Craniocervical junction abnormalities in dogs.

Craniocervical junction abnormality (CJA) is a term that encompasses a number of developmental anatomical aberrations at the region of the caudal occiput and first two cervical vertebrae. Chiari-like malformation appears to be the most common CJA encountered in dogs, and there has been a tremendous amount of clinical investigation into this disorder in recent years. Other abnormalities in this region include atlanto-occipital overlap, dorsal constriction at C1/C2 and atlantoaxial instability. This review article presents an overview of the current understanding of CJA in dogs, as well as medical and surgical treatment options available.

Management of pelvic trauma: neurological damage, urinary tract disruption and pelvic fractures.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cats commonly present with pelvic trauma following road traffic accidents (RTAs). A logical step-wise approach to diagnostics and subsequent management can significantly improve the prognosis in the majority of cases. This article provides a practical guide to assist decision-making and optimise management of these cats. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Affected cats may have sustained trauma to several body systems and, hence, their management can be complex, requiring good clinical, diagnostic and surgical skills (often both soft tissue and orthopaedic!). PATIENT GROUP: Any cat allowed access to the outdoors is potentially at risk of being involved in an RTA and sustaining pelvic trauma. Young male cats are most commonly affected. EVIDENCE BASE: Many original articles and textbook chapters have been published on aspects of pelvic trauma. However, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive overview of the assessment and management of the feline pelvic trauma case. The review begins by discussing initial triage and neurological examination, and then focuses, in turn, on assessment and management of the 'tail pull' injury, the diagnosis and management of urinary tract rupture, and the approach to managing specific pelvic fractures.

Autólise da camada de células granulares do cerebelo em bovinos / Conglutination of the cerebellar granule cell layer in cattle

A autólise da camada de células granulares do cerebelo é um achado postmortem observado em bovinos e relacionado ao prolongado tempo de duração entre a morte e a fixação do encéfalo. Para observar a prevalência desse artefato, 228 cerebelos foram examinados histologicamente ao longo do verme cerebelar. Trinta e seis por cento desses casos apresentaram conglutinação cerebelar não relacionada a doença específica. Em 74,4 por cento dos casos em que foi observada conglutinação cerebelar, não foram observadas alterações histopatológicas. Histologicamente, a conglutinação cerebelar caracterizou-se por dissolução segmentar ou difusa da camada de células granulares. A descrição deste artefato é importante, pois já foi confundido como lesão relacionada a doença específica do sistema nervoso de bovinos.

Cerebellar conglutination of the granule cell layer is a postmortem artifact observed in cattle. It is related to increased time between death and fixation of the brain. In this study, 228 cerebellum were histologically analyzed throughout cerebellar vermis. Cerebellar conglutination was observed in 36 percent of the cases and it was not related to specific diseases. Seventy-four percent of the cases did not present any histological lesions in the brain. Microscopically, cerebellar conglutination was characterized by segmentar or diffuse dissolution of the granule cell layer. This artifact has been misinterpreted as resulting from specific diseases of the central nervous system in cattle, and it has to be differentiated from important antemortem lesions.