A baixa estatura leve está associada ao aumento da pressão arterial em adolescentes com sobrepeso / Mild stunting is associated with higher blood pressure in overweight adolescents / La baja estatura leve está asociada al aumento de la presión arterial en adolescentes con sobrepeso

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos têm demonstrado que a desnutrição pré/pós-natal leva a um maior risco de doenças não transmissíveis, como diabetes, hipertensão e obesidade na idade adulta. OBJETIVO: Determinar se os adolescentes com sobrepeso e desnutrição leve [escores-Z altura/idade (HAZ) na faixa de <-1 a > -2] têm pressão arterial mais elevada do que os indivíduos com sobrepeso e com estatura normal (HAZ > -1). MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram classificados como de baixa estatura leve ou de estatura normal, e estratificados de acordo com os percentis de massa corporal para a idade, como sobrepeso, peso normal ou abaixo do peso. As pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram determinadas de acordo com as diretrizes e a gordura abdominal foi analisada por absorciometria de dupla emissão de raios-X. RESULTADOS: Indivíduos com baixa estatura leve e sobrepeso apresentaram valores mais elevados da PAD (p = 0,001) do que suas contrapartes de baixo peso (69,75 ± 12,03 e 54,46 ± 11,24 mmHg, respectivamente), mas semelhantes àqueles com IMC normal. Não foram encontradas diferenças nos valores de PAD em indivíduos normais, indivíduos com sobrepeso e com baixo peso entre os grupos de estatura normal. Foi encontrado um aumento na PAS (p = 0,01) entre os indivíduos com baixa estatura leve quando comparados os indivíduos com sobrepreso com suas contrapartes de baixo peso e IMC normal (114,70 ± 15,46, 97,38 ± 10,87 e 104,72 ± 12,24 mmHg, respectivamente). Embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças nas médias de PAS entre os grupos de baixa estatura leve e estatura normal, foi encontrado um intercepto significativo (p = 0,01), revelando maior PAS entre os indivíduos com baixa estatura leve. Houve correlação entre PAS e gordura abdominal (r = 0,42, ρ = 0,02) no grupo com baixa estatura leve. CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos de baixa estatura leve com sobrepeso apresentaram maior PAS do que os de estatura normal e sobrepeso. Esses achados confirmam que a baixa estatura leve aumenta o risco futuro de hipertensão e essas alterações são evidentes em indivíduos jovens.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that pre/postnatal undernutrition leads to higher risk of non communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overweight adolescents with mild stunting [height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) in the range <-1 to >-2] have higher blood pressure than overweight individuals with normal stature (HAZ >-1). MEHTODS: Participants were classified as mildly stunted or of normal stature, and further stratified according to body mass index-for-age percentiles as overweight, normal or underweight. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DPB) blood pressures were determined according to guidelines, and abdominal fat was analyzed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Mild stunted overweight individuals showed higher DBP values (p=0.001) than their underweight counterparts (69.75 ± 12.03 and 54.46±11.24 mmHg, respectively), but similar to those of normal BMI. No differences were found in DBP values of normal, overweight and underweight individuals among the normal stature groups. An increase in SBP (p=0.01) among mild stunted individuals was found when those with overweight were compared to their underweight and normal BMI counterparts (114.70 ± 15.46, 97.38 ± 10.87 and 104.72 ± 12.24 mmHg, respectively). Although no differences were observed in the means of SBP between mild stunting and normal stature groups, a significant intercept was found (p=0.01), revealing higher SBP among stunted individuals. There was a correlation between SBP and abdominal fat (r=0.42, ρ=0.02) in the stunted group. CONCLUSION: Stunted individuals with overweight showed higher SBP than those of normal stature and overweight. These findings confirm that mild stunting increase the risk of future hypertension and alterations are evident at early age.

