RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second most common infectious cause of death in adults worldwide. The ability of this organism to efficiently establish latent infection has enabled it to spread to nearly one-third of individuals worldwide. Approximately 8 million new cases of active tuberculosis disease occur each year, leading to about 1.7 million deaths. The disease incidence is magnified by the concurrent epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection. A total of 1.3 million people died from tuberculosis in 2022. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis worldwide, including 5.8 million men, 3.5 million women, and 1.3 million children. We report a case of thyroid tuberculosis presenting as multinodular goiter. Neck ultrasound was done and revealed abscess collection on the background of multinodular colloid goiter. The diagnosis of thyroid tuberculosis was confirmed by a positive GeneXpert of the pus sample and the presence of extensive caseous necrosis on cytopathology examination. Furthermore, anterior neck swelling may provide a diagnostic challenge by clinically mimicking multinodular goiter or thyroid neoplasms. Owing to its rarity and its tendency to pose a clinical diagnostic challenge, we decided to report it. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old retired female Ethiopian high-school teacher presented to University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia with firm, nontender multinodular anterior neck swelling measuring at largest 2 × 3 cm that moves with swallowing. GeneXpert of the pus sample and cytopathology examination confirmed the diagnosis of thyroid tuberculosis, and the patient was started on 2 rifampicin-ethambutol-isoniazid-pyrazinamide/4 rifampicin-isoniazid 3 tablets by mouth/day, which is defined as the preferred first-line anti-tuberculosis regimen in Ethiopia, and pyridoxine 50 mg by mouth per day for 6 months. Since then, she has been followed with regular liver function tests. The patient has shown a smooth course with no significant adverse effects encountered. Currently, the patient has completed her anti-tuberculosis treatment and is doing well. CONCLUSION: In the clinical evaluation of a patient with anterior neck swelling, tuberculosis must be considered as a differential diagnosis in subjects from endemic areas for early diagnostic workup and management.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos , Bócio Nodular , Humanos , Feminino , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bócio Nodular/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Ultrassonografia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A 58-year-old man was referred to our hospital for darkened skin, general fatigue and weight loss. His adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels indicated a primary adrenal insufficiency. 18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT showed bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands, with 18fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis The patient was diagnosed with tuberculous Addison's disease and treated with antituberculosis agents, including rifampicin. The patient's fatigue worsened gradually after initiation of rifampicin, and the dosage of hydrocortisone was increased. Serum cortisol level monitoring at 2 hours after administration of hydrocortisone was shown to be clinically useful for determining the optimal dose, especially with concurrent use of rifampicin.
Assuntos
Doença de Addison/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Adrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Rifampina/efeitos adversos , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Addison/microbiologia , Insuficiência Adrenal/sangue , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Involvement of the thyroid gland with tuberculosis (TB) is unusual and is commonly associated with hypothyroidism. Involvement of the thyroid as a part of disseminated TB is even rarer. Dissemination is an indication of immunosuppression. We present a 16-year-old immunocompetent girl with disseminated TB involving the thyroid gland and the right radius bone with features of hyperthyroidism. The patient responded well to anti-TB treatment.
Assuntos
Hipertireoidismo/diagnóstico , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico por imagem , Tuberculose Osteoarticular/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertireoidismo/sangue , Hipertireoidismo/etiologia , Imunocompetência , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Radiografia , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangue , Tuberculose Endócrina/complicações , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/patologia , Tuberculose Osteoarticular/complicações , Tuberculose Osteoarticular/tratamento farmacológico , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
We describe the case of a 4.8-year-old boy who presented with adrenal crisis. The advent of symptoms of adrenal insufficiency in the patient was at around 2 years of age. Congenital causes of adrenal insufficiency were considered over acquired etiologies owing to early onset of symptoms. However, on evaluation, he was found to have left adrenal abscess of tuberculous etiology. The aspirate culture grew multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. He was initiated on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement, along with second-line antitubercular therapy. Unique features of our case were early presentation, primary adrenal TB causing adrenal insufficiency, unilateral involvement with adrenal abscess localization, no identifiable extra-adrenal site of tubercular dissemination and resistance to first-line TB drugs.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência Adrenal/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Adrenal/microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Glândulas Suprarrenais/microbiologia , Insuficiência Adrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Pré-Escolar , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos MedicamentosRESUMO
Isolated adrenal tuberculosis accounts for less than 2% of adrenal incidentalomas. This is the most frequent infectious cause of adrenal insufficiencies. We report the case of a 53-year old patient with no previous medical history presenting with adrenal insufficiency with slow progression over six months. Physical examination didn't show any mass or hepatosplenomegaly. Blood pressure was 120/60 mmHg. Laboratory tests didn't show inflammatory syndrome. LDH level was normal. CT scan showed bilateral hypertrophy of the adrenal glands characterized by calcifications. Intradermo tuberculin reaction was positive at 25mm. The analyses to detect Koch's bacillus in the sputum and in the urine were negative. Quantiferon® test was positive. Trial antibacillar treatment was started with clinical improvement and 5kg weight gain in 12 months. Hormonal assays were low.
