The Relationship Between Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Gene with Primary Insomnia and Depressive Symptoms in the Han Chinese Population

Background: Insomnia often coexists with depression, and there is compelling evidence for a genetic component in the etiologies of both disorders. Aims: To investigate the relationship between exonic variant (rs4290270) in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene and primary insomnia and symptoms of depression in Han Chinese. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: This study included 152 patients with primary insomnia and 164 age- and gender-matched normal controls. All patients were investigated by polysomnography for 2 consecutive nights. The depressive symptoms were measured by using a 20-item Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index. The genotypes of the TPH-2 gene polymorphism rs4290270 were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: The genotype distributions of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene polymorphism rs4290270 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both patients and controls (p>0.05). The allele and genotype distributions of this variant were comparable between patients and controls in all subjects and between genders (all p>0.05). The impact of rs4290270 on self-rating depression scale score changes was statistically significant (p=0.002), with carriers of the A/A genotype having the highest self-rating depression scale score (mean ± standard deviation: 52.73±12.88), followed by the A/T genotype (50.94±11.29, p=0.35) and the T/T genotype (43.48±7.78, p<0.01), and this impact was more obvious in women (p<0.001). Conclusion: The tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene polymorphism rs4290270 may not be a susceptibility locus for primary insomnia in Han Chinese, but it may be a marker of depressive symptoms.

Pilot study: potential transcription markers for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in whole blood.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioural disorder that affects not only children and adolescents but also adults; however, diagnosis of adult ADHD is difficult because patients seem to have reduced externalized behaviour. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder in which many genes, all with small effects, are thought to cause the disorder in the presence of unfavourable environmental conditions. Therefore, in this pilot study, we explored the expression profile of a list of previously established candidate genes in peripheral blood samples from adult ADHD subjects (n = 108) and compared these results with those of healthy controls (n = 35). We demonstrate that combining the gene expression levels of dopamine transporter (SLC6A3), dopamine D5 receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase-1, and SNAP25 as predictors in a regression model resulted in sensitivity and specificity of over 80 % (ROC: max R(2) = 0.587, AUC = 0.917, P < 0.001, 95 % CI: 0.900-0.985). In conclusion, the combination of these four genes could represent a potential method for estimating risk and could be of diagnostic value for ADHD. Nevertheless, further investigation in a larger independent population including different subtypes of ADHD (inattentive, hyperactive, or combined type) patients is required to obtain more specific sets of biomarkers for each subtype as well as to differentiate between child, adolescent, and adulthood forms.

Alcohol dependence and polymorphisms of serotonin-related genes: association studies.

Variations in 5HT-related genes contribute to the alterations of serotonergic neurotransmission, which is implicated in the etiopathology of alcoholism. In this preliminary study we have tested polymorphisms of genes involved in 5HT transport and turnover for their association with alcohol dependence. A case group of males with type 2 alcoholism (N=59) and a control group of healthy males (N=282), both of Croatian origin, were analyzed for the frequency distribution of polymorphisms in 5HT transporter (5HTT-VNTR2, 5HTT-LPR), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-uVNTR) and B (MAOB-A/G) and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1 A218C) and 2 (TPH2 G-703T) genes. An increase in the frequencies of 10-repeat allele (p = 0.010; OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.14-2.60) and 10/10 genotype (p = 0.006; OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.32-5.00) of the 5HTT-VNTR2 polymorphism was found in alcoholic patients. No differences between case and control groups were observed for the other tested polymorphisms. Present results support earlier studies implicating the role of 5HTT gene in alcoholism. The increase of sample size (in progress) is expected to enable search of more subtle differences, as well as re-evaluation of these preliminary findings.

Tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH1) and peripheral tryptophan levels in depression.

BACKGROUND: Genetic variants have been discovered in two genes encoding for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-TPH1 and TPH2. Low tryptophan (TRP) levels are associated with depression and may arise because of stress. Evidence suggests that hypothalamic and peripheral 5HT systems have a significant role in appetite regulation, possibly a homeostatic mechanism in regulating peripheral TRP levels. METHODS: We examined the association between a polymorphism in intron 7 of TPH1, 218A>C and plasma total TRP levels in 118 patients with major depression. RESULTS: There was an interaction between 218A>C and gender in determining plasma TRP whereby presence of the 218C allele, in women, was associated with markedly reduced plasma TRP. LIMITATIONS: The study investigated only the TRP1 gene and did not use a haplotype analysis. The results only apply to a population of subjects suffering from major depression. CONCLUSIONS: TPH1 may be associated with the regulation of peripheral tryptophan levels and therefore availability of tryptophan to the brain. This may have relevance to a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.

Alteraciones en la síntesis de serotonina cerebral inducidas por diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente / Changes of brain serotonin synthesis in rats with diabetes mellitus insulin depend

Objetivo. Determinar si las ratas con diabetes mellitus insulino-dependiente tienen una menor actividad de la vía serotoninérgica a través de la medición de la fracción libre del L-triptófano plasmático. Metodología. Se utilizó el modelo de la administración de estreptozotocina en ratas para el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus insulino-dependiente. A los 7, 14 y 21 días se les determinó la actividad de la vía serotoninérgica. Resultados. El grupo diabético mostró disminución del peso corporal y del nivel de L-triptófano (libre, unido y total) en el plasma. En el tejido nervioso también se presentó disminución del nivel de L-triptófano, de la serotonina y de la actividad de la triptófano-5-hidroxilasa. Por el contrario, la actividad de la hidroxilasa estuvo alta en el tallo cerebral desde el día 14, acompañada de una elevación de la síntesis de serotonina. Conclusiones. Se confirma que la diabetes mellitus insulino-dependiente produce una desnutrición crónica. La baja de L-triptófano en la sangre sugiere que su ingreso al cerebro está disminuido y que hay una menor síntesis del neurotransmisor, tal como se demostró en el cerebro de estos animales diabéticos. Sin embargo, el hecho de que la actividad de la triptófano-5-hidroxilasa se eleva en el tallo cerebral, con un consecuente aumento de la síntesis de serotonina, nos permite plantear que existe cambio en la síntesis del neurotransmisor dependiendo de la región, con las consecuencias funcionales respectivas

Tryptophan hydroxylase autoantibodies and intestinal disease in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.

Tryptophan hydroxylase antibodies, associated with gastrointestinal disease in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, are specific for this disease and not present in patients with other bowel disorders or healthy controls.

Evidence for tryptophan hydroxylase and hydroxy-indol-O-methyl-transferase mRNAs in human blood platelets.

Human blood platelets were tested for the presence of mRNAs coding for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPOH) and hydroxy-indol-o-methyl-transferase (HIOMT). Total RNA was extracted from platelets (12.9 +/- 3.3 mg RNA/100 ml blood, mean +/- SEM of 6 preparations) and cDNA synthesized by reverse transcription using random hexamers, oligo-dT or TPOH- or HIOMT-specific primers, designed to amplify a 254 bp fragment for TPOH and a 301 bp fragment for HIOMT. Positive controls were performed using RNA extracted from human normal or tumoral pineal glands. The PCR products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a 32P-labeled internal probe. When random hexamers, oligo-dT or specific primers were used for reverse transcription, amplification products of the predicted sizes were detectable following electrophoresis in the case of pineal glands and following transfer and hybridization in the case of platelets. These results show TPOH and HIOMT mRNAs to be present in human blood and support the hypothesis that serotonin and melatonin may be synthesized in blood and, more particularly, in platelets.