar mechanism of action to chloroquine (CQ). Treatment of synchronized Plasmodium falciparum parasites with active analogues revealed a pattern of intracellular inhibition of hemozoin (Hz) formation reminiscent of CQ's action. Drug selections yielded only modest resistance that was associated with amplification of the multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1). Thus, we have identified a novel chemical series that targets the historically druggable heme polymerization pathway and that can form the basis of future optimization efforts to develop a new malaria treatment.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-Aryl-5-(4-arylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-1H-tetrazols as novel microtubule destabilizers.

A series of 1-aryl-5-(4-arylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-1H-tetrazols as microtubule destabilizers were designed, synthesised and evaluated for anticancer activity. Based on bioisosterism, we introduced the tetrazole moiety containing the hydrogen-bond acceptors as B-ring of XRP44X analogues. The key intermediates ethyl 1-aryl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylates 10 can be simply and efficiently prepared via a microwave-assisted continuous operation process. Among the compounds synthesised, compound 6-31 showed noteworthy potency against SGC-7901, A549 and HeLa cell lines. In mechanism studies, compound 6-31 inhibited tubulin polymerisation and disorganised microtubule in SGC-7901 cells by binding to tubulin. Moreover, compound 6-31 arrested SGC-7901cells in G2/M phase. This study provided a new perspective for development of antitumor agents that target tubulin.

Synthesis, fungicidal activity, and 3D-QSAR of tetrazole derivatives containing phenyloxadiazole moieties.

In an effort to discover new agents with good fungicidal activities against CDM (cucumber downy mildew), a series of tetrazole derivatives containing phenyloxadiazole moieties were designed and synthesized. The EC50 values for fungicidal activities against CDM were determined. Bioassay results indicated that most synthesized compounds exhibited potential in vivo fungicidal activity against CDM. A CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) model based on the bioactivity was developed to identify some primary structural quality for the efficiency. The values of q2 and r2 for the established model were 0.791 and 0.982 respectively, which reliability and predict abilities were verified. Three analogues (q3, q4, q5) were designed and synthesized based on the model. All these compounds exhibited significant fungicidal activity on CDM with the EC50 of 1.43, 1.52, 1.77 mg·L-1. This work could provide a useful instruction for the further structure optimization.

Development of autotaxin inhibitors: A series of tetrazole cinnamides.

A series of inhibitors of Autotaxin (ATX) have been developed from a high throughput screening hit, 1a, which shows an alternative binding mode to known catalytic site inhibitors. Selectivity over the hERG channel and microsomal clearance were dependent on the lipophilicity of the compounds, and this was optimised by reduction of clogD whilst maintaining high affinity ATX inhibition. Compound 15a shows good oral exposure, and concentration dependent inhibition of formation of LPA in vivo, as shown in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) experiments.

Fluorescence Quenching Effects of Tetrazines and Their Diels-Alder Products: Mechanistic Insight Toward Fluorogenic Efficiency.

Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions between s-tetrazines and strained dienophiles have numerous applications in fluorescent labeling of biomolecules. Herein, we investigate the effect of the dienophile on the fluorescence enhancement obtained upon reaction with a tetrazine-quenched fluorophore and study the possible mechanisms of fluorescence quenching by both the tetrazine and its reaction products. The dihydropyridazine obtained from reaction with a strained cyclooctene shows a residual fluorescence quenching effect, greater than that exerted by the pyridazine arising from reaction with the analogous alkyne. Linear and ultrabroadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy experiments reveal that resonance energy transfer is the mechanism responsible for the fluorescence quenching effect of tetrazines, whereas a mechanism involving more intimate electronic coupling, likely photoinduced electron transfer, is responsible for the quenching effect of the dihydropyridazine. These studies uncover parameters that can be tuned to maximize fluorogenic efficiency in bioconjugation reactions and reveal that strained alkynes are better reaction partners for achieving maximum contrast ratio.

Selective Inhibitors of G2019S-LRRK2 Kinase Activity.

Pathogenic variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified that increase the risk for developing Parkinson's disease in a dominantly inherited fashion. These pathogenic variants, of which G2019S is the most common, cause abnormally high kinase activity, and compounds that inhibit this activity are being pursued as potentially disease-modifying therapeutics. Because LRRK2 regulates important cellular processes, developing inhibitors that can selectively target the pathogenic variant while sparing normal LRRK2 activity could offer potential advantages in heterozygous carriers. We conducted a high-throughput screen and identified a single selective compound that preferentially inhibited G2019S-LRRK2. Optimization of this scaffold led to a series of novel, potent, and highly selective G2019S-LRRK2 inhibitors.