Assuntos
Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Adrenal/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/microbiologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/microbiologia , Insuficiência Adrenal/microbiologia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Testes de Liberação de Interferon-gama , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Insuficiência Adrenal/microbiologia , Histoplasmose/microbiologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/microbiologia , Insuficiência Adrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Histoplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Doença de Graves/etiologia , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Feminino , Doença de Graves/diagnóstico , Doença de Graves/terapia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/microbiologia , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/terapia , Hormônios Tireóideos/administração & dosagem , Tireoidectomia/métodos , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/complicações , Tuberculose Endócrina/complicações , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Adrenal/etiologia , Adulto , Anorexia/etiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Testes de Liberação de Interferon-gama , Linfoma não Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Radiografia , Teste Tuberculínico , Tuberculoma/complicações , Tuberculoma/patologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico por imagem , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/patologia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
We describe a 38-year-old Indian man who presented with a 2-week history of fever, night sweats and neck swelling who was found to be clinically thyrotoxic with a nodular goitre, tachycardia and high fever. Biochemical investigation revealed hyperthyroidism in association with deranged liver function tests and raised inflammatory markers. Ultrasound and CT scans of the neck revealed multinodular thyroid enlargement. He was considered most likely to have an acute infectious thyroiditis with a differential diagnosis of a toxic multinodular goitre and was started on carbimazole and antibiotics. He underwent fine needle aspiration of the thyroid which revealed necrotic cells and acid-fast bacilli, confirming a diagnosis of primary tuberculosis (TB) of the thyroid gland with no evidence of any other organ involvement on systemic imaging. He was started on TB therapy for 6 months and discharged with outpatient follow-up. Symptoms and biochemical markers subsequently resolved.
Assuntos
Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Tireotoxicose/etiologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/complicações , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Bócio Nodular/diagnóstico , Doença de Graves/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We report the case of a 25 year-old patient with no medical history, admitted to our unit for nodular goiter of the right lobe without clinical or laboratory signs of hyperthyroidism. We carried out a right lobo-isthmectomy revealing the association of tuberculosis and thyroid papillary carcinoma. A left lobectomy has, therefore, been performed in a second stage. The patient underwent a six-month antituberculosis treatment with a good clinical outcome. We discuss this rare association and its best diagnostic and therapeutic support, with a review of the literature.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Tireoidite/microbiologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/patologia , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Carcinoma Papilar , Bócio Nodular/diagnóstico , Bócio Nodular/patologia , Humanos , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia/métodos , Tireoidite/diagnóstico , Tireoidite/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/microbiologiaRESUMO
Computed tomography (CT) performed for a 75-year-old man as a follow-up examination for deep vein thrombosis in October 2010 revealed a left adrenal mass (diameter, 8 mm). In December 2012, the adrenal mass increased to 28 mm in diameter, and he was referred to our department. Several blood examinations revealed that the adrenal mass was non-functioning, and only peripheral lesions were observed to be enhanced by using CT in the arterial phase. Malignancy was suspected due to the irregular shape and growth of the mass, and left adrenalectomy was performed in February 2013. The histopathological diagnosis was adrenal mycobacteriosis, and clinical diagnosis was adrenal tuberculosis. No other tuberculosis infection-related lesion was detected, and the patient was treated with multidrug antituberculous chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/patologia , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We encountered a patient who presented with neck swelling, difficulty in swallowing, voice change along with systemic features such as evening rise of temperature, chronic cough and weight loss. Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland revealed two cystic swellings. An ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of tubercular abscess. The patient responded well to antigravity aspiration of the swellings and antitubercular treatment.
Assuntos
Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Tuberculoma/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculoma/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Bócio/etiologia , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/complicações , Tireoidite/complicações , Tuberculose Endócrina/complicações , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Terapia Combinada , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Drenagem , Etambutol/uso terapêutico , Bócio/patologia , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Doenças Linfáticas/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/diagnóstico , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/patologia , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/cirurgia , Pirazinamida/uso terapêutico , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Tireoidite/diagnóstico , Tireoidite/tratamento farmacológico , Tireoidite/patologia , Tireoidite/cirurgia , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Endócrina/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/patologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report an extremely rare case of thyroid tuberculosis (TT) with abnormal thyroid function and to review the related literature. METHODS: We present the patient's history, clinical findings, laboratory test results, imaging examinations, cytological data, management, and follow-up. In addition, we perform a review of the previously published cases of TT and give special attention to those with hypothyroidism. RESULTS: A 45-year-old Indian man presented to the outpatient clinic with neck swelling and respiratory and constitutional symptoms. Cervical ultrasound revealed a thyroid nodule and a necrotic right cervical adenopathy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed and purulent material was removed from thyroid and lymph node. In both specimens, the culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and a cytological examination revealed epithelioid cell granulomas and necrosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was also identified by sputum culture. Antibiotic testing revealed sensitivity to all first-line drugs. A diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis with thyroid and cervical lymph node involvement was made. Thyroid function was consistent with subclinical hyperthyroidism that subsequently evolved to hypothyroidism, requiring thyroid hormone replacement, and reflected tuberculous thyroiditis. Anti-tuberculosis drugs were started with good therapeutic response. CONCLUSION: TT is a rare condition and its association with thyroid function abnormalities is even rarer. To our knowledge this is the third report of hypothyroidism related to TT and the first to identify a period of hyperthyroidism preceding hypothyroidism. Despite its rarity, TT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neck mass. FNAC is a useful procedure and thyroid function should be monitored.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Tireoidite Supurativa/fisiopatologia , Tuberculose Endócrina/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Endócrina/fisiopatologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal , Humanos , Hipertireoidismo/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Tireoide/microbiologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/etiologia , Tireoidite Supurativa/tratamento farmacológico , Tireoidite Supurativa/microbiologia , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Endócrina/microbiologiaRESUMO
Primary hypoadrenalism has various causes and protean manifestation. We report a young female patient who presented with severe muscle spasm as her primary complaint. On evaluation she was found to be a case of Addison's disease secondary to adrenal tuberculosis. Her muscle spasm disappeared rapidly with replacement dose of glucocorticoid.