FUNDAMENTO: Estudios han demostrado que la desnutrición pre/post-natal lleva a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles, como diabetes, hipertensión y obesidad en la edad adulta. OBJETIVO: Determinar si los adolescentes con sobrepeso y desnutrición leve [escores-Z altura/edad (HAZ) en la franja de <-1 a > -2] tienen presión arterial más elevada que los individuos con sobrepeso y con estatura normal (HAZ > -1). MÉTODOS: Los participantes fueron clasificados como de baja estatura leve o de estatura normal, y estratificados de acuerdo con los percentiles de masa corporal para la edad, como sobrepeso, peso normal o abajo del peso. Las presiones arteriales sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) fueron determinadas de acuerdo con las directrices y la grasa abdominal fue analizada por absorciometría de doble emisión de rayos-X. RESULTADOS: Individuos con baja estatura leve y sobrepeso presentaron valores más elevados de la PAD (p = 0,001) que sus contrapartes de bajo peso (69,75 ± 12,03 y 54,46 ± 11,24 mmHg, respectivamente), pero semejantes a aquellos con IMC normal. No fueron encontradas diferencias en los valores de PAD en individuos normales, individuos con sobrepeso y con bajo peso entre los grupos de estatura normal. Fue encontrado un aumento en la PAS (p = 0,01) entre los individuos con baja estatura leve cuando fueron comparados los individuos con sobrepreso con sus contrapartes de bajo peso y IMC normal (114,70 ± 15,46, 97,38 ± 10,87 y 104,72 ± 12,24 mmHg, respectivamente). Aunque no hayan sido observadas diferencias en las medias de PAS entre los grupos de baja estatura leve y estatura normal, fue encontrado un intercepto significativo (p = 0,01), revelando mayor PAS entre los individuos con baja estatura leve. Hubo correlación entre PAS y grasa abdominal (r = 0,42, ρ = 0,02) en el grupo con baja estatura leve. CONCLUSIONES: Individuos de baja estatura leve con sobrepeso presentaron mayor PAS que los de estatura normal y sobrepeso. Esos hallazgos confirman que la baja estatura leve aumenta el riesgo futuro de hipertensión y esas alteraciones son evidentes en individuos jóvenes.

Mild stunting is associated with higher blood pressure in overweight adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that pre/postnatal undernutrition leads to higher risk of non communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overweight adolescents with mild stunting [height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) in the range <-1 to ≥ -2] have higher blood pressure than overweight individuals with normal stature (HAZ ≥ -1). METHODS: Participants were classified as mildly stunted or of normal stature, and further stratified according to body mass index-for-age percentiles as overweight, normal or underweight. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DPB) blood pressures were determined according to guidelines, and abdominal fat was analyzed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Mild stunted overweight individuals showed higher DBP values (p=0.001) than their underweight counterparts (69.75 ± 12.03 and 54.46 ± 11.24 mmHg, respectively), but similar to those of normal BMI. No differences were found in DBP values of normal, overweight and underweight individuals among the normal stature groups. An increase in SBP (p=0.01) among mild stunted individuals was found when those with overweight were compared to their underweight and normal BMI counterparts (114.70 ± 15.46, 97.38 ± 10.87 and 104.72 ± 12.24 mmHg, respectively). Although no differences were observed in the means of SBP between mild stunting and normal stature groups, a significant intercept was found (p=0.01), revealing higher SBP among stunted individuals. There was a correlation between SBP and abdominal fat (r=0.42, ρ=0.02) in the stunted group. CONCLUSION: Stunted individuals with overweight showed higher SBP than those of normal stature and overweight. These findings confirm that mild stunting increase the risk of future hypertension and alterations are evident at early age.