Novel tetrazole-based selective COX-2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity, evaluation of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 and histopathological study.

To search for effective and selective COX-2 inhibitors, four novel series of tetrazole derivatives were designed based on bioisosteric replacement of SO2NH2 in celecoxib with tetrazole ring incorporating different central moieties as chalcone (2a-f), isoxazole (3a-c) or pyrazole (4a-c & 5a-c). Target tetrazoles were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. All target compounds were more selective for COX-2 isozyme than COX-1 when compared to standard drugs indomethacin and celecoxib. Compounds 3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b and 5c exhibited potent in vitro COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.039-0.065 µM). Trimethoxy derivatives 3c, 4c and 5c acquired superior COX-2 selectivity index values (SI = 297.67-317.95) and were 1.1 fold higher than celecoxib (SI = 282.22). The most active six compounds were evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and serum levels of PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6 in addition to their ulcerogenic liability and histopathological profile. At a dose of 50 mg/Kg, compounds 3c and 5c showed better anti-inflammatory activity (% edema inhibition = 29.209-42.643) than celecoxib (% edema inhibition = 28.694-40.114) at different time intervals and were less ulcerogenic (UI = 0.123 and 0.11 in sequent) than celecoxib (UI = 0.167). Also, they displayed potent inhibitory effect on the production of PGE2 (% inhibition = 81.042 and 82.724 in sequent) greater than celecoxib (% inhibition = 79.666). Compound 5c decreased rat serum concentrations of both TNF-α (% inhibition = 55.349) and IL-6 (% inhibition = 61.561) in a comparable or better activity to celecoxib as reference drug. Finally, docking poses of the most active compounds showed strong binding interactions and effective overall docking energy scores explaining their remarkable COX-2 inhibitory activity.

An efficient synthesis tetrazole and oxadiazole analogues of novel 2'-deoxy-C-nucleosides and their antitumor activity.

Various tetrazole and oxadiazole C-nucleoside analogues were synthesized starting from pure α- or ß-glycosyl-cyanide. The synthesis of glycosyl-cyanide as key precursor was optimized on gram-scale to furnish crystalline starting material for the assembly of C-nucleosides. Oxadizole C-nucleosides were synthesized via two independent routes. First,  the glycosyl-cyanide was converted into an amidoxime which upon ring closure offered an alternative pathway for the assembly of 1,2,4-oxadizoles in an efficient manner. Second, both anomers of glycosyl-cyanide were transformed into tetrazole nucleosides followed by acylative rearrangement to furnish 1,3,4-oxadiazoles in high yields. These protocols offer an easy access to otherwise difficult to synthesize C-nucleosides in good yield and protecting group compatibility. These C-nucleosides were evaluated for their antitumor activity. This work paves a path for facile assembly of library of new chemical entities useful for drug discovery.

Synthesis, Cytotoxic Analysis, and Molecular Docking Studies of Tetrazole Derivatives via N-Mannich Base Condensation as Potential Antimicrobials.

PURPOSE: A new series of tetrazole derivatives, which are renowned antimicrobials possessing a five-membered aromatic heterocyclic group, are synthesized herein and subjected to antimicrobial and cytotoxicity screening. METHODS: The tetrazole derivatives were synthesized via ultrasonication using Mannich base condensation. Structural verification of the products was performed using IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectroscopic and elemental analyses. The compounds were then screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity against HepG2 (liver), MCF-7 (breast), and HeLa (cervical) cell lines. Inter- and intra-molecular binding interactions were determined using molecular docking studies. The exact binding mode between the most active tetrazole derivatives (ie, 1b, 2a, and 2b) and the proteins (ie, 4OR7, 1AI9, and 4FM9) was established using Autodock Vina 1.1.2 software and compared to the binding mode of the reference compounds (ie, cefazolin, clotrimazole, and fluorouracil). RESULTS: Compound 1b was extremely active against Enterococcus faecalis relative to the positive control cefazolin. Compounds 1b and 1e were active against Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii compared to the positive control clotrimazole in antifungal screening. The HepG2 (liver) and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines were particularly susceptible to the synthesized compounds. Compared to the control compound fluorouracil, 2a and 2b were extremely active against all three cancer cell lines. Molecular docking studies showed that 2b exhibited higher binding affinity (-7.8 kcal/mol) to the 4OR7 protein than the control cefazolin (-7.2 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION: Generally, 1b, 2a, and 2b exhibited impressive inhibitory capabilities in antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic screenings relative to the reference compounds. The results of the molecular docking studies and both the microbial and anticancer screenings indicate that these novel derivatives could be developed into potential therapeutic agents for medical applications.