Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Acyclic Terpenes in Blood Glucose Levels: Potential α-Glucosidase and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT-1) Inhibitors.

Twelve terpenoids were evaluated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: seven monoterpenes (geranyl acetate (1), geranic acid (2), citral (3), geraniol (4), methyl geranate (5), nerol (6), and citronellic acid (7)), three sesquiterpenes (farnesal (8), farnesol (9), and farnesyl acetate (10)), one diterpene (geranylgeraniol (11)), and one triterpene (squalene (12)) were selected to carry out a study on normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Among these, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. They were then selected for evaluation in oral sucrose and lactose tolerance tests (OSTT and OLTT) as well as in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In the OSTT and OLTT, compounds 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed a reduction in postprandial glucose peaks 2 h after a sucrose or lactose load (comparable to acarbose). In the case of the OGTT, 2, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed a reduction in postprandial glucose peaks 2 h after a glucose load (comparable to canagliflozin). Our results suggest that the control of postprandial hyperglycemia may be mediated by the inhibition of disaccharide digestion, such as sucrose and lactose, and the regulation of the absorption of glucose. The first case could be associated with an ∝ -glucosidase inhibitory effect and the second with an inhibition of the sodium-glucose type 1 (SGLT-1) cotransporter. Finally, five acyclic terpenes may be candidates for the development and search for new α-glucosidase and SGLT-1 cotransporter inhibitors.

Exposure to low level of arsenic and lead in drinking water from Antofagasta city induces gender differences in glucose homeostasis in rats.

Populations chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water often have increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the glucose homeostasis of male and female rats exposed to low levels of heavy metals in drinking water. Treated groups were Sprague-Dawley male and female rats exposed to drinking water from Antofagasta city, with total arsenic of 30 ppb and lead of 53 ppb for 3 months; control groups were exposed to purified water by reverse osmosis. The two treated groups in both males and females showed arsenic and lead in the hair of rats. The δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was used as a sensitive biomarker of arsenic toxicity and lead. The activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was reduced only in treated male rats, compared to the control group. Treated males showed a significantly sustained increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test compared to control group. The oral glucose tolerance test and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance demonstrated that male rats were insulin resistant, and females remained sensitive to insulin after treatment. The total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased in treated male rats vs. the control, and triglyceride increased in treated female rats vs. the control. The activity of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter in male rats increased compared to female rats, suggesting a significant increase in intestinal glucose absorption. The findings indicate that exposure to low levels of arsenic and lead in drinking water could cause gender differences in insulin resistance.

Biología molecular de los transportadores de glucosa: clasificación, estructura y distribución / Molecular biology of the transporters of glucose: classification, structures and distribution

Hexosas como la glucosa, galactosa y fructosa cumplen funciones importantes en las células eucarióticas. Estas moléculas son incapaces de difundir directamente a través de las membranas celulares por lo que requieren proteínas transportadoras especializadas para entrar al interior celular. Dichas biomoléculas pertenecen a un grupo de transportadores constituida por 2 familias de proteínas: la familia de los Glut´s (del inglés Glucose Transporters) y la familia de los co-transportadores de sodio y glucosa. Según la información obtenida de la secuencia de aminoácidos por medio de librerías de cADN todos poseen una estructura básica similar: 12 (Gluts) o 14 (SGLT) dominios trasmembrana. Igualmente todos parecen estar glicosilados en alguna de sus asas extracelulares. En los últimos siete años ha habido un explosivo incremento en la información sobre estos transportadores, de hecho, hasta hace diez años solo se conocían 6 transportadores pero esta familia ha crecido rápidamente hasta llegar a 14 miembros para los Gluts y 6 miembros para los SGLT´s. El impacto de estos descubrimientos se hace notar cuando se analizan los procesos en los que se involucran estas proteínas: Control de la glicemia basal y post-prandial; mecanismos de absorción de la glucosa y fructosa en el intestino delgado; absorción de fructosa en los espermatozoides; reabsorción de glucosa a nivel tubular renal y yeyuno; maduración de la expresión de Glut´s en la mama en lactación; incorporación de glucosa al músculo durante el ejercicio; mecanismo sensor en la secreción de insulina y respuestas adaptativa del metabolismo energético durante estados de estrés, etc.