Antropometría en niños de la consulta externa del Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia, según la OMS / Anthropometry in children ambulatory from Hospital Universitario del Valle

Objetivo: Valorar por medio de antropometría, a los niños que asisten a la Consulta Externa del Hospital Universitario del Valle “Evaristo García” (HUV) de Cali, Colombia por medio de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional no experimental (N=214 niños), edad (E) entre los 0 meses y 17 años, que asistieron al HUV. Se dividieron en 3 grupos: 0 meses a 2 años; >2 años a 4 años y 11 meses, y 5 a 18 años. Se le realizó una historia clínica completa, peso (P), talla (T) y perímetro cefálico (PC) y diagnóstico de primera vez según sistema comprometido. Se aplicó el software Nutritional Statistical System (NSS)®, el cual utiliza como guía de referencia los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS, teniendo como indicadores antropométricos para cada grupo de edad el P/E, el P/T, la T/E, el Índice de masa corporal (IMC), y el PC/E y PC/T. Se realizó su análisis estadístico como porcentajes, promedios, moda, me d i a , me diana y desviación estándar. Conclusiones: Todos los indicadores antropométricos utilizados estuvieron afectados con algún tipo de déficit nutricional, siendo el IMC el menos afectado con un 24,5% y el más afectado es el P/E con un 58,1%. En cuanto a los excesos nutricionales, se encontró que el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan porcentajes de 17,3% y 3,1% respectivamente. Según los diagnósticos de primera vez, la anomalía con mayor porcentaje de tipo respiratorio con el 18,2%. El indicador PC se utilizó para correlacionarlo con la E, pero es aconsejable utilizarlo igualmente para la talla, lo que podría dar un mejor criterio de diagnóstico.

Objective: To assess through anthropometry, children attending the outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitario del Valle "Evaristo Garcia" (HUV) Cali, Colombia through the Child Growth Standards WHO between July 1 and on December 31, 2010. Materials and Methods: Descriptive observational nonexperimental (N = 214 children), aged (A) 0 months to 17 years, who attended the HUV. They were divided into 3 groups: 0 months to 2 years; > 2 years to 4 years and 11 months, and 5 to 18 years. They underwent a complete medical history, weight (W), height (H) and head circumference (HC) and the first time as diagnosis of compromised system. Nutritional software was applied, which uses as a reference guide to childhood growth patterns by WHO, with the anthropometric indicators for each age group the W/A, W/H, H/A, BMI, and HC/A and HC/H. Statistical analysis was performed as percentages, averages, mode, mean, median and standard deviation. Conclusions: All anthropometric indicators used were affected with some type of nutritional deficiency, with a BMI less affected with 24.5% and the most affected is the W/A 58.1%. In terms of nutritional excesses, it was found that overweight and obesity have percentages of 17.3% and 3.1% respectively. According to the first diagnosis of the anomaly with the greatest percentage of respiratory type with 18.2%. The indicator HC was used to correlate with A, but it is advisable to use also for H, which could give a better diagnostic criteria.

Desnutrición aguda severa en niños hospitalizados en el Hospital Pereira Rossell aplicación y evaluación de una pauta de diagnóstico y tratamiento / Severe acute malnutrition in children hospitalized in the Hospital Pereira Rossell: implementation and evaluation of a course of diagnosis and treatment

Introducción:La desnutrición aguda severa requiere el comienzo inmediato de un tratamiento específico. En el Hospital Pereira Rossell se creó y se puso en práctica una pauta de diagnóstico y tratamiento del niño con desnutrición aguda severa, basada en recomendaciones de OMS. Objetivo:evaluar los resultados de la aplicación de dicha pauta. Pacientes y Métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado entre el 1/5 y el 30/9 del 2008, incluyendo todos los niños hospitalizados en la Unidad de Nutrición, con diagnóstico de desnutrición aguda severa. Se aplicó la pauta de diagnóstico y tratamiento.Conclusiones: la desnutrición aguda severa afecta a niños pequeños. Se debe principalmente a fallas en la alimentación. Estos niños pueden ser tratados en forma exitosa con fórmulas de bajo costo y el agregado de electrolitos y micronutrientes. La ausencia decomplicaciones habilita a que el tratamiento nutricional pueda llevarse a cabo en domicilio.

Introduction: Severe acute malnutrition requires the immediate commencement of a specific treatment. Hospital Pereira Rossell was developed and implemented a guideline for diagnosis and treatment of children with severe a c u t e ma l n u t r i t i o n , b a s e d o n WHO recommendations. Objective:To evaluate the results of applying this standard. Patients and Methods: A prospective study between 1/5 and 30/9, 2008, including all children hospitalized in the Nutrition Unit, diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition.We applied the standard of diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions:Severe acute malnutrition affects young children. Is mainly due to power failures. These children can be treated successfully with low-cost formula and the addition of electrolytes and micronutrients. The absence of complications enables that nutritional therapy can be done at home

Perspectiva de la relactancia, egreso del binomio y grupo de apoyo / Relactation outlook, exit the binomial and support group

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la alimentación exclusiva al seno, durante al menos los primeros 6 meses de vida del niño, y continuar el amamantamiento junto con las comidas complementarias adecuadas hasta los 2 años de edad; muchos niños verán interrumpida la alimentación al seno en las primeras semanas o meses de vida. Durante décadas pasadas y aún en la actualidad, profesionales mal informados, han advertido a la madre del peligro de desnutrición derivado de la alimentación con leche materna, lo cual ha conducido, a un patrón de crecimiento "ideal", propiciado por la sobrealimentación con sucedáneos de la leche materna. Se plantean dos problemas en la relactación: 1) La decisión de no amamantar y 2) El abandono o destete precoz de la lactancia materna. Cuando las madres reciben un buen apoyo para amamantar, rara vez debería ser necesaria la relactación. Si esta necesidad ocurre frecuentemente, indica que el apoyo a la lactancia materna debe mejorarse. Es posible identificar los factores asociados al éxito o fracaso de la lactancia, así como las acciones que presentan mayor efectividad, acciones específicas realizadas en unidades de atención primaria pueden lograr el inicio y prolongar la duración de la lactancia materna.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast-feeding for at least the first 6 months of a child's life and continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods until 2 years of age, many children will be interrupted breast feeding in the first weeks or months of life. During past decades and even today, professional misinformed mother warned of the danger of malnutrition resulting from breast-feeding, which has led to a growth pattern "ideal", led by overeating substitutes breast milk. There are two problems in relactation: 1) The decision not to breastfeed and 2) The abandonment or early weaning of breastfeeding. When mothers receive good support for breastfeeding should rarely be necessary relactation. If this necessity occurs often indicates that support for breastfeeding should be improved. It is possible to identify the factors associated with success or failure of breastfeeding, as well as the actions that have greater effectiveness, specific measures undertaken in primary care units can achieve the onset and prolong the duration of breastfeeding.

Impact of nutritional rehabilitation on enzymatic antioxidant levels in protein energy malnutrition.

To assess the role of enzymatic antioxidants in the pathogenesis of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and the effect of nutritional rehabilitation, we studied 30 infants with PEM (mean age 10.63 +/- 4.39 months: 10 marasmic; 8 with kwashiorkor; 12 with marasmic kwashiorkor) and 15 controls. All underwent clinical examination and laboratory investigations, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) estimation before and after nutrition rehabilitation. SOD and GPx were significantly lower in all malnourished infants compared to controls, and significantly increased after nutritional rehabilitation. These significant correlations suggest that antioxidants could be introduced during PEM nutritional rehabilitation to decrease morbidity and mortality.

Diagnostico del estado nutricional en el Servicio de Pediatría del HCSC estudio realizado en niños hospitalizados durante el quinquenio 1991-1995 / Nutritional state of diagnostic in the Pediatric of Service of the HCSC realized study in hospitalized during the quinquenium 1991-1995

En los últimos años en Venezuela, al igual que en otros países de América Latina se han observado de nuevo en los hospitales las formas graves de desnutrición, que formaban parte de la historia nutricional pasada del país, en la primera mitad de este siglo, esto motivó la realización del presente trabajo a fin de conocer el diagnóstico del estado nutricional en los niños hospitalizados en le Servicio de Pediatría en el Hospital Central de San Cristobal durante el quinquenio 1991-1995 con los pacientes que ingresaron por cualquier causa, escogiendo una muestra representativa al azar del 10 por ciento encontrádose al igual que el resto del mundo un subregistro importante del estado nutricional de la población estudiada. Ante todo esto se impondría la necesidad de concientizar al médico para realizar e incluir dentro de la historia clínica este diagnóstico; de esta manera se tomarían las medidas dietoterapéuticas adecuadas que disminuyen el riesgo de las evoluciones, reducir costos y la estancia hospitalaria

Zinc supplementation in protein energy malnutrition.

A pair-matched controlled study was done with 30 children (15 males, 15 females) of mild to moderate PEM in test and equal number in control groups, aged 8-24 months old. At the beginning, in both test and control groups parents were advised to provide sufficient amount of home cooked foods so that the child received on an average 100-150 Kcal/kg/day of energy and 2-3 g/kg/day of protein. Vitamin supplements were provided to all children in both groups. In addition, the test group received a supplementation of 5.625 mg of elemental zinc daily orally while controls received a placebo. Evaluation at the end of 3 months showed that children in test group had a weight gain of 3.742 +/- 0.488 kg against 2.035 +/- 0.383 kg of the control group. Similarly, weight velocity was 5.752 +/- 0.818 g/kg/day in test group against 3.153 +/- 0.617 g/kg/day of the control group. These differences in weight gain and weight velocity were highly significant (p < 0.001). Serum zinc levels, initially and at the end of study were 87.5 +/- 9.6 micrograms/dl and 121.0 +/- 10.1 micrograms/dl, respectively in test group in comparison to 91.2 +/- 9.8 micrograms/dl and 91.0 +/- 10.1 micrograms/dl in controls. This difference was also highly significant (p < 0.001). The daily total calorie intake remained comparable in both groups. Our observations suggest that zinc supplementation during nutritional rehabilitation of mild to moderate PEM hastens the recovery.

Development of impaired cell-mediated immunity in mild and moderate malnutrition.

The development of moderate malnutrition and cell-mediated immune function was studied in 71 Colombian infants from birth through 2 yr of age. Based upon weight-for-age criteria 31 remained normal, 33 were classified as grade I, and seven were grade II malnourished at the end of their 2nd yr of life. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to purified protein derivative were significantly reduced in all malnourished children 8 wk after Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination at birth, and also at 2 yr in the Grade II group. Nearly half of the latter group could not be sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene at 2 yr of age. A 50% reduction in the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in vitro was detected in grade II children. Both mildly and moderately malnourished infants exhibited a significant reduction in tonsil size at 2 yr of age. These results indicate that a majority of newborns in this poor, urban setting will develop measurable malnutrition associated with impaired cell-mediated immune function before their 2nd birthday.

Nutritional assessment of infants and preschool children using two different anthropometric criteria of classification.

A comparison of two criteria for assessing malnutrition in infants and children has been carried out in a sample of 184 healthy infants and children grouped according to two different anthropometric criteria: considering the quantity of body mass for linear dimension by the ratio W/H; and considering the degree of wasting according to weight for height (WH). Biochemical studies were also carried out in each child and correlated with body systems of classification. Total amino acids in serum and eryhtrocytes, the non-essential/essential amino acid ratio in serum and erythrocytes, total serum proteins and the albumin/alpha globulin ratio were investigated. The results showed that both criteria were closely related, the linear regression between them was highly significant (r = 0.931). Nevertheless, the W/H criterion classified as undernourished a higher proportion of children, because it included those of delayed biological age though not malnourished. On the contrary, WH only classified as undernourished those who probably have actual malnutrition. Biochemical studies showed significant correlations with both criteria but higher r values were found for W/H in some cases. Thus, classification on the basis of WH including the analysis of the degree of wasting and of stunting, is satisfactory for individual and community assessment, but it should include the classification of overweights. It must be stressed that both systems, being based on weight as the basis of classification, do not consider body composition and therefore can only assess whole body mass and thus only approximate the nutritional status.